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Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan
Open accessAbstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable and the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. In recent decades, it has been appreciated that in a substantial number of cases the disorder does not remit in puberty, but persists into adulthood. Both in childhood and adulthood, ADHD is characterised by substantial comorbidity including substance use, depression, anxiety, and accidents. However, course and symptoms of the disorder and the comorbidities may fluctuate and change over time, and even age of onset in childhood has recently been questioned. Available evidence to date is poor and largely inconsistent with regard to the predictors of persistence versus remittance. Likewise, the development of comorbid disorders cannot be foreseen early on, hampering preventive measures. These facts call for a lifespan perspective on ADHD from childhood to old age. In this selective review, we summarise current knowledge of the long-term course of ADHD, with an emphasis on clinical symptom and cognitive trajectories, treatment effects over the lifespan, and the development of comorbidities. Also, we summarise current knowledge and important unresolved issues on biological factors underlying different ADHD trajectories. We conclude that a severe lack of knowledge on lifespan aspects in ADHD still exists for nearly every aspect reviewed. We encourage large-scale research efforts to overcome those knowledge gaps through appropriately granular longitudinal studies.
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“it is unclear whether the prevalence of adult ADHD changes with age.”
From The decreasing prevalence of ADHD across the adult lifespan confirmed (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
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“compared to childhood ADHD, adult ADHD has received far less research attention”
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“adult ADHD definitions strongly varying between studies”
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“few large population-based data sets spanning the full adult lifespan available [4-7]”
From The decreasing prevalence of ADHD across the adult lifespan confirmed (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Changes occur throughout the life span, with younger children displaying more hyperactive–impulsive behaviors and adolescents and adults exhibiting more symptoms of inattention [6].”
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“Clinically, there is strong interindividual variation in psychiatric and somatic comorbidities across the lifespan (5).”
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“Though considered a childhood disorder, in about 60% of the cases it persists into adulthood (Franke et al., 2018; Di Lorenzo et al., 2021; Song et al., 2021).”
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Association of ADHD and hypersexuality and paraphilias
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“Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that persists into adult-hood for many individuals [1, 2].”
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Wiebe, A., Kannen, K., Li, M., Aslan, B., Anders, D., Selaskowski, B., Ettinger, U., Lux, S., Philipsen, A., & Braun, N. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221089193 · Cited by 30
“While symptoms of impulsivity and hyperactivity often diminish with age, inattention symptoms frequently persist across the whole lifespan (Francx et al., 2015; Franke et al., 2018; Willcutt et al., 2012).”
BackgroundChild attachment and ADHD: a systematic review
Wylock, J.-F., Borghini, A., Slama, H., & Delvenne, V. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01773-y · Cited by 38
“Finally, because ADHD is a neurodevelopmental syndrome whose manifestations change across the lifespan [99], future studies should also investigate relationships between attachment and ADHD symptoms at different ages, including adulthood [59].”
BackgroundSelf-Esteem in Adults With ADHD Using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: A Systematic Review
Pedersen, A. B., Edvardsen, B. V., Messina, S. M., Volden, M. R., Weyandt, L. L., & Lundervold, A. J. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241237245 · Cited by 25
“…somatic dis eases (Instanes et al., 2018), neuropsychological deficits (Halleland et al., 2012; Lundervold et al., 2019; Munro et al., 2018; Weyandt et al., 2017), and psychiatric disorders (Franke et al., 2018; Kooij et al., 2019; Nutt et al., 2007; Schiweck et al., 2021; Torgersen et al., 2006).”
BackgroundThe adult ADHD assessment quality assurance standard
Adamou, M., Arif, M., Asherson, P. J., Cubbin, S., Leaver, L., Sedgwick-Müller, J. A., Müller-Sedgwick, U., van Rensburg, K., & Kustow, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1380410 · Cited by 37
Self-citationThe course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder through midlife
Grevet, E. H., Bandeira, C. E., Vitola, E. S., Tavares, M. E., Breda, V., Zeni, G. D., Teche, S. P., Picon, F. A., Salgado, C. A. I., Karam, R. G., et al. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01531-4 · Cited by 25
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Karalunas, S. L., Antovich, D. M., Goh, P. K., Martel, M. M., Tipsord, J. M., Nousen, E. K., & Nigg, J. T. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000900 · Cited by 37
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“ADHD may persist through adulthood in about 65% of the cases with varying severity [4].”
