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The controversial origins of war and peace: apes, foragers, and human evolution
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Given the prehistorical data, however incomplete it is, there is evidence of inter-group exchange and cooperation.
“Given the prehistorical data, however incomplete it is, there is evidence of inter-group exchange and cooperation (Glowacki, 2024;Grueter, 2026)”
From Durkheim, Indoctrinability and the Moral Ambivalence of Human Sociality (2026) · cites this paper as Glowacki, 2024
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McCollum, M. A. (2000) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(2000)112:2 · Cited by 26
Wild-Type Colonizers and High Levels of Violence among Paleoamericans
Chatters, J. C. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315415970-4 · Cited by 25
Moscovice, L. R., Hohmann, G., Trumble, B. C., Fruth, B., & Jaeggi, A. V. (2022) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-022-00286-y · Cited by 24
Conflict and Territoriality in Aboriginal Australia: Evidence from Biology and Ethnography
Pardoe, C. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315415970-6 · Cited by 22
Forager Warfare and Our Evolutionary Past
LeBlanc, S. A. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315415970-2 · Cited by 21
The Human Family—Its Evolutionary Context and Diversity
Kramer, K. L. (2021) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci10060191 · Cited by 21
Standen, V. G., Santoro, C. M., Daniela Valenzuela, R., Arriaza, B. T., Verano, J. W., Monsalve, S., Coleman, D. S., & Marquet, P. A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290690 · Cited by 21
Dynamics in social organization of bonobos (Pan paniscus)
Hohmann, G., & Fruth, B. (2002) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 21
Foragers and War in Contact-Era New Guinea
Roscoe, P. B. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315415970-12 · Cited by 19
Reproductive inequality among males in the genus Pan
Mouginot, M., Cheng, L., Wilson, M. L., Feldblum, J. T., Städele, V., Wroblewski, E. E., Vigilant, L., Hahn, B. H., Li, Y., Gilby, I. C., et al. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0301 · Cited by 18
Population pressure and prehistoric violence in the Yayoi period of Japan
Nakagawa, T., Tamura, K., Yamaguchi, Y., Matsumoto, N., Matsugi, T., & Nakao, H. (2021) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2021.105420 · Cited by 17
Alliance and Conflict: The World System of the Iñupiaq Eskimos
Dawson, P. (2006) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.2006.108.3.568 · Cited by 17
Insights into human evolution from 60 years of research on chimpanzees at Gombe
Wilson, M. L. (2021) · Evolutionary Human Sciences · doi:10.1017/ehs.2021.2 · Cited by 16
Trends in Cooperation and Conflict in Native Eastern North America
Dye, D. H. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199858996.003.0008 · Cited by 16
Why Was Human Evolution So Rapid?
Tattersall, I. (2017) · Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46646-0_1 · Cited by 15
Hunter-Gatherer Violence and Warfare in Australia
Allen, M. W. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315415970-5 · Cited by 14
Janus faced: The co‐evolution of war and peace in the human species
Meijer, H. (2024) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.22027 · Cited by 14
Bonobos and People at Wamba: 50 Years of Research
Furuichi, T., Idani, G., Kimura, D., Ihobe, H., & Hashimoto, C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4788-1 · Cited by 12
PEACE AND WAR IN NONSTATE SOCIETIES
van der Dennen, J. M. G. (2014) · Common Knowledge · doi:10.1215/0961754x-2732698 · Cited by 10
Climate change intensified violence in the south-central Andean highlands from 1.5 to 0.5 ka
Snyder, T. J., & Haas, R. (2023) · Quaternary Research · doi:10.1017/qua.2023.23 · Cited by 10
Hypotheses for the Evolution of Bonobos: Self-Domestication and Ecological Adaptation
Wrangham, R. W. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4788-1_38 · Cited by 10
Notes on childhood in nonviolent context: the Semai case
Dentan, R. K. (1978) · Cited by 9
War and Peace in Jalemo: The Management of Conflict in Highland New Guinea
Mair, L., & Koch, K.-F. (1975) · RAIN · doi:10.2307/3032292 · Cited by 9
'I am very sorry I cannot kill you any more': war and peace among the Kapauku
Pospisil, L. J. (1993) · Cited by 8
Tradecraft: Professional writing as problem solving
Musso, J. A., Biller, R. P., & Myrtle, R. C. (2000) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/1520-6688(200023)19:4 · Cited by 8
Baszarkiewicz, K., & Fry, D. P. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012373985-8.00132-x · Cited by 8
Lahr, M. M., Rivera, F., Power, R. K., Mounier, A., Copsey, B., Crivellaro, F., Edung, J. E., Maíllo‐Fernández, J., Kiarie, C., Lawrence, J., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19779 · Cited by 6
Primate Models for Human Evolution
Sussman, R. W., & Hart, D. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802652-6.00006-2 · Cited by 4
Patterns of Violence in the Pre-Neolithic Nile Valley
