Control of globin gene expression during development and erythroid differentiation
Open accessAbstract
Extensive studies during the last 30 years have led to considerable understanding of cellular and molecular control of hemoglobin switching. Cell biology studies in the 1970s defined the control of globin genes during erythroid differentiation and led to development of therapies for sickle cell disease. Molecular investigations of the last 20 years have delineated the two basic mechanisms that control globin gene activity during development--autonomous silencing and gene competition. Studies of hemoglobin switching have provided major insights on the control of gene loci by remote regulatory elements. Research in this field has an impact on understanding regulatory mechanisms in general and is of particular importance for eventual development of molecular cures for sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia.
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HbF has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin (HbA), allowing efficient oxygen transfer from maternal to fetal circulation-a critical adaptation for intrauterine life.
“HbF has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin (HbA), allowing efficient oxygen transfer from maternal to fetal circulation—a critical adaptation for intrauterine life [93].”
From Origin and Evolution of Genes in Eukaryotes: Mechanisms, Dynamics, and Functional Implications (2025) · cites this paper as [93]
The Abstract (page not provided) reports differences in oxygen affinity between embryonic and adult blood and describes the fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switch. It does not say that HbF has higher oxygen affinity than HbA or that this enables oxygen transfer from mother to fetus. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the natural configuration of the globin gene clusters, the promoters of genes encoding embryonic globins are preferentially activated; at later developmental stages, these promoters become repressed by epigenetic mechanisms, and promoters of adult globin genes get the opportunity to establish communication with the LCR.
“In the natural configuration of the globin gene clusters, these are the promoters of genes encoding embryonic globins. At later developmental stages, these promoters become repressed by epigenetic mechanisms, and promoters of adult globin genes get the opportunity to establish communication with the LCR [139].”
From Enhancer Function in the 3D Genome (2023) · cites this paper as [139]
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- Authors
- Stamatoyannopoulos, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stamatoyannopoulos, George
- Venue
- Experimental Hematology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 259-271
- ISSN
- 0301-472X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2819985
- OpenAlex
- W2078547860
- Semantic Scholar
- 8c9b6232600e862b9dfe476ba9153ed2fc7bb801
- Cited by
- 393
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Experimental Hematology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL020899)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK045365)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Hemoglobinopathies and Related Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Hemoglobin structure and function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- globin gene expression, hemoglobin switching, erythroid differentiation, embryonic development, gene silencing, sickle cell disease, beta-thalassemia, beta-globin locus control region
- MeSH terms
- Anemia, Sickle Cell, Animals, Cell Differentiation, Erythropoiesis, Fetal Hemoglobin, Globins, Humans, Transcription, Genetic, beta-Thalassemia, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Cell Lineage, Gene Silencing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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