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A single psilocybin dose is associated with long-term increased mindfulness, preceded by a proportional change in neocortical 5-HT2A receptor binding
Open accessAbstract
A single dose of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) agonist psilocybin can have long-lasting beneficial effects on mood, personality, and potentially on mindfulness, but underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we for the first time conduct a study that assesses psilocybin effects on cerebral 5-HT2AR binding with [11 C]Cimbi-36 positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and on personality and mindfulness. Ten healthy and psychedelic-naïve volunteers underwent PET neuroimaging of 5-HT2AR at baseline (BL) and one week (1W) after a single oral dose of psilocybin (0.2-0.3 mg/kg). Personality (NEO PI-R) and mindfulness (MAAS) questionnaires were completed at BL and at three-months follow-up (3M). Paired t-tests revealed statistically significant increases in personality Openness (p uncorrected = 0.04, mean change [95%CI]: 4.2[0.4;∞]), which was hypothesized a priori to increase, and mindfulness (p FWER = 0.02, mean change [95%CI]: 0.5 [0.2;0.7]). Although 5-HT2AR binding at 1W versus BL was similar across individuals (p uncorrected = 0.8, mean change [95%CI]: 0.007 [-0.04;0.06]), a post hoc linear regression analysis showed that change in mindfulness and 5-HT2AR correlated negatively (β [95%CI] = -5.0 [-9.0; -0.9], p FWER= 0.046). In conclusion, we confirm that psilocybin intake is associated with long-term increases in Openness and - as a novel finding - mindfulness, which may be a key element of psilocybin therapy. Cerebral 5-HT2AR binding did not change across individuals but the negative association between changes in 5-HT2AR binding and mindfulness suggests that individual change in 5-HT2AR levels after psilocybin is variable and represents a potential mechanism influencing long-term effects of psilocybin on mindfulness.
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“Moreover, psychedelics have been found to increase trait mindfulness, and the skills of nonjudgement, compassion and non-reactivity [56, 57].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [57]
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“whereas increased mindfulness capacities have been found to persist up to 3 months (43).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
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“A further psychological process which may be of particular salience when discussing therapeutic efficacy for anxiety, and which psychedelics have been repeatedly found to enhance, are mindfulness capacities (10, 22, 23, 42–46).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
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“as macrodoses have been associated with increased mindfulness (Madsen et al. 2020;Soler et al. 2016;Uthaug et al. 2019)”
From Psychedelic Microdosing, Mindfulness, and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study (2023) · cites this paper as Madsen et al. 2020
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Self-citationBrouwer, A., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120959637 · Cited by 174
“Indeed, agonist-induced downregulation of the 5-HT2AR is entirely consistent with this principle (Bull et al., 2004; Erritzoe et al., 2011; Muguruza et al., 2014; Reneman et al., 2002; also see Madsen et al., 2020).”
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Self-citationMcCulloch, D. E.-W., Grzywacz, M. Z., Madsen, M. K., Jensen, P. S., Ozenne, B., Armand, S., Knudsen, G. M., Fisher, P. M., & Stenbæk, D. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.841648 · Cited by 115
Self-citationGarcia-Romeu, A., Barrett, F. S., Carbonaro, T. M., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881121991822 · Cited by 96
“Psilocybin-occasioned increases in mindfulness have recently been found to correlate negatively with changes in 5-HT2AR binding from pre- to post-psilocybin administration, suggesting potential biological and psychological therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin (Madsen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDose–response relationships of psilocybin-induced subjective experiences in humans
Hirschfeld, T., & Schmidt, T. T. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881121992676 · Cited by 96
“The quality of the experience seems to be associated with positive changes in mood, attitude and behaviour in healthy individuals (Griffiths et al., 2006, 2008, 2011, 2018; MacLean et al., 2011; Madsen et al., 2020; Studerus et al., 2011), and therapeutic outcomes in patients with alcohol use disorder (Bogenschutz et…”
BackgroundNayak, S. M., Jackson, H., Sepeda, N. D., Mathai, D. S., So, S., Yaffe, A., Zaki, H., Brasher, T. J., Lowe, M. X., Jolly, D. R. P., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199642 · Cited by 97
“Finally, regarding personality, only two dimensions showed significant changes after psilocybin use, with increases in extraversion and decreases in neuroticism observed, but no changes in openness, which has previously been reported to increase after psilocybin administration (74, 75).”
