Human iPSC-derived Down syndrome astrocytes display genome-wide perturbations in gene expression, an altered adhesion profile, and increased cellular dynamics
Open accessAbstract
Down syndrome (DS), caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21, leads to significant alterations in brain development and is a major genetic cause of intellectual disability. While much is known about changes to neurons in DS, the effects of trisomy 21 on non-neuronal cells such as astrocytes are poorly understood. Astrocytes are critical for brain development and function, and their alteration may contribute to DS pathophysiology. To better understand the impact of trisomy 21 on astrocytes, we performed RNA-sequencing on astrocytes from newly produced DS human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). While chromosome 21 genes were upregulated in DS astrocytes, we found consistent up- and down-regulation of genes across the genome with a strong dysregulation of neurodevelopmental, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules. ATAC (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin)-seq also revealed a global alteration in chromatin state in DS astrocytes, showing modified chromatin accessibility at promoters of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix genes. Along with these transcriptomic and epigenomic changes, DS astrocytes displayed perturbations in cell size and cell spreading as well as modifications to cell-cell and cell-substrate recognition/adhesion, and increases in cellular motility and dynamics. Thus, triplication of chromosome 21 is associated with genome-wide transcriptional, epigenomic and functional alterations in astrocytes that may contribute to altered brain development and function in DS.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Co-culture with T21 iPSC-derived astrocytes reduces the intrinsic excitability of neurons and tends to have a consequent impact on synaptic development and transmission.
“Co-culture with T21 iPSC-derived astrocytes also reduces the intrinsic excitability of neurons and tends to have a consequent impact on synaptic development and transmission82,135,145.”
From Consequences of trisomy 21 for brain development in Down syndrome (2024) · cites this paper as [145]
The Introduction reports that Down syndrome astrocytes affect neuronal synaptic markers, and the discussion suggests that the observed adhesion changes may have implications for synaptogenesis. But this paper does not report that co-culture with its T21 iPSC-derived astrocytes reduces neurons’ intrinsic excitability or alters synaptic transmission. Reduced excitability appears only in the title of a different study listed in its References. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDS iPSC-derived astrocytes have changes in cell adhesion and motility dynamics.
“Astrocytes differentiated from iPSCs derived from individuals with DS had changes in cell adhesion and motility dynamics compared to matched euploid controls (Bally et al., 2020).”
From Neurodevelopment in Down syndrome: Concordance in humans and models (2022) · cites this paper as Bally et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2
Love, M. I., Huber, W., & Anders, S. (2014) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8 · Cited by 95,106 · see citing works
Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data
Bolger, A. M., Lohse, M., & Usadel, B. (2014) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170 · Cited by 65,548 · see citing works
STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner
Dobin, A., Davis, C. A., Schlesinger, F., Drenkow, J., Zaleski, C., Jha, S., Batut, P., Chaisson, M., & Gingeras, T. R. (2013) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts635 · Cited by 51,709 · see citing works
clusterProfiler: an R Package for Comparing Biological Themes Among Gene Clusters
Yu, G., Wang, L.-G., Han, Y., & He, Q.-Y. (2012) · OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology · doi:10.1089/omi.2011.0118 · Cited by 36,259 · see citing works
HTSeq—a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data
Anders, S., Pyl, P. T., & Huber, W. (2015) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu638 · Cited by 21,464 · see citing works
Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS)
Zhang, Y., Liu, T., Meyer, C. A., Eeckhoute, J., Johnson, D. S., Bernstein, B. E., Nusbaum, C., Myers, R. M., Brown, M., Li, W., et al. (2008) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-9-r137 · Cited by 18,386 · see citing works
Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans
Exome Aggregation Consortium, Lek, M., Karczewski, K. J., Minikel, E. V., Samocha, K. E., Banks, E., Fennell, T., O’Donnell-Luria, A. H., Ware, J. S., Hill, A. J., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19057 · Cited by 9,587 · see citing works
deepTools2: a next generation web server for deep-sequencing data analysis
Ramírez, F., Ryan, D. P., Grüning, B., Bhardwaj, V., Kilpert, F., Richter, A. S., Heyne, S., Dündar, F., & Manke, T. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw257 · Cited by 8,096 · see citing works
Buenrostro, J. D., Giresi, P. G., Zaba, L. C., Chang, H. Y., & Greenleaf, W. J. (2013) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2688 · Cited by 6,422 · see citing works
Astrocytes: Biology and pathology
Sofroniew, M. V., & Vinters, H. V. (2010) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0619-8 · Cited by 5,196 · see citing works
Quality control and preprocessing of metagenomic datasets
