The DOI matches its Crossref record; 163 of the 163 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury
Open accessAbstract
Over the past 70 years, diffuse axonal injury (DAI) has emerged as one of the most common and important pathological features of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Axons in the white matter appear to be especially vulnerable to injury due to the mechanical loading of the brain during TBI. As such, DAI has been found in all severities of TBI and may represent a key pathologic substrate of mild TBI (concussion). Pathologically, DAI encompasses a spectrum of effects from primary mechanical breaking of the axonal cytoskeleton, to transport interruption, swelling and proteolysis, through secondary physiological changes. Depending on the severity and extent of injury, these changes can manifest acutely as immediate loss of consciousness or confusion and persist as coma and/or cognitive dysfunction. In addition, recent evidence suggests that TBI may induce long-term neurodegenerative processes, such as insidiously progressive axonal pathology. Indeed, axonal degeneration has been found to continue even years after injury in humans, and appears to play a role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease-like pathological changes. Here we review the current understanding of DAI as a uniquely mechanical injury, its histopathological identification, and its acute and chronic pathogenesis following TBI.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As a neuropathological definition, concussion is thought to be a type of DAI because axons may be injured due to stretching (104, 105).”
From Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as [105]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“DAI is the primary neuropathology of TBI that is caused by the shearing of fragile axons (disruption of axonal fibers and myelin sheaths) by acceleration/deceleration forces from the head trauma (105, 106).”
From Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as [105]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“By using histopathological techniques, DAI can be identified within hours after head trauma and is characterized by sequential changes with an initial shearing of axons that causes disrupted axonal transport, secondary axonal disconnection, and eventually, Wallerian degeneration (105, 110).”
From Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as [105]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As we discussed above, concussion is the most frequent type of acute TBI in sports-related head trauma, and DAI, which is caused by the shearing of fragile axons, is the primary pathophysiology of TBI (105).”
From Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as [105]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123 · cited 1×
“(Braak and Braak, 1991, Corsellis, et al., 1973, Dale, et al., 1991, Forman, et al., 2004, Geddes, et al., 1999, Roberts, et al., 1990, Selkoe, 2001, Tokuda, et al., 1991).”
Amyloid oligomers exacerbate tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy
Selenica, M.-L. B., Brownlow, M., Jimenez, J. P., Lee, D. C., Pena, G., Dickey, C. A., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2013) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000337230 · Cited by 10,359
Alzheimer's Disease: Genes, Proteins, and Therapy
Selkoe, D. J. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.741 · Cited by 6,063
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (U.S.). Division of Injury Response., Faul, M., Wald, M. M., Wu, L., & Coronado, V. G. (2010) · doi:10.15620/cdc.5571 · Cited by 3,494
Weıntraub, S. (1990) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1990.00530120075013 · Cited by 3,018
Langlois, J., Rutland-Brown, W., & Thomas, K. (2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e721222007-001 · Cited by 3,003
Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System.
(1929) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1929.02710220063037 · Cited by 2,908
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: Progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury
McKee, A. C., Cantu, R. C., Nowinski, C. J., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., Gavett, B. E., Budson, A. E., Santini, V. E., Lee, H.-S., Kubilus, C. A., & Stern, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a9d503 · Cited by 2,295
Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate
Gennarelli, T. A., Thibault, L. E., Adams, J. H., Graham, D. I., Thompson, C. J., & Marcincin, R. P. (1982) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410120611 · Cited by 1,528
Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J. E., McCrea, M., Cantu, R. C., RANDOLPH, C. C., & Jordan, B. D. (2005) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/57.4.719 · Cited by 1,226
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–999 of 999
Diffuse Axonal Injury: A Devastating Pathology
Ordookhanian, C., Tsai, K. H., Kaloostian, S. W., & Kaloostian, P. E. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.72828 · Cited by 3
Multiscale Mechanobiology of Brain Injury: Axonal Strain Redistribution
Shakiba, D., Zhao, W., & Ji, S. (2020) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.041 · Cited by 3
Phillips, J. K., Sherman, S. A., Oungoulian, S. R., & Finan, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/57305-v · Cited by 3
Bagnato, S., D’Ippolito, M. E., Boccagni, C., TANTI, A. D., Lucca, L. F., Pingue, V., Colombo, V., Rubino, F., & Andriolo, M. (2022) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-022-06335-x · Cited by 3