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“Nonetheless, there is evidence that pubertal-related hormonal changes may influence ADHD symptomatology (Nussbaum, 2012), as well as findings showing a remittance or decline in hyperactive/impulsive symptoms from childhood to early adolescence (Franke et al., 2018); this evidence suggests that there may also be pubert…”
Lundin, C., Wikman, A., Wikman, P., Kallner, H. K., Poromaa, I. S., & Skoglund, C. B. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.847 · Cited by 32
ADHD-Gaming Disorder Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review
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“Moreover, they show a greater vulnerability to risk-taking behaviors than typically developing peers, including substance use disorders [8], reckless driving, and risky sexual behaviors [6,9,10].”
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LaBianca, S., Brikell, I., Helenius, D., Loughnan, R. J., Mefford, J., Palmer, C. E., Walker, R. L., Gådin, J. R., Krebs, M. D., Appadurai, V., et al. (2023) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-023-01593-7 · Cited by 30
“Psychiatric and somatic comorbidities are common, but prevalence and (co)occurrence can vary substantially among individuals and across the lifespan 4,11 .”
InfluentialObstetric complications in mothers with ADHD
Walsh, C. J., Rosenberg, S. L., & Hale, E. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2022.1040824 · Cited by 24
“Introducing a lifespan perspective of ADHD might improve understanding and management of the disorder (3).”
BackgroundHiTOP Assessment of Externalizing Antagonism and Disinhibition
Mullins‐Sweatt, S. N., Bornovalova, M. A., Carragher, N., Clark, L. A., Corona-Espinosa, A., Jonas, K. G., Keyes, K. M., Lynam, D. R., Michelini, G., Miller, J. D., et al. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211033900 · Cited by 43
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“ADHD has a different clinical profile across the lifespan, for instance children are more likely to present symptoms of hyperactivity (Franke et al., 2018).”
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“psychiatric comorbidity is common, and there is a high risk of adverse outcomes (Arnold et al., 2020; Franke et al., 2018; Jensen & Steinhausen, 2015).”
BackgroundAssociated predictors of functional impairment among adolescents with ADHD—a cross-sectional study
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“The lack of this association in the parental ratings might be due to the parents being less involved in adolescents’ interaction with peers [5], and that symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity tend to be more subtle in adolescents and therefore less observable [12, 59].”
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Lifespan associations of resting-state brain functional networks with ADHD symptoms
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“Meanwhile, due to clinical heterogeneity and subjective psychiatric diagnoses [7, 8], it is still challenging to accurately diagnose ADHD [9].”
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“Although it can be inherited, the aetiology of ADHD cannot be explained only by genetic factors [52].”
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“The hyperactive/ impulsive symptoms tend to decline over time while inattentive symptoms often persist, even in those who in adulthood remit from full ADHD diagnosis [3].”
BackgroundDNA methylation associated with persistent ADHD suggests TARBP1 as novel candidate
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“In essence, then, it could be argued that medical residents and practicing physicians represent a sample that is pre-selected not to have ADHD.”
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Preliminary evidence for a lower brain age in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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“Functional abnormalities are reported by a meta-analysis of 55 task-based functional MRI (fMRI) studies [73], reporting that children with ADHD show a hypoactivation in the fronto-parietal and ventral attentional networks, involved in attention and goal-directed behaviors, and a hyperactivation in the sensorimotor net…”
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Right Superior Frontal Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Pediatric ADHD
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“This delay in maturation could explain the behavioral and cognitive symptoms observed by parents and teachers, as the PFC is involved in attention, emotional regulation, and higher-level functions, including goal management, working memory, and inhibition (Franke et al., 2018; Shaw et al., 2006).”
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“These findings are supported by other studies, which have found that ADHD and substance use disorders more broadly co‐occur with anxiety and depression (Franke et al., 2018; Marmet et al., 2019).”
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“They frequently report problems related to self-regulation [21,22] and commonly face several everyday challenges [23,24].”
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“Medication adherence is important because untreated ADHD can result in serious consequences with lifelong effects, such as school difficulties, fewer friends, arrests, unwanted pregnancy, and alcohol or drug abuse (5).”
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The impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in obsessive‐compulsive disorder subjects
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“As effective intervention can improve symptoms (Cortese et al., 2018) and long-term outcomes for individuals with ADHD (Franke et al., 2018), optimizing treatment across sex/gender is of the utmost importance.”
Nasser, A. F., Kosheleff, A. R., Hull, J. T., Liranso, T., Qin, P., Busse, G. D., O’Neal, W., D, M. F. M., Faraone, S. V., & Rubin, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2020.0148 · Cited by 22
Self-citation[Inclusion of gaming disorder as a behavioral addiction in ICD-11].
Lindenberg, K., & Holtmann, M. (2021) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000837 · Cited by 17
Energy Metabolism Disturbances in Cell Models of PARK2 CNV Carriers with ADHD
Palladino, V. S., Chiocchetti, A., Frank, L., Haslinger, D., McNeill, R., Radtke, F., Till, A., Haupt, S., Brüstle, O., Günther, K., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9124092 · Cited by 17
Self-citationKrieger, V., & Amador-Campos, J. A. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.1917530 · Cited by 16
“…thinning in prefrontal regions (e.g. frontoparietal, ventral and dorsal networks) and deficits in cognitive functions such as executive attentional control, sustained attention, processing speed, working memory and inhibition (Castellanos & Aoki, 2016; Franke et al., 2018; Shaw et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultLibutzki, B., May, M., Gleitz, M., Karus, M., Neukirch, B., Hartman, C. A., & Reif, A. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.84 · Cited by 16
“It often persists into adulthood with different trajectories over the lifespan [15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBowyer, M., Fein, E. C., & Krishnamoorthy, G. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13040329 · Cited by 20
Hsu, J.-W., Huang, K.-L., Ba, Y.-M., Tsai, S., & Chen, M.-H. (2022) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac067 · Cited by 16
“ADHD is highly heritable but lacks a definite etiology (Franke et al., 2018; Sayal et al., 2018).”
BackgroundGrimm, O., Weber, H., Kittel‐Schneider, S., Kranz, T. M., Jacob, C., Lesch, K., & Reif, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.557160 · Cited by 16
“Substance abuse is an important comorbidity in persistent ADHD (2, 40).”
BackgroundSelf-citationO’Connell, K. S., Shadrin, A. A., Smeland, O. B., Bahrami, S., Frei, O., Bettella, F., Krull, F., Fan, C. C., Askeland, R. B., Knudsen, G. P., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.11.015 · Cited by 20
Self-citationZhang-James, Y., Helminen, E. C., Liu, J., Franke, B., Hoogman, M., & Faraone, S. (2019) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/546671 · Cited by 16
Self-citationBridging ADHD and Metabolic Disorders: Insights into Shared Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Marcelli, I., Capece, U., & Caturano, A. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6050040 · Cited by 15
Exploring the Intersection of ADHD and Music: A Systematic Review
Saville, P., Kinney, C., Heiderscheit, A., & Himmerich, H. (2025) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs15010065 · Cited by 15
The use of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medications in cardiac disease
Topriceanu, C., Moon, J., Captur, G., & Perera, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1020961 · Cited by 21
“Generally, stimulant ADHD medications are more effective at reducing the core symptoms of ADHD and are associated with greater effect sizes in terms of positive social and academic outcomes (Habel et al., 2011; Franke et al., 2018).”
BackgroundDöpfner, M., Mandler, J., Breuer, D., Schürmann, S., Dose, C., Walter, D., & von Wirth, E. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720948133 · Cited by 18
“Based on the accumulated literature (e.g., Faraone et al., 2006, 2015; Franke et al., 2018; Hechtman et al., 2016; Klein et al., 2012; Molina et al., 2018; Swanson et al., 2017; Uchida et al., 2018), we hypothesized that the majority of the CAMT participants would not continue to meet the full set…”
BackgroundKakuszi, B., Szuromi, B., Bitter, I., & Czobor, P. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.03.011 · Cited by 27
Barroilhet, S., Bieling, A., McCoy, T., & Perlis, R. (2020) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.01.003 · Cited by 15
Baggio, S., Bayard, S., Cabelguen, C., Desseilles, M., Gachet, M., Kraemer, C., Richard-Lepouriel, H., Nicastro, R., Bioulac, S., Sauvaget, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09822-7 · Cited by 15
“Because of this long-term impairment, adult ADHD has become a major health concern (Asherson et al. 2016; Franke et al. 2018).”
BackgroundGlymphatic system dysfunction in adult ADHD: Relationship to cognitive performance
Fang, Y., Peng, J., Chu, T., Gao, F., Xiong, F., & Tu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.059 · Cited by 16
Rasmussen, I. L., Schei, J., & Ørjasæter, K. B. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01522-1 · Cited by 21
“It is not uncommon for people with ADHD to also have co-occurring conditions such as lower self-esteem [1, 2], depression [3], and anxiety disorders [4].”
BackgroundGuimarães, R. S. Q., Bandeira, I. D., Barretto, B. L., Wanke, T., Alves, C. O. C., Barretto, T. L., de Carvalho, C. F., Dorea-Bandeira, I., Tolentino, A. C., Lins-Silva, D. H., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1217407 · Cited by 13
Zhang, M., Gu, X., Wu, L., Wan, N.-N., Liu, Y., Xin, Z., Chen, T., Liu, S., Li, M.-Q., Deng, M., et al. (2023) · Neurotoxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2023.11.004 · Cited by 14
Barbuti, M., Carignani, G., Weiss, F., Calderone, A., Fierabracci, P., Salvetti, G., Menculini, G., Tortorella, A. A. V., Santini, F., & Perugi, G. (2023) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-023-01574-z · Cited by 16
“ADHD is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed in childhood and persists into adolescence and adulthood in 40%-50% of cases [47].”
BackgroundAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Across the Spectrum
Majarwitz, D., & Perumareddi, P. (2023) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2022.10.004 · Cited by 16
Gutiérrez-Casares, J. R., Quintero, J., Jorba, G., Junet, V., Martínez, V., Pozo-Rubio, T., Oliva, B., Daura, X., Mas, J. M., & Montoto, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.741170 · Cited by 23
“This limitation could prevent the modeling and detection of relevant results regarding these characteristics, such as age-related neurodevelopment (128, 129), differences between children, adolescent and adults (130, 131) or the potential role of sex-dependent differences (132–134).”
BackgroundJacola, L. M., Baran, J., Noll, R. B., Willard, V. W., Hardy, K. K., Embry, L. M., Hullmann, S. E., Larsen, E. C., Winick, N. J., & Kairalla, J. A. (2021) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.28913 · Cited by 17
Li, T., Franke, B., Vásquez, A. A., & Mota, N. R. (2020) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32828 · Cited by 23
“…with ADHD experienced more adversity than their peers without ADHD (Humphreys & Zeanah, 2015), and adults with ADHD have more long-term negative outcomes compared with healthy controls in terms of occupation as well as marital and financial problems (Faraone et al., 2015; Franke et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTranscriptome profiling in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Mortimer, N., Sánchez‐Mora, C., Rovira, P., Vilar‐Ribó, L., Vanesa Richarte, B., Montse Corrales, F., Fadeuilhe, C., Rivero, O., Lesch, K., Casas, M., et al. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.11.005 · Cited by 17
Self-citationChildren’s Relative Age and ADHD Medication Use: A Finnish Population-Based Study
Vuori, M., Martikainen, J., Koski-Pirilä, A., Sourander, A., Puustjärvi, A., Aronen, E., Chudal, R., & Saastamoinen, L. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-4046 · Cited by 14
Miyahara, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124313 · Cited by 14
“For these individuals, the acquisition of basic skills or “literacy” is the primary focus; the development of literacy in the affected domains of reading, social communication, self-regulation, and physical activity have been considered appropriate as treatment goals of dyslexia [1], autism spectrum disorder [2], atte…”
BackgroundRostami, M., Farashi, S., Khosrowabadi, R., & Pouretemad, H. (2019) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.9.10.115 · Cited by 14
“Moreover, it is a psychiatric disorder of childhood and continues until adulthood in about 50% of evaluated cases (Cheung, Rijdijk, McLoughlin, Faraone, Asherson, & Kuntsi, 2015; Franke et al., 2018).”
Spicer, L., DeCicco, E. E., Clarke, A., Ambrosius, R., & Yalcin, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1436053 · Cited by 14
Epigenome-wide DNA methylation in externalizing behaviours: A review and combined analysis
Meijer, M., Franke, B., Sandi, C., & Klein, M. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104997 · Cited by 19
Self-citationSluggish Cognitive Tempo as a Transdiagnostic Link Between Adult ADHD and Internalizing Symptoms
Kamradt, J. M., Eadeh, H., & Nikolas, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-021-09926-8 · Cited by 14
One-year follow-up after the time management group intervention Let’s Get Organized
Wingren, M., Lidstrom-Holmqvist, K., Roshanai, A., Arvidsson, P., Janeslätt, G., White, S., & Holmefur, M. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2021.1954687 · Cited by 13
“These difficulties commonly persist over the lifespan and involve challenges in balancing life at home and work [4 – 6].”
Event-related brain-oscillatory and ex-Gaussian markers of remission and persistence of ADHD
Vainieri, I., Michelini, G., Adamo, N., Cheung, C. H. M., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002056 · Cited by 13
“Nevertheless, since this is a common limitation among studies of ADHD remission and persistence (Franke et al., 2018), future studies using repeated cognitive and brain measures across development are warranted.”
InfluentialSelf-citationFrom man to fly – convergent evidence links FBXO25 to ADHD and comorbid psychiatric phenotypes
Harich, B., Klein, M., Ockeloen, C. W., van der Voet, M., Naber, M., de Leeuw, N., Schenck, A., & Franke, B. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13161 · Cited by 14
“Individuals with this disorder are at high risk of developing comorbid psychiatric disorders across the entire life span (Franke et al., 2018).”
Self-citationAdolescent risk-taking likelihood, risk perceptions, and benefit perceptions across domains
Blankenstein, N. E., van Hoorn, J., Dekkers, T. J., Popma, A., Jansen, B. R. J., Weber, E. U., Pollak, Y., Figner, B., Crone, E. A., Huizenga, H. M., et al. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112806 · Cited by 21
Dupont, G., van Rooij, D., Buitelaar, J. K., Reif, A., & Grimm, O. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.962911 · Cited by 12
“ADHD manifests in childhood, but persists in a substantial number of the cases into adulthood (1).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMichelini, G., Lenartowicz, A., Diaz-Fong, J. P., Bilder, R. M., McGough, J. J., McCracken, J. T., & Loo, S. K. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.06.017 · Cited by 12
Self-citationThe gut-microbiome in adult Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - A Meta-analysisPreprint
Jakobi, B., Vlaming, P., Mulder, D., Ribasés, M., Richarte, V., Ramos-Quiroga, J., Tendolkar, I., van Eijndhoven, P. V., Vrijsen, J., Buitelaar, J., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.23300126 · Cited by 12
“The etiology of ADHD is likely multifactorial, combining genetic and environmental risk-factors or protective influences (Franke et al., 2018).”
Self-citationDenyer, H., Deng, Q., Adanijo, A., Asherson, P., Bilbow, A., Folarin, A., Groom, M., Hollis, C., Wykes, T., Dobson, R., et al. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/44126 · Cited by 12
“ADHD is diagnosed based on impairing levels of inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive behaviors [2], but most adolescents and adults with ADHD present with additional co-occurring mental health problems manifesting in anxiety, depression, and poor sleep [1,3,4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOlstad, E. W., Nordeng, H., Sandve, G. K., Lyle, R., & Gervin, K. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02441-2 · Cited by 12
“We chose the CBCL-DSM ADHD subscale to measure ADHD symptoms and symptom heterogeneity [25, 80] and to possibly identify children with subthreshold ADHD.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Franke, B., Michelini, G., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Bilbow, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Cormand, B., Faraone, S. V., Ginsberg, Y., Haavik, J., Kuntsi, J., Larsson, H., Lesch, K.-P., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Réthelyi, J. M., Ribases, M., & Reif, A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- King's College London (GB)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- Sechenov University (RU)
- Semmelweis University (HU)
- University Hospital Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Franke, Barbara
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1059-1088
- ISSN
- 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6379245
- OpenAlex
- W2891070637
- Cited by
- 643
- References
- 285
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 7.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Online Publication Service of Würzburg University (Würzburg University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Semmelweis University Repository (Semmelweis University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (n° 602805 (AGGRESSOTYPE), 603016 (MATRICS), 278948 (TACTICS), 602450 (IMAGEMEND))
- European Community's Horizon 2020 Programme (n° 643051 (MiND) and 667302 (CoCA))
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), i.e. the Vici Innovation Program (016-130-669)
- Hungarian Brain Research Program (NAP-B KTIA_NAP_13-2014-0011)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD persistence, remission, comorbidities, substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, accidents, age of onset, cognitive trajectories, treatment effects, lifespan development, neurodevelopmental disorders, biological factors
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Comorbidity
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