Schmieder, R., & Edwards, R. A. (2011) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr026 · Cited by 4,989 · see citing works
ChIPseeker: an R/Bioconductor package for ChIP peak annotation, comparison and visualization
Yu, G., Wang, L.-G., & He, Q. (2015) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv145 · Cited by 4,399 · see citing works
Highly efficient neural conversion of human ES and iPS cells by dual inhibition of SMAD signaling
Chambers, S. M., Fasano, C. A., Papapetrou, E. P., Tomishima, M., Sadelain, M., & Studer, L. (2009) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1529 · Cited by 3,620 · see citing works
ATAC-seq: a method for assaying chromatin accessibility genome-wide
Buenrostro, J. D., Wu, B., Chang, H. Y., & Greenleaf, W. J. (2015) · Current Protocols in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1002/0471142727.mb2129s109 · Cited by 3,289 · see citing works
Zerbino, D. R., Achuthan, P., Akanni, W., Amode, M. R., Barrell, D., Bhai, J., Billis, K., Cummins, C., Gall, A., Girón, C. G., et al. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkx1098 · Cited by 2,605 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Sloan, S. A., Clarke, L. E., Caneda, C., Plaza, C. A., Blumenthal, P. D., Vogel, H., Steinberg, G. K., Edwards, M. S. B., Li, G., et al. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.013 · Cited by 2,295 · see citing works
Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex
Rakic, P. (1972) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901450105 · Cited by 2,170 · see citing works
Parker, S. E., Mai, C. T., Canfield, M. A., Rickard, R., Wang, Y., Meyer, R. E., Anderson, P., Mason, C. A., Collins, J. S., Kirby, R. S., et al. (2010) · Birth Defects Research Part A Clinical and Molecular Teratology · doi:10.1002/bdra.20735 · Cited by 1,887 · see citing works
Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information
Perea, G., Navarrete, M., & Araque, A. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.001 · Cited by 1,820 · see citing works
Glutamate-mediated astrocyte–neuron signalling
Parpura, V., Basarsky, T. A., Liu, F., Jeftinija, K., Jeftinija, S., & Haydon, P. G. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/369744a0 · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works
Roizen, N., & Patterson, D. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12987-x · Cited by 1,333 · see citing works
Mortality associated with Down's syndrome in the USA from 1983 to 1997: a population-based study
Yang, Q., Rasmussen, S. A., & Friedman, J. M. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08092-3 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Hu, H., Miao, Y., Jia, L.-H., Yu, Q.-Y., Zhang, Q., & Guo, A. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky822 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
karyoploteR: an R/Bioconductor package to plot customizable genomes displaying arbitrary data
Gel, B., & Serra, E. (2017) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btx346 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Astrocyte roles in traumatic brain injury
Burda, J. E., Bernstein, A. M., & Sofroniew, M. V. (2015) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.020 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Apoptosis and increased generation of reactive oxygen species in Down's syndrome neurons in vitro
Busciglio, J., & Yankner, B. A. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378776a0 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Chromosome 21 and Down syndrome: from genomics to pathophysiology
Antonarakis, S. E., Lyle, R., Dermitzakis, E. T., Reymond, A., & Deutsch, S. (2004) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1448 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Schmechel, D. E., & RAKIC, P. T. (1979) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/bf00300010 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Wilhelmsson, U., Bushong, E. A., Price, D. L., Smarr, B. L., Phung, V., Terada, M., Ellisman, M. H., & Pekny, M. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602841103 · Cited by 643 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Astrocytes become reactive and motile in order to respond to sites of injury such as in stroke (88), traumatic injury (89) or Aβ”
BackgroundAstrocyte calcium waves: What they are and what they do
Scemes, E., & Giaume, C. (2006) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20374 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Astrocyte heterogeneity: an underappreciated topic in neurobiology
Zhang, Y., & Barres, B. A. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.06.005 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Olabarria, M., Noristani, H. N., Verkhratsky, A., & Rodríguez, J. J. (2010) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20967 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Cognitive deficits and associated neurological complications in individuals with Down's syndrome
Lott, I. T., & Dierssen, M. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70112-5 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
The changing survival profile of people with Down's syndrome: implications for genetic counselling
Glasson, E. J., Sullivan, S. G., Hussain, R., Petterson, B. A., Montgomery, P. D., & Bittles, A. H. (2002) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620506.x · Cited by 477 · see citing works
The role of astrocytes in amyloid production and Alzheimer's disease
Frost, G. R., & Li, Y. (2017) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.170228 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Disease: Table 1.