BackgroundMcCulloch, D. E.-W., Madsen, M. K., Stenbæk, D. S., Kristiansen, S., Ozenne, B., Jensen, P. S., Knudsen, G. M., & Fisher, P. M. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211026454 · Cited by 83
“Post-drug brain imaging was performed within 24 hours after the psychedelic session in all but one study (Barrett et al., 2020), during which time “afterglow” effects and potential residual drug availability confounds relating effects to lasting changes (Madsen et al., 2019; Majić et al., 2015).”
MethodSelf-citationCombining Psychedelic and Mindfulness Interventions: Synergies to Inform Clinical Practice
Payne, J. E., Chambers, R., & Liknaitzky, P. (2021) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00034 · Cited by 78
Stenbæk, D. S., Madsen, M. K., Ozenne, B., Kristiansen, S., Burmester, D., Erritzøe, D., Knudsen, G. M., & Fisher, P. M. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120959609 · Cited by 80
“The data included in the present study were pooled across two studies from our research group investigating psilocybin 5-HT2AR occupancy (Madsen et al., 2019) and changes in 5-HT2AR one week after psilocybin intervention (Madsen et al., 2020), respectively.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationThe Psychedelic Future of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment
Zaretsky, T. G., Jagodnik, K. M., Barsic, R., Antonio, J. H., Bonanno, P. A., MacLeod, C., Pierce, C., Carney, H., Morrison, M. T., Saylor, C. F., et al. (2024) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x22666231027111147 · Cited by 92
Tulver, K., Kaup, K., Laukkonen, R., & Aru, J. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103494 · Cited by 83
Psychedelics and psychotherapy
Nayak, S., & Johnson, M. W. (2021) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-1312-7297 · Cited by 71
“Open-label psilocybin and ayahuasca increase trait mindfulness even with no specific mindfulness training [67, 68].”
BackgroundPsychedelic therapy's transdiagnostic effects: A research domain criteria (RDoC) perspective
Kelly, J. R., Gillan, C. M., Prenderville, J., Kelly, C., Harkin, A., Clarke, G., & O'Keane, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800072 · Cited by 69
“Moreover, higher baseline scores in the personality trait of absorption (focused attention) (45, 46) and openness may be useful predictors of a therapeutic psychedelic experience, reportedly linked to increases in brain entropy as measured by fMRI (and experiences of “ego-dissolution”) (165), though 5-HT2AR binding di…”
BackgroundGiluk (2009) · doi:10.1017/s003329172000389x · Cited by 68
Mertens, L. J., & Preller, K. H. (2021) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-1341-1907 · Cited by 65
“The authors concluded that changes in 5-HT2A levels are likely variable across individuals, but that those changes might still be relevant for long-term psychological or clinical effects of psychedelics [100].”
BackgroundGandy, S., Forstmann, M., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Timmermann, C., Luke, D. P., & Watts, R. (2020) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/2055102920978123 · Cited by 70
“Psychedelics have been shown to increase personality trait openness to experience in an enduring way (Barrett et al., 2020; Carhart-Harris et al., 2016b; Erritzoe et al., 2018; Griffiths et al., 2018; Lebedev et al., 2016; MacLean et al., 2011; Madsen et al., 2020; Netzband et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialLutkajtis, A., & Evans, J. (2023) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2022.00232 · Cited by 67
Sloshower, J., Zeifman, R. J., Guss, J., Krause, R., Safi-Aghdam, H., Pathania, S., Pittman, B., & D’Souza, D. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58318-x · Cited by 65
Sustained effects of single doses of classical psychedelics in humans
Knudsen, G. M. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01361-x · Cited by 67
“In other words, are the psychedelic recreational users more prone to use psychedelics because of their lower 5-HT2AR, or does the 5-HT2AR downregulate in response to use of psychedelics? There is some data to support the latter: A single psilocybin dose leads to increased mindfulness as measured 3 months later, preced…”
Self-citationMendes, F. R., Costa, C. D. S., Wiltenburg, V. D., Morales-Lima, G., Fernandes, J. A. B., & Filev, R. (2022) · Addiction Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100025 · Cited by 67
Wießner, I., Falchi-Carvalho, M., Palhano-Fontes, F., Feilding, A., Ribeiro, S. T. G., & Tófoli, L. F. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002531 · Cited by 54
“…settings (Murphy-Beiner & Soar, 2020; Smigielski et al., 2019; Soler et al., 2018, 2016; Uthaug et al., 2019) or with baseline comparisons (Madsen et al., 2020; Sampedro et al., 2017), allowing for setting or placebo effects which fundamentally influence psychedelic experiences (Olson,…”
BackgroundResultWeiss, B., Nygart, V., Pommerencke, L. M., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzoe, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749788 · Cited by 47
