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Cited by 93Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research Topics

The Spielberger trait anxiety inventory measures more than anxiety

Caci, Hervé, Baylé, Franck J., Dossios, Christelle, Robert, Philippe, Boyer, Patrice·2003·European Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.05.003
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Abstract

Objective: Researchers tried to explain the overlap between anxiety and depression by suggesting that some items of self-administered questionnaires were badly selected and that both constructs should rather be considered as multidimensional. Thus, we hypothesise that the Spielberger trait anxiety inventory (TAI) includes items related to depression. Method: A non-clinical sample of 193 subjects filled out the TAI and the Hospitalised Anxiety–Depression Scale. Factors were postulated on the basis of item content and submitted to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: We found five factors: a 10-item anxiety factor containing three factors, a four-item unsuccessfulness factor correlated with the HADS anhedonia factor, and a six-item happiness factor. Conclusion: The TAI scale encompasses measures of anxiety, depression and well-being. Consequently, the overlap with other measures of depression may result from item selection. This work awaits replication in independent normal and pathological samples.

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  • The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was initially intended to assess anxiety but has more recently been determined to measure a broader type of distress, a higher order factor of negative affect that incorporates both anxiety and depression.

    “The STAI was initially intended to assess anxiety, but has been more recently determined to measure a broader type of distress, a “higher order factor of negative affect” that incorporates both anxiety (worry, distressing thoughts) and depression (dysphoric mood and negative self-appraisal (Bieling, Antony, & Swinson, 1998; Caci, Bayle, Dossios, Robert, & Boyer, 2003; Gros, Antony, Simms, & McCabe”

    From Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Improves Emotional Reactivity to Social Stress: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial (2012) · cites this paper as Caci, Bayle, Dossios, Robert, & Boyer, 2003

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Authors
Caci, H., Baylé, F. J., Dossios, C., Robert, P., & Boyer, P.
Affiliations
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (FR)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
ORCID
Venue
European Psychiatry
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2003-12
Volume
18
Issue
8
Pages
394-400
ISSN
  • 0924-9338 (ISSN-L)
  • 1778-3585
DOI
10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.05.003
OpenAlex
W1993196358
Cited by
93
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
FWCI
2.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 5981 d)
Locations
  • European Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Pfizer
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords
trait anxiety, depression, anhedonia, happiness, well-being, factor structure, item selection
MeSH terms
Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Happiness, Humans, Male, Mathematical Computing, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Statistics as Topic, Students, Students, Medical, Students, Nursing, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical

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