Phatnani, H., & Maniatis, T. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a020628 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
“Down syndrome: an insight of the disease”
Asim, A., Kumar, A., Muthuswamy, S., Jain, S., & Agarwal, S. (2015) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-015-0138-y · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Serio, A., Bilican, B., Barmada, S. J., Ando, D. M., Zhao, C., Siller, R., Burr, K., Haghi, G., Story, D., Nishimura, A. L., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1300398110 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Denis‐Donini, S., Glowinski, J., & Prochiantz, A. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/307641a0 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Domains of genome-wide gene expression dysregulation in Down’s syndrome
Letourneau, A., Santoni, F. A., Bonilla, X., Sailani, M. R., Gonzalez, D., Kind, J., Chevalier, C., Thurman, R., Sandstrom, R. S., Hibaoui, Y., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13200 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Hayer, A., Shao, L., Chung, M., Joubert, L., Yang, H. W., Tsai, F., Bisaria, A., Betzig, E., & Meyer, T. (2016) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3438 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Self-citationDrejer, J., Larsson, O. M., & Schousboe, A. (1982) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00239385 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Wisniewski, K. E. (2005) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320370755 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Dendritic atrophy in children with down’s syndrome.
Becker, L. E., Armstrong, D. L., & Chan, F. (1986) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410200413 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Guidi, S., Bonasoni, P., Ceccarelli, C., Santini, D., Gualtieri, F., Ciani, E., & Bartesaghi, R. (2008) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00113.x · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Efficient Generation of Astrocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Defined Conditions
Shaltouki, A., Peng, J., Liu, Q., Rao, M. S., & Zeng, X. (2013) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.1334 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Down syndrome and the complexity of genome dosage imbalance
Antonarakis, S. (2016) · Nature reviews genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2016.154 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Astrocytes as a Source for Extracellular Matrix Molecules and Cytokines
Wiese, S., Karus, M., & Faissner, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00120 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Characterization of novel markers of senescence and their prognostic potential in cancer
Althubiti, M., Lezina, L., Carrera, S., Jukes-Jones, R., Giblett, S. M., Antonov, A., Barlev, N., Saldanha, G. S., Pritchard, C. A., Cain, K., et al. (2014) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.489 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
The radial edifice of cortical architecture: From neuronal silhouettes to genetic engineering
RAKIC, P. T. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.02.010 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Mechanisms of astrocyte development and their contributions to neurodevelopmental disorders
Sloan, S. A., & Barres, B. A. (2014) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2014.03.005 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Homocysteine Metabolism in Children with Down Syndrome: In Vitro Modulation
Pogribna, M., Melnyk, S., Pogribny, I. P., Chango, A., Yi, P., & James, S. J. (2001) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/321262 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Gene expression profiling in the adult Down syndrome brain
Lockstone, H. E., Harris, L. W., Swatton, J. E., Wayland, M. T., Holland, A. J., & Bahn, S. (2007) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.08.005 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Olmos-Serrano, J. L., Kang, H. J., Tyler, W. A., Silbereis, J. C., Cheng, F., Zhu, Y., Pletikos, M., Jankovic-Rapan, L., Cramer, N. P., Galdzicki, Z., et al. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.042 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Neurological phenotypes for Down syndrome across the life span
Lott, I. T. (2012) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-54299-1.00006-6 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Chen, C., Jiang, P., Xue, H., Peterson, S. E., Tran, H. T., McCann, A. E., Parast, M. M., Li, S., Pleasure, D. E., Laurent, L. C., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5430 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
(1991) · PubMed · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Human Stem Cell-Derived Spinal Cord Astrocytes with Defined Mature or Reactive Phenotypes
Roybon, L., Lamas, N. J., Garcia-Diaz, A., Yang, E. J., Sattler, R., Jackson-Lewis, V., Kim, Y. A., Kachel, C. A., Rothstein, J. D., Przedborski, S., et al. (2013) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.06.021 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Global up-regulation of chromosome 21 gene expression in the developing down syndrome brain