“Eleven studies have prospectively examined long-term psychedelic-induced change in personality (e.g., MacLean et al., 2011; Madsen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAgnorelli, C., Spriggs, M. J., Godfrey, K., Sawicka, G., Bohl, B., Douglass, H. M., Fagiolini, A. M., Parastoo, H., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Nutt, D. J., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106132 · Cited by 65
“…functioning (Barba et al., 2024), mindfulness (Madsen et al., 2020; Smigielski et al., 2019), openness (Lebedev et al., 2016; MacLean et al., 2011; Madsen et al., 2020; Weiss et al., 2021; Erritzoe et al., 2018), extraversion (Weiss et al., 2021; Erritzoe et al., 2018), agreeableness (Weiss et…”
Mini-review: The neurobiology of treating substance use disorders with classical psychedelics
Urban, M. M., Stingl, M., & Meinhardt, M. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1156319 · Cited by 45
Bornemann, J., Close, J. B., Spriggs, M. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Roseman, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735427 · Cited by 48
“This is consistent with existing psychedelic data suggesting transdiagnostically significant longterm outcomes in openness (115), attitude (116), personality (117), depression and anxiety (86, 118) reported for months to years (119) following treatment.”
ResultMindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities
Holas, P., & Kamińska, J. (2023) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-023-00551-8 · Cited by 43
“Moreover, psychedelics have been found to increase trait mindfulness, and the skills of nonjudgement, compassion and non-reactivity [56, 57].”
BackgroundNeuroimaging in psychedelic drug development: past, present, and future
Wall, M. B., Harding, R., Zafar, R. R., Rabiner, E. A., Nutt, D., & Erritzøe, D. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02271-0 · Cited by 41
“A recent study examined the relationship between 5-HT2AR binding with PET and long-term changes in personality factors [39], and the same team also reported neocortical 5-HT2AR binding to be negatively associated with peak plateau duration of the psilocybin experience [40].”
BackgroundEffects of DMT on mental health outcomes in healthy volunteers
Timmermann, C., Zeifman, R. J., Erritzøe, D., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53363-y · Cited by 48
“…evidence strongly suggests that, used with care, classic psychedelics can have a positive impact on factors that traverse the mental health spectrum, by elevating psychological well-being 14–18 , gratitude 19–21 , optimism 10,21–23 , mindfulness capacities 24–26 , and meaning in life 10,21 .”
BackgroundOlsen, A. S., Lykkebo-Valløe, A., Ozenne, B., Madsen, M. K., Stenbæk, D. S., Armand, S., Mørup, M., Ganz, M., Knudsen, G. M., & Fisher, P. M. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119716 · Cited by 40
Self-citationPersonality change in a trial of psilocybin therapy v. escitalopram treatment for depression
Weiss, B., Ginige, I., Shannon, L., Giribaldi, B., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., Baker-Jones, M., Martell, J., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L., et al. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723001514 · Cited by 48
“…interventions, controlled laboratory studies, involving supportive monitoring from clinicians, have observed increases in openness in healthy subjects (Barrett & Griffiths, 2017; Carhart-Harris et al., 2016b; Griffiths et al., 2018; MacLean, Johnson, & Griffiths, 2011; Madsen et al., 2020).”
Wolff, M., Evens, R., Mertens, L. J., Schmidt, C., Beck, J. L., Rutrecht, H. M., Cherniak, A. D., Gründer, G., & Jungaberle, H. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241249698 · Cited by 40
“including trait mindfulness, well-being, and life satisfaction (e.g., Griffiths et al., 2018; Madsen et al., 2020; Smigielski et al., 2019; Timmermann et al., 2024).”
BackgroundCurrent Perspective on the Therapeutic Preset for Substance-Assisted Psychotherapy
Thal, S. B., Bright, S. J., Sharbanee, J. M., Wenge, T., & Skeffington, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.617224 · Cited by 38
“This increase in mindfulness may represent a key mechanism of psilocybin therapy (Madsen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKolaczynska, K. E., Thomann, J., Hoener, M. C., & Liechti, M. E. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158277 · Cited by 39
Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for Substance Use Disorders and Potential Mechanisms of Action
Rieser, N. M., Herdener, M., & Preller, K. H. (2021) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_284 · Cited by 37
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“Concerning overdose, due to its pharmacodynamic profile, psilocybin overdose and dependence are also unlikely because tolerance builds up quickly due to the rapid receptor desensitization [129,163].”