Havelková, P., Crèvecoeur, I., Varadzin, L., Ambrose, S. H., Tartar, É., Thibeault, A., Buckley, M., Villotte, S., & Varadzinová, L. (2023) · African Archaeological Review · doi:10.1007/s10437-023-09533-w · Cited by 4
The Much Overlooked Foundational Principle of Restraint
Fry, D. P. (2019) · Peace Review · doi:10.1080/10402659.2019.1613595 · Cited by 3
Publications of the Champlain Society
Baskerville, P. A. (1987) · McGill-Queen's University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780773580763-008 · Cited by 2
Evolutionary Anthropology, Co-operation and Warfare
Layton, R. H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0280-4_8 · Cited by 2
Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 172 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Le Clercq, 1910, Vol. 5
- Macneish, 1956, Leadership among the Northeastern Athabascans, Anthropologica, 2, 131
- Whiting, 1950, Vol. 15
Cited by
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The Meanings and Dividends of Man the Hunter
Venkataraman, V. V., Hagen, E. H., Stibbard-Hawkes, D., Hames, R., Lew‐Levy, S., Jang, H., Glowacki, L., Hoffman, J., Kramer, K., Davis, H. E., et al. (2026) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2026.106840 · Cited by 11
Self-citationJanus faced: The co‐evolution of war and peace in the human species
Meijer, H. (2024) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.22027 · Cited by 14
Robust evidence that mobile hunter-gatherers participated in war: Comment on Fry (2025)
Glowacki, L. (2025) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106658 · Cited by 7
Self-citationWood, B. M., Watts, D. P., Langergraber, K. E., & Mitani, J. C. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2524502122 · Cited by 7
Meijer, H. (2024) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-024-09477-3 · Cited by 7
Fry, D. P. (2024) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106650 · Cited by 3
Evidence and conceptual models for the evolution of war: a response to and
Wilson, M. L. (2025) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106685 · Cited by 1
Pacifist or Peace Psychology? Overcoming Naïve Pacifism to Foster a True Science of Peace‐Making
Adam‐Troian, J., Arciszewski, T., Bélanger, J. J., & Bonetto, É. (2025) · Conflict Resolution Quarterly · doi:10.1002/crq.70016 · Cited by 1
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Egeland, J., Kennair, L. E. O., & Kleppestø, T. H. (2026) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2026.106839 · Cited by 1
Durkheim, Indoctrinability and the Moral Ambivalence of Human Sociality
Windzio, M. (2026) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-026-09531-2
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Pisor, A. C., Smith, K. M., & Deminchuk, J. (2024) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x23002649
Krieg der Gene? Gewaltsame Gruppenkonflikte aus evolutionärer Perspektive
Rusch, H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-43624-7_16
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Tobeña, A. (2024) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2024.157063
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Rusch, H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-48028-8_16
The evolution of human tool use and technology
Stout, D., & Hecht, E. E. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27380-3.00046-4
Rosicki, R. (2025) · Przegląd Politologiczny · doi:10.14746/pp.2025.30.2.1
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Jesus, P. (2025) · Trans/Form/Ação · doi:10.1590/0101-3173.2025.v48.n4.e025193
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von Pein, L., Suddendorf, T., & Zietsch, B. P. (2026) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.260311
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Boulestin, B. (2026) · Diogène · doi:10.3917/dio.289.0007
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Noe, S. J., Degnan, B., Kracht, E. C., & McCool, W. C. (2026) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.70373
Ranging and territoriality in African ApesPreprint
Surbeck, M., Supple, R., Massaro, A. P., Mjungu, D. C., Robbins, M. M., & Wilson, M. L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.11.03.763879
Metadata
- Authors
- Glowacki, L.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Glowacki, Luke
- ORCID
- Glowacki, Luke
- Venue
- Evolution and Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-11
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 106618
- ISSN
- 1090-5138 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4402305851
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 7.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Evolution and Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Violence, Religion, and Philosophy
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- causes of war, human evolution, small-scale warfare, hunter-gatherers, bonobos, chimpanzees, intergroup relations, intergroup cooperation, sedentism, primate social behavior, human nature
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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