Mao, R., Zielke, C. L., Ronald Zielke, H., & Pevsner, J. (2003) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00035-1 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Astrocyte–neuron interactions in neurological disorders
Ricci, G., Volpi, L., Pasquali, L., Petrozzi, L., & Siciliano, G. (2009) · Journal of Biological Physics · doi:10.1007/s10867-009-9157-9 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Belichenko, P. V., Kleschevnikov, A. M., Salehi, A., Epstein, C. J., & Mobley, W. C. (2007) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21433 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Transcriptome analysis of human autosomal trisomy
FitzPatrick, D. R. (2002) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/11.26.3249 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Amygdala and hippocampal volumes in children with Down syndrome: A high-resolution MRI study
Pinter, J. D., Brown, W. E., D, S. E. M., Schmitt, J. E., Capone, G. T., & Reiss, A. L. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.7.972 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Control of CNS Synapse Development by γ-Protocadherin-Mediated Astrocyte–Neuron Contact
Garrett, A. M., & Weiner, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2818-09.2009 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Properzi, G., Carulli, D., Asher, R. A., Muir, E. M., Camargo, L. M., Kuppevelt, T. H. V., ten Dam, G. B., Furukawa, Y., Mikami, T., Sugahara, K., et al. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03876.x · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Adaptive Downregulation of Mitochondrial Function in Down Syndrome
Helguera, P. R., Seiglie, J., Rodríguez, J. A., Hanna, M., Helguera, G. F., & Busciglio, J. A. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.005 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Pioneer factor pax7 deploys a stable enhancer repertoire for specification of cell fate
Mayran, A., Khetchoumian, K., Hariri, F., Pastinen, T., Gauthier, Y., Balsalobre, A., & Drouin, J. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-017-0035-2 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationLang, C., Campbell, K. R., Ryan, B. J., Carling, P. J., Attar, M., Vowles, J., Perestenko, O. V., Bowden, R. J., Baig, F., Kasten, M., et al. (2018) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2018.10.023 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Primary and secondary transcriptional effects in the developing human down syndrome brain and heart
Mao, R., Wang, X., Spitznagel, E. L., Frelin, L. P., Ting, J. C., Ding, H., Kim, J.-W., Ruczinski, I., Downey, T. J., & Pevsner, J. (2005) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-13-r107 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Briggs, J. A., Sun, J., Shepherd, J., Ovchinnikov, D. A., Chung, T.-L., Nayler, S. P., Kao, L.-P., Morrow, C. A., Thakar, N. Y., Soo, S.-Y., et al. (2013) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.1297 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Zorick, T. S., Mustacchi, Z., Bando, S. Y., Zatz, M., Moreira‐Filho, C. A., Olsen, B. R., & Passos‐Bueno, M. R. (2001) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200721 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Global disruption of the cerebellar transcriptome in a Down syndrome mouse model
Saran, N. G. (2003) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg217 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Conti, A. M. F., Fabbrini, F., D'Agostino, P., Negri, R., Greco, D., Genesio, R., D'Armiento, M. R., Olla, C., Paladini, D., Zannini, M., et al. (2007) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-268 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Götz, B., Scholze, A., Clement, A. M., Joester, A., Schütte, K., Wigger, F., Frank, R. W., Spieß, E., Ekblom, P., & Faissner, A. (1996) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.132.4.681 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Epilepsy in children with Down syndrome
Arya, R., Kabra, M., & Gulati, S. (2011) · Epileptic Disorders · doi:10.1684/epd.2011.0415 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Dendritic and histochemical development and ageing in patients with Down's syndrome
TAKASHIMA, S., IIDA, K., MITO, T., & ARIMA, M. (1994) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1994.tb00394.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Garcia, O., Torres, M., Helguera, P., Coskun, P., & Busciglio, J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014200 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Huo, H.-Q., Qu, Z.-Y., Yuan, F., Ma, L., Yao, L., Xu, M., Hu, Y., Ji, J., Bhattacharyya, A., Zhang, S.-C., et al. (2018) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.02.001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Clemente, D., Ortega, M. C., Melero‐Jerez, C., & de Castro, F. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00268 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Identification of a DNA methylation signature in blood cells from persons with Down Syndrome
Bacalini, M. G., Gentilini, D., Boattini, A., Giampieri, E., Pirazzini, C., Giuliani, C., Fontanesi, E., Scurti, M., Remondini, D., Capri, M., et al. (2014) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100715 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Resolving Astrocyte Heterogeneity in the CNS