BackgroundDourron, H. M., Strauss, C. K., & Hendricks, P. S. (2022) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.121.000514 · Cited by 35
Søndergaard, A., Madsen, M. K., Ozenne, B., Armand, S., Knudsen, G. M., Fisher, P. M., & Stenbæk, D. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.948729 · Cited by 36
“Neocortical (a volume-weighted average of all cortical regions) [11C]-Cimbi36 BPND was chosen as our primary outcome region based on findings from our previous study (Madsen et al., 2020), the high expression of 5-HT2AR within neocortex (Beliveau et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationCCH attack frequency reduction after psilocybin correlates with hypothalamic functional connectivity
Madsen, M. K., Petersen, A. S., Stenbæk, D. S., Sørensen, I. M., Schiønning, H., Fjeld, T., Nykjær, C. H., Larsen, S. M. U., Grzywacz, M. Z., Mathiesen, T., et al. (2024) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.14656 · Cited by 41
Self-citationPsychedelics as Novel Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease: Rationale and Potential Mechanisms
Garcia‐Romeu, A., Darcy, S., Jackson, H., White, T., & Rosenberg, P. B. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_267 · Cited by 33
“In many cases, such persisting effects are correlated with enduring personality changes such as increased openness, as well as increased life satisfaction and overall well-being (Erritzoe et al. 2018; Griffiths et al. 2008; MacLean et al. 2011; Madsen et al. 2020; Schmid and Liechti 2018; Smigielski et al. 2019a).”
BackgroundInfluentialErritzøe, D., Barba, T., Spriggs, M. J., Rosas, F. E., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241237870 · Cited by 36
“…change in neocortical 5-HT2AR binding induced by the treatment (one dose, assessed 1 week later), indicating that the relationship between 5-HT2AR downregulation and psilocy-bin’s effects may be more complex than just receptor treatment-induced changes in receptor density (Madsen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCoppola, M., Bevione, F., & Mondola, R. (2022) · Journal of Xenobiotics · doi:10.3390/jox12010004 · Cited by 38
“In two PET studies performed on healthy volunteers using the 5-HT2A receptor agonist radioligand [11C]-Cimbi-36, after psilocybin administration, individual brain 5-HT2A receptor-binding predicted subjective mystical effects [61], mindfulness, and openness [62].”
BackgroundThe Altered States Database: Psychometric data from a systematic literature review
Prugger, J., Derdiyok, E., Dinkelacker, J., Costines, C., & Schmidt, T. T. (2022) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01822-4 · Cited by 34
Pagni, B. A., Zeifman, R. J., Mennenga, S. E., Carrithers, B. M., Goldway, N., Bhatt, S., O’Donnell, K. C., Ross, S., & Bogenschutz, M. P. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230887 · Cited by 31
Kirlić, N., Lennard-Jones, M., Atli, M., Malievskaia, E., Modlin, N. L., Peck, S. K., Gaillard, A., Goodwin, G. M., & Koelpin, D. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230884 · Cited by 34
Beating pain with psychedelics: Matter over mind?
Elman, I., Pustilnik, A. C., & Borsook, D. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.005 · Cited by 30
Optimizing outcomes in psilocybin therapy: Considerations in participant evaluation and preparation
Modlin, N. L., Miller, T. M., Rucker, J., Kirlić, N., Lennard-Jones, M., Schlosser, D. A., & Aaronson, S. T. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.077 · Cited by 31
DellaCrosse, M., Pleet, M., Morton, E., Ashtari, A., Sakai, K., Woolley, J., & Michalak, E. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0279073 · Cited by 28
“Psilocybin therapy has been associated with reduced distress, anxiety, and depression [25, 70–72], as well as increased mindfulness [73], which all could have contributed to improved relaxation and sleep in our population.”
The Mystical Experience Questionnaire 4-Item and Challenging Experience Questionnaire 7-Item
Strickland, J. C., Garcia‐Romeu, A., & Johnson, M. W. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2023.0046 · Cited by 28
“19 Classic psychedelics are also known to produce intense challenging effects that can be associated with acute risks and potential harms in unsafe settings, often colloquially referred to as ‘‘bad trips.’’”