Image-based axon model highlights heterogeneity in initiation of damage
Wang, L. M., Goodman, M. B., & Ellen Kuhl, A. (2022) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.2946 · Cited by 3
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in experimental brain injury
Ziablitsev, S. V., Pishchulina, S. V., Kolesnikova, S. V., Борис, Р. Н., & Yuzkiv, Y. S. (2016) · Fìzìologìčnij žurnal · doi:10.15407/fz62.04.018 · Cited by 3
Hiraoka, T. (2019) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2019.1599026 · Cited by 3
Maia, P. D., & Kutz, J. N. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1608.05778 · Cited by 3
Progress in the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury
Filley, C. M. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000009992 · Cited by 3
Omalu, B., & Hammers, J. (2021) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000001768 · Cited by 3
Analysis of Mitochondrial Dynamics in AdultDrosophilaAxonsPreprint
Maddison, D. C., Mattedi, F., Vagnoni, A., & Smith, G. A. (2022) · Cold Spring Harbor Protocols · doi:10.1101/pdb.top107819 · Cited by 3
Almenar‐Queralt, A., Chaves, R. D. S., Kwon, E. J., & Shah, S. B. (2022) · Neuroscience Insights · doi:10.1177/26331055221129641 · Cited by 3
A Review of Traumatic Axonal Injury
Karakaya, D., & Işıkay, A. İ. (2021) · Acta Medica · doi:10.32552/2021.actamedica.467 · Cited by 2
Christensen, B. A., Clark, B., Muir, A. M., Allen, W., Corbin, E. M., Jaggi, T., Alder, N. N., Clawson, A., Farrer, T. J., Bigler, E. D., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1161156 · Cited by 2
Sacco, M. A., Verrina, M. C., Raffaele, R., Gualtieri, S., Tarallo, A. P., Gratteri, S., & Aquila, I. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15040442 · Cited by 2
Pituitary dysfunction due to sports injuries
Kara, C. Ş., & Karaca, Z. (2025) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2025.101995 · Cited by 4
Fluid mechanical study of rotation-induced traumatic brain injury
Wang, Q., Zhang, J., Bates, D., Feng, J. J., Yue, P., & Wu, Q. (2025) · Physical Review Fluids · doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.10.030502 · Cited by 2
Peng, L., Wang, L., Wu, S., Gu, M., Deng, S., Liu, J., Cheng, C., & Sui, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-04737-3 · Cited by 2
López-Preza, F., Nuñez-Lumbreras, M. D. L. A., Sosa-Testé, I., Fernández-Guasti, A., Concha, L., Rodríguez-Obaya, T., & Rocha, L. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox14060710 · Cited by 3
Multi-modal proton and sodium MRI for outcome prediction in mild traumatic brain injury
Chen, A. M., Gerhalter, T., Ma, Z., Gajdošík, M., Dehkharghani, S., Peralta, R., Gajdošík, M., Sheriff, S., Ahn, S., Li, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-025-13295-7 · Cited by 2
RETRACTED: Unraveling the link between brain injury and enhanced artistic skills
Iacono, D., & Feltis, G. C. (2025) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106348 · Cited by 2
RetractedLawless, S., Kelley, C., Nikulina, E., Tahir, U., Kaur, A., Alarcón, J. M., & Bergold, P. J. (2025) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2025.104049 · Cited by 2
Liu, T., Wang, J., Zhao, Z., Jiang, W., Zhang, M., Yu, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, M., Chen, L., Zhang, H., et al. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02492-5 · Cited by 2
Mononen, M., Mohammadian, M., Hossain, I., Roine, T., Tenovuo, O. S., Blennow, K., Gill, J., van Gils, M., Hutchinson, P. J., Luoto, T. M., et al. (2025) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2025.103934 · Cited by 2
Hirad, A. A., Mix, D., Venkataraman, A., Meyers, S. P., & Mahon, B. Z. (2026) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2026.103974 · Cited by 2
Myelin sheaths persist for weeks following axon degeneration
Doty, M. E., Tuckerman, E. C., Piedra, E. T., & Hill, R. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeb2628 · Cited by 2
Approach to the Patient With Traumatic Brain Injury–induced Pituitary Dysfunction
Keleştimur, F., Agha, A., Ioachimescu, A. G., McDonald, D., Karaca, Z., & Yuen, K. C. J. (2026) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgag090 · Cited by 3
Khambadkone, S. G., & Piantino, J. A. (2026) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2026.101266 · Cited by 2
Justus, J. S., Rodolphi, M. S., Kopczynski, A., Strogulski, N. R., Herasinczuk, G. C. S., Valdameri, B., Limberger, C., Geller, C. A., Vinadé, L., Dal-Belo, C., et al. (2026) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-026-04729-3 · Cited by 2
Self-citationNeuroglia in traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology and therapeutic targeting
Suk, K. (2026) · Brain Network Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.bnd.2026.03.002 · Cited by 2
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Theranostic Implications
Himič, V., Tchantchaleishvili, N., Михайлович, Н. А., Chibbaro, S., Syrmos, N., Ligarotti, G. K. I., Prisco, L., & Ganau, M. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16060762 · Cited by 3
Assessment of coupled phase oscillators-based modeling in swine brain connectome
Ahmed, I., LaBalle, M. H., Taber, M. F., Sneed, S. E., Kaiser, E. E., West, F. D., Wu, T., & Zhao, Q. C. (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2026.110811 · Cited by 2
Forensic histopathology as an autonomous discipline of method and scientific advancement
Fineschi, V., & Morena, D. (2026) · Forensic Sciences Research · doi:10.3788/tfsr20260028 · Cited by 2
Marcotte, K., Sanchez, E., Arbour, C., Brambati, S. M., Bedetti, C., Martineau, S., