Psychedelics and psychotherapy
Abstract
Psychedelics have shown great promise in modern clinical trials for treating various psychiatric conditions. As a transdiagnostic treatment that exerts its effects through subjective experiences that leave enduring effects, it is akin to psychotherapy. To date, there has been insufficient discussion of how psychedelic therapy is similar to and different from conventional psychotherapy. In this article, we review the shared features of effective conventional psychotherapies and situate therapeutic psychedelic effects within those. We then discuss how psychedelic drug effects might amplify conventional psychotherapeutic processes-particularly via effects on meaning and relationship-as well as features that make psychedelic treatment unique. Taking into account shared features of conventional psychotherapies and unique psychedelic drug effects, we create a framework for understanding why psychedelics are likely to be effective with very diverse types of psychotherapies. We also review the formal psychotherapies that have been adjunctively included in modern psychedelic trials and extend the understanding of psychedelics as psychotherapy towards implications for clinical ethics and trial design. We aim to provide some common conceptual vocabulary that can be used to frame therapeutic psychedelic effects beyond the confines of any one specific modality.
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Psychedelics enhance psychotherapeutic outcomes by facilitating cognitive, emotional, and behavioral transformations.
“Psychedelics have been shown to enhance psychotherapeutic outcomes by facilitating cognitive, emotional, and behavioral transformations (103, 106, 127).”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [127]
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Die Rolle der Psychotherapie im Rahmen der Therapie mit Psychedelika
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- Authors
- Nayak, S., & Johnson, M. W.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Pharmacopsychiatry
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2020-12-07
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 167-175
- ISSN
- 0176-3679 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-0795
- OpenAlex
- W3112208811
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 0.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- psychedelics, psychedelic therapy, psychotherapy, transdiagnostic treatment, therapeutic mechanisms, meaning-making, interpersonal relationships, adjunctive psychotherapy, clinical ethics, trial design, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Hallucinogens, Humans, Psychotherapy
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