Psilocybin for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Ehrmann, K., Allen, J. J. B., & Moreno, F. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_279 · Cited by 27
Kiraga, M. K., Kuypers, K. P. C., Uthaug, M. V., Ramaekers, J. G., & Mason, N. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883869 · Cited by 26
“In contrast with other studies (20, 43), we did not observe meaningful changes in openness.”
BackgroundResultPsychedelics and sexual functioning: a mixed-methods study
Barba, T., Kettner, H., Radu, C., Peill, J. M., Roseman, L., Nutt, D., Erritzøe, D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Giribaldi, B. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49817-4 · Cited by 29
“Qualitative and quantitative research shows that psychedelic-use can foster non-judgement and non-reactivity 37,64 , an ability to articulate momentary experience 36,65 and an openness to new experiences 43,44,66 .”
BackgroundResultPsychedelics as potential catalysts of scientific creativity and insight
Gandy, S., Bonnelle, V., Jacobs, E., & Luke, D. P. (2022) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245221097649 · Cited by 31
“They have been shown to increase the personality traits openness to experience and absorption in an enduring way (Barrett et al., 2020; Erritzoe et al., 2018; Lebedev et al., 2016; Madsen et al., 2020; MacLean et al., 2011; Netzband et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMortaheb, S., Fort, L. D., Mason, N. L., Mallaroni, P., Ramaekers, J. G., & Athena Demertzi, A. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.04.001 · Cited by 31
Psychedelics for the Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: Efficacy and Proposed Mechanisms
Collins, H. M. (2024) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyae057 · Cited by 26
Psychedelics and mindfulness: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Radakovic, C., Radaković, R., Peryer, G., & Geere, J. (2022) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2022.00218 · Cited by 31
Burmester, D., Madsen, M. K., Szabó, A., Aripaka, S. S., Stenbæk, D. S., Frøkjær, V. G., Elfving, B., Mikkelsen, J. D., Knudsen, G. M., & Fisher, P. M. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100163 · Cited by 27
Self-citationPsychological effects of psychedelics in adolescents
Izmi, N., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Kettner, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2024.1364617 · Cited by 26
Gattuso, J. J., Wilson, C., Hannan, A. J., & Renoir, T. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16017 · Cited by 24
“References used for this figure are the following: (Davoudian et al., 2023; Doss et al., 2021; Fadahunsi et al., 2022; Grandjean et al., 2021; Griffiths et al., 2006; Johnson et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2023; MacLean et al., 2011; Martin Korsbak Madsen et al., 2020; Moliner et al., 2023; Shao et al., 2021; Watts et al.,…”
Deo, N., & Redpath, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.804592 · Cited by 29
“, 1996; López-Giménez and González-Maeso, 2017), which are emerging as effective antidepressant and anxiolytic treatments in recent clinical trials (Fuentes et al., 2020; Madsen et al., 2020) (Figure 1B).”
BackgroundJensen, M. E., Stenbæk, D. S., Juul, T. S., Fisher, P. M., Ekstrøm, C. T., Knudsen, G. M., & Fink‐Jensen, A. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066019 · Cited by 25
Self-citationHaniff, Z. R., Bocharova, M., Mantingh, T., Rucker, J., Velayudhan, L., Taylor, D. M., Young, A. H., Aarsland, D., Vernon, A. C., & Thuret, S. (2024) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108641 · Cited by 21
Jensen, M. E., Stenbæk, D. S., Messell, C., Poulsen, E. D., Varga, T. V., Fisher, P. M., Nielsen, M. K. K., Johansen, S. S., Volkow, N. D., Knudsen, G. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251319457 · Cited by 22
Self-citationToward the “helioscope” hypothesis of psychedelic therapy
Hasler, G. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.02.006 · Cited by 17
Pizzi, S. D., Chiacchiaretta, P., Sestieri, C., Ferretti, A., ONOFRJ, M. C., Penna, S. D., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L., et al. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.03.009 · Cited by 19
Default mode network functional connectivity negatively associated with trait openness to experience
Marstrand-Joergensen, M. R., Madsen, M. K., Stenbæk, D. S., Ozenne, B., Jensen, P. S., Frøkjær, V. G., Knudsen, G. M., & Fisher, P. M. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab048 · Cited by 22
Self-citationRediscovering Psilocybin as an Antidepressive Treatment Strategy
Zeiss, R., Gahr, M., & Graf, H. (2021) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph14100985 · Cited by 20
“In a recent PET study on healthy volunteers, the 5-HT2A binding of psilocybin one week after administration did not differ significantly from that of the baseline [47].”