Farmer, W. T., & Murai, K. K. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00300 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationAltered DNA Methylation in Leukocytes with Trisomy 21
Kerkel, K., Schupf, N., Hatta, K., Pang, D. I., Salas, M. C., Kratz, A. F., Minden, M. D., Murty, V. V. V. S., Zigman, W. B., Mayeux, R. P., et al. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001212 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Relation of Corpus Callosum and Hippocampal Size to Age in Nondemented Adults With Down’s Syndrome
Teipel, S. J., Schapiro, M. B., Alexander, G. E., Krasuski, J., Horwitz, B., Hoehne, C., Möller, H., Rapoport, S. I., & Hampel, H. J. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1870 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Translational potential of astrocytes in brain disorders
Verkhratsky, A., Steardo, L., Parpura, V., & Montana, V. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.003 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Neuronal plasticity and astrocytic reaction in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease
J�rgensen, O. S., Brooksbank, B. W. L., & Balázs, R. (1990) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(90)90182-m · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Homophilic Protocadherin Cell-Cell Interactions Promote Dendrite Complexity
Molumby, M. J., Keeler, A. B., & Weiner, J. A. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.093 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Over-Expression of DSCAM and COL6A2 Cooperatively Generates Congenital Heart Defects
Grossman, T. R., Gamliel, A., Wessells, R. J., Taghli-Lamallem, O., Jepsen, K., Ocorr, K. A., Korenberg, J. R., Peterson, K. L., Rosenfeld, M. G., Bodmer, R., et al. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002344 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Developmental maturation of astrocytes and pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders
Yang, Y., Higashimori, H., & Morel, L. (2013) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-5-22 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Epigenetic dysregulation in the developing Down syndrome cortex
Hajj, N. E., Dittrich, M. T., Böck, J., Kraus, T. F. J., Nanda, I., Müller, T., Seidmann, L., Tralau, T., Galetzka, D., Schneider, E., et al. (2016) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2016.1192736 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Lu, J., Esposito, G., Scuderi, C., Steardo, L., Delli-Bovi, L. C., Hecht, J. L., Dickinson, B. C., Chang, C. J., Mori, T., & Sheen, V. L. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022126 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Distinct DNA methylation patterns of cognitive impairment and trisomy 21 in down syndrome
Jones, M. J., Farré, P., McEwen, L. M., MacIsaac, J. L., Watt, K., Neumann, S., Emberly, E. G., Cynader, M. S., Virji‐Babul, N., & Kobor, M. S. (2013) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/1755-8794-6-58 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Mito, T., & Becker, L. E. (1993) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1993.1052 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Global hypermethylation in fetal cortex of Down syndrome due to DNMT3L overexpression
Lu, J., Mccarter, M., Lian, G., Esposito, G., Capoccia, E., Delli-Bovi, L. C., Hecht, J. L., & Sheen, V. L. (2016) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddw043 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mizuno, G. O., Wang, Y., Shi, G., Wang, Y., Sun, J., Papadopoulos, S., Broussard, G. J., Unger, E. K., Deng, W., Weick, J., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.033 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The effects of amyloid-β42 oligomer on the proliferation and activation of astrocytes in vitro
Hou, L., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Ma, H., He, J., Zhang, Y., Yu, C.-H., Guan, W., & Ma, Y.-H. (2011) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal · doi:10.1007/s11626-011-9439-y · Cited by 57 · see citing works
(2011) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Down Syndrome iPSC-Derived Astrocytes Impair Neuronal Synaptogenesis and the mTOR Pathway In Vitro
Araujo, B. H. S., Kaid, C., De Souza, J. S., Gomes da Silva, S., Goulart, E., Caires, L. C. J., Musso, C. M., Torres, L. B., Ferrasa, A., Herai, R., et al. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0818-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Fibronectin and Laminin Increase in the Mouse Brain after Controlled Cortical Impact Injury
Tate, C. C., Tate, M. C., & LaPlaca, M. C. (2007) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2006.0043 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Colombo, J. A., Reisin, H. D., Jones, M., & Bentham, C. (2005) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.11.024 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Bell, S., Hettige, N. C., Silveira, H., Peng, H., Wu, H., Jefri, M., Antonyan, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., & Ernst, C. (2019) · BIO-PROTOCOL · doi:10.21769/bioprotoc.3188 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationGonzales, P. K., Roberts, C. M., Fonte, V., Jacobsen, C., Stein, G. H., & Link, C. D. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194581 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Stem and progenitor cell dysfunction in human trisomies
