Examining psychedelic-induced changes in social functioning and connectedness in a naturalistic online sample using the five-factor model of personality.
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The present study examines prospective changes in personality traits relevant to social functioning as well as perceived social connectedness in relation to the naturalistic use of psychedelic compounds in an online volunteer sample. The study also examined the degree to which demographic characteristics, social setting, baseline personality, and acute subjective factors (e.g., emotional breakthrough experiences) influenced trajectories of personality and perceived social connectedness. Participants recruited online completed self-report measures of personality and social connectedness at three timepoints (baseline, 2weeks post-experience, 4weeks post-experience). Linear mixed models were used to examine changes in outcomes and the moderation of these outcomes by covariates. The most substantive changes were reductions in the personality domains Neuroticism, and increases in Agreeableness and social connectedness. Notably, reductions in Neuroticism and increases in Agreeableness covaried over time, which may be suggestive of common processes involving emotion regulation. Preliminary evidence was found for a specific effect on a component of Agreeableness involving a critical and quarrelsome interpersonal style. Although moderation by demographic characteristics, social setting, baseline personality, and acute factors generally found limited support, baseline standing on Neuroticism, perspective taking, and social connectedness showed tentative signs of amplifying adaptive effects on each trait, respectively. Our findings hold implications for the potential use of psychedelics for treating interpersonal elements of personality pathology as well as loneliness.
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Ingestion of a psychedelic drug can induce rapid and persisting changes in personality traits, particularly reductions in neuroticism, in both healthy and clinical populations.
“It has been repeatedly found that ingestion of a psychedelic drug can induce rapid and persisting changes in personality traits, and particularly reductions in neuroticism, in both healthy and clinical populations (24, 35–41).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
The Discussion reports reductions in neuroticism after psychedelic use that persisted to four weeks and says several prospective studies found similar reductions. The Introduction describes personality-change findings across general, healthy, and clinical samples, but calls them inconsistent; the clinical trials discussed in the paper support an antidepressant effect, not necessarily a measured reduction in neuroticism. This study measured personality at two and four weeks after use, so it does not establish the claim of rapid change. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Psychedelics and neonihilism: connectedness in a meaningless world
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Solaja, I., Haldane, K., Mason, N. L., Weiss, B., Xu, X., Xu, M., Nikolin, S., Jayasena, T., Millard, M., Brett, J., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105570 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Utilizing Psychedelics to Enhance Well-Being: A Systematic Review
Thomson, S., & Thomacos, N. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2484380 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Weiss, B., Sleep, C. E., Beller, N. M., Erritzøe, D., & Campbell, W. K. (2023) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2023.00291 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Forstmann, M., & Sagioglou, C. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.101992 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Schmid, Y., & Bershad, A. K. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhou, K., de Wied, D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Kettner, H. (2025) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae560 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Yaden, D. B., Graziosi, M., Owen, A. M., Agin-Liebes, G., Aaronson, S. T., Allen, K. E., Barrett, F. S., Bogenschutz, M. P., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Ching, T. H. W., et al. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0019 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Weleff, J., Nunes, J. C., Costa, G. P. A., Sofuoglu, M., MacLean, R. R., & Aquino, J. P. D. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.16045 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Childhood trauma, challenging experiences, and posttraumatic growth in ayahuasca use
Cassidy, E. K., Healy, C. J., Henje, E., & D'Andrea, W. M. (2024) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245241238316 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Modlin, N. L., McPhee, T., Zazon, N., Sarang, M., Hignett, R., Pick, S., Cleare, A. J., Williamson, V., & Rucker, J. (2024) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0027 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Healy, C. J., Frazier, A., Kirsch, S., Sanford, A., Garcia‐Romeu, A., Todman, M., Varon, J. P., & D'Andrea, W. M. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111361 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Godfrey, K. E. M., Weiss, B., Zhang, X., Spriggs, M. J., Peill, J. M., Lyons, T., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzøe, D. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104092 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Chwyl, C., Wilson‐Poe, A. R., Hoffman, K. A., Bazinet, A. D., Pertl, K., Luoma, J. B., Jarlais, D. C. D., Bielavitz, S., & Korthuis, P. T. (2025) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.104938 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Jiwani, Z., Goldberg, S. B., Stroud, J., Young, J., Curtin, J., Dunne, J. D., Simonsson, O., Webb, C. A., Carhart-Harris, R., & Schlosser, M. (2025) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310160 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring serotonergic psychedelics as a treatment for personality disorders
Carrithers, B. M., Roberts, D. E., Weiss, B., King, J. D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Gordon, A. R., Pagni, B. A., Moreau, M., Ross, S., & Zeifman, R. J. (2025) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110413 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Big Five personality and the psychedelic experience: An initial report
Kajonius, P., Sjöström, D., & Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E. (2025) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2025.00414 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Beyond prohibition: A public health analysis of naturalistic psychedelic use
Haden, M., Paschall, S. A., & Woods, B. (2025) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2025.00450 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Therapeutic dissociation: From non-ordinary states to psychological transformationPreprint
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Suggested Guidelines for Applying a Systemic Lens to Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy
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Personality, not cognition, distinguishes chronic ayahuasca and cannabis users from non-users
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Classic psychedelics and personality: An updated systematic review
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Ethische Aspekte der Behandlung mit Psychedelika
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Psychedelic-Induced Changes in Personality Traits: A Systematic Review
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- Authors
- Weiss, B., Nygart, V., Pommerencke, L. M., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzoe, D.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weiss, Brandon
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-11-25
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 749788-749788
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8655335
- OpenAlex
- W3216348943
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2013-21-501, CL-2017-21-004)
- Academy of Medical Sciences (SGL019\1063)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Keywords
- psychedelics, personality change, Big Five personality traits, social connectedness, social functioning, neuroticism, agreeableness, emotion regulation, perspective taking, interpersonal style, loneliness, personality pathology, naturalistic psychedelic use
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