ResultBasedow, L. A., Riemer, T., Reiche, S., Kreutz, R. H., & Majić, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.739966 · Cited by 17
“Additionally, SPs have been associated with persisting changes in traits such as openness to experience, neuroticism, mindfulness, and optimism (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016; Erritzoe et al., 2018; Griffiths et al., 2018; Polito and Stevenson, 2019; Madsen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundVorobyeva, N. S., & Kozlova, A. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.927984 · Cited by 20
“…are associated with positive changes in mood, attitude, and behaviour in healthy individuals (Studerus et al., 2011; Griffiths et al., 2018; Madsen et al., 2020), as well as with positive therapeutic outcomes in patients with alcohol dependence (Bogenschutz et al., 2015), tobacco addiction…”
BackgroundLyon, A. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.001.0001 · Cited by 19
Utilizing Psychedelics to Enhance Well-Being: A Systematic Review
Thomson, S., & Thomacos, N. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2484380 · Cited by 15
Berkovitch, L., Fauvel, B., Preller, K. H., & Gaillard, R. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106239 · Cited by 16
Weiss, B., Sleep, C. E., Beller, N. M., Erritzøe, D., & Campbell, W. K. (2023) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2023.00291 · Cited by 15
Larsen, K., Lindberg, U., Ozenne, B., McCulloch, D. E.-W., Armand, S., Madsen, M. K., Johansen, A., Stenbæk, D. S., Knudsen, G. M., & Fisher, P. M. (2025) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x251323364 · Cited by 14
Self-citationMcCulloch, D., Knudsen, G., Barrett, F., Doss, M. K., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Rosas, F., Deco, G., Kringelbach, M., Preller, K., Ramaekers, J., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.31234/osf.io/64kyg · Cited by 106
Self-citationPsychedelics, entactogens and psychoplastogens for depression and related disorders
Hoyer, D. (2025) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.70088 · Cited by 17
“New receptor agonist PET ligands now allow determination of the levels of endogenous 5-HT (Erritzoe et al., 2020; Madsen et al., 2019, 2020 A major issues in PET studies is to convincingly demonstrate an actual reduction in 5-HT levels (or that of any monoamine neurotransmitter), because the…”
Four individuals' experiences during and following a psilocybin truffle retreat in the Netherlands
Lutkajtis, A. (2021) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2021.00162 · Cited by 15
Psychedelic Microdosing, Mindfulness, and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study
Hartong, V., & van Emmerik, A. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2080616 · Cited by 11
“…(Carhart-Harris et al. 2012; Fox et al. 2016; Palhano-Fontes et al. 2015), and as macrodoses have been associated with increased mindfulness (Madsen et al. 2020; Soler et al. 2016; Uthaug et al. 2019), the third aim of this study was to investigate if trait mindfulness mediates the…”
BackgroundSagioglou, C., & Forstmann, M. (2022) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245221129803 · Cited by 12
“For example, the general personality trait openness to experience was increased by a single psilocybin dose taken 1–3 months prior (MacLean et al., 2011; Madsen et al. 2020), and is linked to lifetime experience with psychedelic substances (Forstmann and Sagioglou, 2017; Nour et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe potential of psilocybin use to enhance well-being in healthy individuals – A scoping review
Wiepking, L., de Bruin, E. J., & Ghiţă, A. (2023) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2023.00244 · Cited by 12
“Moststudies involved screening procedures to assess the eligibility of participants (Grif fi ths et al., 2006, 2008, 2011, 2018; Lutkajtis, 2021; Madsen et al., 2020; Mason et al., 2019; Nicholas et al., 2018; Smigielski et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTherapeutic potential of psychedelics: History, advancements, and unexplored frontiers
Maia, J. M., de Oliveira, B. S. A., Branco, L. G. S., & Soriano, R. N. (2024) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110951 · Cited by 11
Review of Psilocybin Use for Depression among Cancer Patients after Approval in Oregon
Bellman, V. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16091702 · Cited by 11
“Psilocybin’s stimulation of 5-HT2A/1A receptors has been linked to a reduction in social pain processing and the induction of long-term changes in mindfulness [69,70].”