Liu, B., Filippi, S. L., Roy, A., & Roberts, I. A. G. (2014) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201439583 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Karousou, E. G., Stachtea, X., Moretto, P., Viola, M., Vigetti, D., D’Angelo, M. L., Raio, L., Ghezzi, F., Pallotti, F., Luca, G. D., et al. (2013) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.12220 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Synaptic Pathology of Down Syndrome
Garner, C. C., & Wetmore, D. Z. (2012) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_20 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Świtońska-Kurkowska, K., Szlachcic, W. J., Handschuh, L., Wojciechowski, P., Marczak, Ł., Stelmaszczuk, M., Figlerowicz, M., & Figiel, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00528 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Down's syndrome protects against breast cancer: Is a constitutional cell microenvironment the key?
Bénard, J., Béron‐Gaillard, N., & Satgé, D. (2004) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.20532 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Down's syndrome astrocytes have greater antioxidant capacity than euploid astrocytes
Sebastià, J., Cristòfol, R. M., Pertusa, M., Vı́lchez, D., Torán, N., Barambio, S., Rodrı́guez-Farré, E., & Sanfeliu, C. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03686.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nelson, P. G., Fitzgerald, S., Рапопорт, С. И., Neale, E. A., Galdzicki, Z., Dunlap, V., Bowers, L. M., & Ágoston, D. V. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12644 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
δ-Protocadherins: Organizers of neural circuit assembly
Light, S. E. W., & Jontes, J. D. (2017) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.037 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Yates, D. M. (2015) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3908 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chango, A., Abdennebi‐Najar, L., Tessier, F. J., Ferré, S., Do, S., Guéant, J., Nicolas, J., & Willequet, F. (2006) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.038 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 112 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Down-syndrome-induced senescence disrupts the nuclear architecture of neural progenitors
Meharena, H. S., Marco, A., Dileep, V., Lockshin, E. R., Akatsu, G. Y., Mullahoo, J., Watson, L. A., Ko, T., Guerin, L. N., Abdurrob, F., et al. (2022) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2021.12.002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Neurodevelopment in Down syndrome: Concordance in humans and models
Klein, J. A., & Haydar, T. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.941855 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Astrocytic Factors Controlling Synaptogenesis: A Team Play
Fossati, G., Matteoli, M., & Menna, E. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9102173 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Clustered Protocadherins Emerge as Novel Susceptibility Loci for Mental Disorders
Jia, Z., & Wu, Q. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.587819 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Silva, T. P., Sousa‐Luís, R., Fernandes, T. G., Bekman, E., Rodrigues, C. A. V., Vaz, S. H., Moreira, L. M., Hashimura, Y., Jung, S., Lee, B., et al. (2021) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.27797 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Pecze, L., Randi, E. B., & Szabó, C. (2020) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-020-00225-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kawatani, K., Nambara, T., Nawa, N., Yoshimatsu, H., Kusakabe, H., Hirata, K., Tanave, A., Sumiyama, K., Banno, K., Taniguchi, H., et al. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02242-7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Astrocytes in Down Syndrome Across the Lifespan
Ponroy Bally, B., & Murai, K. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.702685 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationDown syndrome is an oxidative phosphorylation disorder
Bayona‐Bafaluy, M. P., Garrido-Pérez, N., Meade, P., Iglesias, E., Jiménez-Salvador, I., Montoya, J., Martínez‐Cué, C., & Ruiz‐Pesini, E. (2021) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101871 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Wu, C.-I., Vinton, E. A., Pearse, R. V., Heo, K., Aylward, A. J., Hsieh, Y., Bi, Y., Adeleye, S., Fancher, S. B., Duong, D. M., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01454-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Choroid plexus defects in Down syndrome brain organoids enhance neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2
Shaker, M. R., Slonchak, A., Al-mhanawi, B., Morrison, S. D., Sng, J. D. J., Cooper-White, J. J., Khromykh, A. A., & Wolvetang, E. J. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adj4735 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Consequences of trisomy 21 for brain development in Down syndrome
Russo, M. L., Sousa, A. M. M., & Bhattacharyya, A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-024-00866-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Co-culture with T21 iPSC-derived astrocytes also reduces the intrinsic excitability of neurons and tends to have a consequent impact on synaptic development and transmission 82,135,145 .”
