Development of interlaminar astroglial processes in the cerebral cortex of control and Down’s syndrome human cases.
Abstract
Glial cytoarchitecture in human cerebral cortex is constituted by two overlapping layouts: the (general mammalian) "glial syncytium" and the (primate-specific) "interlaminar glial palisade" (IGP) composed by astroglial cells, with long, radial processes that traverse several supragranular layers. In this study, the emergence and early organization of the IGP was analyzed using immunocytochemical procedures in postmortem infantile human control and age matched, Down's syndrome (DS) cases. In control cases, first signs of a radial array of unbranched astroglial processes were apparent at the end of the period of "physiological astrocytosis" (20-40 days of postnatal life), and its general profile (except perhaps the density of cell processes) reached the adult-like configuration by the second month of life. The initial organization of the IGP was similar in control and DS cases, although a breakdown in DS became manifest by the first year of age, or earlier, albeit with individual variations. These changes tended to evolve in a "mosaic" fashion and included partial disruption of the palisade, or persistence of the "physiological astrocytosis". These observations were compared against samples from elder DS cases with an Alzheimer's type of dementia (AtD). Collectively, results suggest that DS also involves astroglial alterations during early stages of brain development, and that those changes progress with age, until an AtD ensues during adult life.
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ILAs start to be visible between 20 and 40 days after birth; at 40 days, perpendicular long GFAP-positive processes are visible in most cortical areas, although they typically do not exit layer I.
“ILAs start to be visible between 20 and 40 days after birth; at 40 days, the perpendicular long GFAP-positive processes are visible in most cortical areas, although they typically do not exit layer I.”
From Interlaminar and varicose-projection astrocytes: toward a new understanding of the primate brain (2024) · cites this paper as Colombo et al., 2005
Growth in length of ILAs is completed six months after birth.
“Growth in length is completed six months after birth”
From Interlaminar and varicose-projection astrocytes: toward a new understanding of the primate brain (2024) · cites this paper as Colombo et al., 2005
In adults with Down's syndrome, destruction of the typical ILA palisade is more pronounced, especially in the presence of amyloid plaques, with variability reflecting individual severity and clinical progression.
“In adults, the destruction of the typical ILA palisade is even more pronounced, especially in the presence of amyloid plaques, with variability reflecting the individual severity and clinical progression of the syndrome.”
From Interlaminar and varicose-projection astrocytes: toward a new understanding of the primate brain (2024) · cites this paper as Colombo et al., 2005
In Down's syndrome with Alzheimer's-type dementia, the ILA palisade is localized in "patches," mirroring the progression of Alzheimer's disease patients without DS.
“DS often co-occurs with AD’s type of dementia, and in such cases, the ILA palisade is localized in “patches,” mirroring the progression of AD patients without DS.”
From Interlaminar and varicose-projection astrocytes: toward a new understanding of the primate brain (2024) · cites this paper as Colombo et al., 2005
In Down's syndrome, no differences are observed between DS and healthy patients at birth; by 6 months of age, there is a general alteration of the tortuosity and parallelism typical of ILA long processes, becoming particularly visible by the end of the first year of life.
“While no differences are observed between DS and healthy patients at birth, by 6 months of age, there is a general alteration of the tortuosity and parallelism typical of ILA long processes. These changes become particularly visible by the end of the first year of life (Colombo et al., 2005; Colombo and Reisin, 2004).”
From Interlaminar and varicose-projection astrocytes: toward a new understanding of the primate brain (2024) · cites this paper as Colombo et al., 2005
As dementia advances in Down's syndrome, the ILA palisade is almost completely destroyed, accompanied by an increase in astrogliosis in the astrocytic network.
“As dementia advances, the ILA palisade is almost completely destroyed, accompanied by an increase in astrogliosis in the astrocytic network (Colombo et al., 2005).”
From Interlaminar and varicose-projection astrocytes: toward a new understanding of the primate brain (2024) · cites this paper as Colombo et al., 2005
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- Authors
- Colombo, J. A., Reisin, H. D., Jones, M., & Bentham, C.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Corresponding author
- Colombo, Jorge A.
- ORCID
- Colombo, Jorge A.
- Venue
- Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-05
- Volume
- 193
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 207-217
- ISSN
- 0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1988233442
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- Down syndrome, cortical development, postnatal brain development, infant brain
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Astrocytes, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Preschool, Down Syndrome, Female, Gliosis, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged
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