BackgroundAbraham, A. (2024) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/14313.001.0001 · Cited by 10
Cross-validation of the ego dissolution scale: implications for studying psychedelics
Lynn, S. J., McDonald, C. W., Sleight, F. G., & Mattson, R. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1267611 · Cited by 10
Hovmand, O. R., Madsen, M. K., Fisher, P. M., & Stenbæk, D. S. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241269669 · Cited by 9
“See the primary papers for further details (Madsen et al., 2019, 2020, 2021).”
Self-citationGodfrey, K. E. M., Weiss, B., Zhang, X., Spriggs, M. J., Peill, J. M., Lyons, T., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzøe, D. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104092 · Cited by 10
“Similar evidentiary support exists for increases in openness (Carhart-Harris et al., 2016b; Erritzoe et al., 2018; Erritzoe et al., 2019; Griffiths et al., 2018; Madsen et al., 2020; Weiss et al., 2023; Weiss et al., 2021a).”
InfluentialUse of psychedelic treatments in psychiatric clinical practice: an EPA policy paper
Destoop, M., Mohr, P., Butlen‐Ducuing, F., Kéri, P., Samochowiec, J., Picker, L. D., Fiorillo, A., Kuypers, K. P. C., & Dom, G. (2025) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1806 · Cited by 11
Psychedelics and psychological strengths
Brasher, T. J., Rosen, D., & Spinella, M. (2023) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v13i1.2325 · Cited by 10
Korman, B. A. (2023) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2023.2242358 · Cited by 8
“Termed a “classic psychedelic”, psilocybin has been found to be associated with positive, long-term effects on healthy individuals’ mindfulness (Madsen et al. 2020; McCulloch et al. 2021), connectedness (Lutkajtis 2021; Studerus et al. 2010), and ties to nature (Kettner et al. 2019).”
Psilocybin Combines Rapid Synaptogenic And Anti-Inflammatory Effects In VitroPreprint
Smedfors, G., Glotfelty, E. J., Kalani, N., Hjelle, C. P., Horntvedt, O., Wellfelt, K., Brodin, A., von Kieseritzky, F., Olson, L., & Karlsson, T. E. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1321542/v1 · Cited by 8
Korman, B. A. (2023) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2023.00246 · Cited by 7
“, unemployment) is because these psychoactive substances have been found to have long-term effects on mindfulness (Madsen et al., 2020; McCulloch et al., 2021).”
BackgroundPsychedelic intimacy: Altered states of consciousness in romantic relationships
Neubert, J. J., Anderson, K., & Mason, N. L. (2024) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00319 · Cited by 7
Wood, M. E., Brown, G. J., Karschner, E. L., Seither, J. Z., Brown, J. T., Knittel, J. L., & Walterscheid, J. P. (2024) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/bkae002 · Cited by 6
Breaking the chains of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of psilocybin therapy
Khan, F. A., Pandupuspitasari, N. S., Tencomnao, T., & Chuchawankul, S. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120882 · Cited by 6
New Insights Into the Clinical and Nonclinical Effects of Psychedelic Substances
Forstmann, M., & Sagioglou, C. (2021) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000447 · Cited by 7
Hovmand, O. R., Jensen, M. E., Juul, T. S., Madsen, M. K., Fisher, P. M., & Stenbæk, D. S. (2024) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2024.2302186 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Madsen, M. K., Fisher, P. M., Stenbæk, D. S., Kristiansen, S., Burmester, D., Lehel, S., Páleníček, T., Kuchař, M., Svarer, C., Ozenne, B., & Knudsen, G. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- National Institute of Mental Health (CZ)
- Corresponding author
- Knudsen, Gitte M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 33
- Pages
- 71-80
- ISSN
- 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3009076589
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 10.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Innovation Fund Denmark (4108-00004B)
- Independent Research Fund Denmark (6110-00518B)
- Ester M. og Konrad Kristian Sigurdssons Dyreværnsfond (850-22-55166-17-LNG)
- Rigshospitalet's Research Council (R130-A5324)
- Lundbeck Foundation (F-61171-19-27, R231-2016-3236)
- Horizon 2020 (746850)
- MICR (VI20172020056)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Keywords
- psilocybin, mindfulness, personality, openness to experience, neocortex, serotonin receptor agonists, psychedelic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Benzylamines, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality, Personality Tests, Phenethylamines, Psilocybin, Neocortex, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Positron-Emission Tomography, Young Adult, Mindfulness
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