Astrocytes in rare neurological conditions: Morphological and functional considerations
Ravi, K., Paidas, M. J., Saad, A. G., & Jayakumar, A. R. (2021) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.25118 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Robust induction of functional astrocytes using NGN2 expression in human pluripotent stem cells
Berryer, M. H., Tegtmeyer, M., Binan, L., Valakh, V., Nathanson, A. J., Trendafilova, D., Crouse, E., Klein, J. A., Meyer, D., Pietiläinen, O. P. H., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106995 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rethinking intellectual disability from neuro- to astro-pathology.
Fernández-Blanco, Á., & Dierssen, M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21239039 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cell models for Down syndrome-Alzheimer’s disease research
Wu, Y., West, N. R., Bhattacharyya, A., & Wiseman, F. K. (2022) · Neuronal Signaling · doi:10.1042/ns20210054 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Watson, L. A., & Meharena, H. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2023.1198129 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Qiu, J.-J., Liu, Y.-N., Wei, H., Zeng, F., & Yan, J.-B. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1137123 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dierssen, M., Hérault, Y., Helguera, P. R., de Lagrán, M. M., Vázquez, A. V., Christian, B. T., Carmona‐Iragui, M., Wiseman, F. K., Mobley, W. C., Fisher, E., et al. (2021) · Molecular Syndromology · doi:10.1159/000514437 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Neural lineage differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells: Advances in disease modeling
Yan, Y.-W., Qian, E. S., Woodard, L. E., & Bejoy, J. (2023) · World Journal of Stem Cells · doi:10.4252/wjsc.v15.i6.530 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ren, B., & Dunaevsky, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22041692 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rusu, B., Kukreja, B., Wu, T., Dan, S. J., Feng, M.-Y., & Kalish, B. (2023) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0147-23.2023 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Consequences of trisomy syndromes – 21 and beyond
Krivega, M., & Štorchová, Z. (2022) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2022.11.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Studying Abnormal Chromosomal Diseases Using Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Hayashi, Y., Takami, M., & Matsuo‐Takasaki, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00224 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fernández‐Blanco, Á., Sierra, C., Tejido, C., & Dierssen, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25063289 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Uguagliati, B., & Grilli, M. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13242037 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Detection of Embryonic Trisomy 21 in the First Trimester Using Maternal Plasma Cell-Free RNA
Weiner, C. P., Weiss, M. L., Zhou, H. H., Syngelaki, A., Nicolaides, K. H., & Dong, Y. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12061410 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
DYRK1A in the physiology and pathology of the neuron-astrocyte axis
Cisternas, P., Kim, J.-Y., Ashfeld, B. L., & Zartman, J. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1626062 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lee, S. E., Baxter, L. L., Duran, M. I., Morris, S. D., Mosley, I. A., Fuentes, K. A., Pennings, J., Guedj, F., & Bianchi, D. W. (2024) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddae160 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pereira, M. F., Shyti, R., & Testa, G. (2024) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.05.004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Maheshwari, A., & Singh, S. (2024) · Newborn · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0112 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stifani, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.707861 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Elucidation of the Pathogenesis of Autoinflammatory Diseases Using iPS Cells
Saito, M. K. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8020094 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Silva, A. L. T. E., de Oliveira, P. H. P., Yokota-Moreno, B. Y., Fausto, J. D. S., Avila, J. P., Nakaya, H. I., Sertie, A. L., & Zampieri, B. L. (2025) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-025-02090-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Astrocytopathy Is Associated with CA1 Synaptic Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome
Fernández‐Blanco, Á., González-Arias, C., Sierra, C., Zamora‐Moratalla, A., Perea, G., & Dierssen, M. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14171332 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Astroglial Activation Is Exacerbated in a Down Syndrome Mouse Model
Zhou, Z., Bi, Y., Zhi, C., Chen, S., Chen, D., Wei, Z. C., & Jiang, X. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The restoration of REST inhibits reactivity of Down syndrome iPSC-derived astrocytes
Huang, T., Fakurazi, S., Cheah, P.-S., & Ling, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2025.1552819 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
REST deficiency and neurogenic-to-gliogenic shift in down syndrome human cerebral organoids
Huang, T., Lim, C.-T., Li, W., Fakurazi, S., Mason, J. O., Cheah, P.-S., Li, Y., & Ling, K. (2026) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-026-01313-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Organoids: the third dimension of human brain development and disease
Kouroupi, G., Prodromidou, K., Papastefanaki, F., Taoufik, E., & Matsas, R. (2021) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.210158gk · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Analysis of Clonal Composition in Human iPSC and ESC and Derived 2D and 3D Differentiated Cultures
del Olmo, B., Merkurjev, D., Yao, L., Pinsach‐Abuin, M., García-Bassets, I., & Almenar‐Queralt, A. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/7651_2021_414
Human induced pluripotent stem cell modeling of neurofibromatosis type 1
Schurr, S. V., Hartigan, K. A., & Gutmann, D. H. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85765-9.00008-4
Realizing the potential of exploiting human IPSCs and their derivatives in research of Down syndrome
Wang, Y., Ni, J., LIU, Y., Liao, D.-Y., Zhou, Q., Ji, X., NIU, G., & Ni, Y. (2023) · Biocell · doi:10.32604/biocell.2023.043781
Jandy, M., Hu, H., Liu, Y., & Bhattacharyya, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78611-2_7
Pecze, L., Randi, E. B., & Szabo, C. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13213015
Sethna, C. R., Niemes, M. D. C. M., Waters, B. J., Wagner, M. R., Smith, J., Nimkulrat, S. D., Lemanski, J., Pintozzi, N. G., Sardo, V. L., & Blum, B. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.03.12.711435
Trisomy 21 Drives ADARB1 Overexpression and Premature RNA Recoding in the Developing Fetal Brain
Breen, M. S., Yang, A., Wang, X., Santos, M. R. D. L., Ran, T. A. O., Weinberger, D. R., Kleinman, J. E., Mihova, K. Y., Stancheva, G. S., Savova, S., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-70217-5
GPCR-mediated regulation of glial TNF productionPreprint
Abbasi, Z., Sadighparvar, S., Franquin, M., & Stellwagen, D. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.12.731854
GPCR-mediated regulation of glial TNF productionPreprint
Abbasi, Z., Sadighparvar, S., Franquin, M., & Stellwagen, D. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.112066.1
GPCR-mediated regulation of glial TNF productionPreprint
Abbasi, Z., Sadighparvar, S., Franquin, M., & Stellwagen, D. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.112066
- Authors
- Ponroy Bally, B., Farmer, W. T., Jones, E. V., Jessa, S., Kacerovsky, J. B., Mayran, A., Peng, H., Lefebvre, J. L., Drouin, J., Hayer, A., Ernst, C., & Murai, K. K.
- Affiliations
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
- McGill University Health Centre (CA)
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute (CA)
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Murai, Keith K
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Molecular Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-01-15
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 785-802
- ISSN
- 0964-6906 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2083
- PMC
- PMC7104679
- OpenAlex
- W2999698688
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Human Molecular Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (OGB 111152, PJT148569, 156247)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (408044-2011, 69404, 05831-2018)
- Canada Research Chairs
- Brain Canada
- Weston Foundation
- Sandra and Alain Bouchard Intellectual Disability Research Program
- McGill Faculty of Medicine
- Canada First Research Excellence Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
- Keywords
- Down syndrome, astrocytes, induced pluripotent stem cells, gene expression dysregulation, chromatin accessibility, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix, cell motility, intellectual disability, brain development
- MeSH terms
- Astrocytes, Cell Adhesion, Cell Differentiation, Cell Movement, Down Syndrome, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Genome, Human, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Neural Stem Cells, Transcriptome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
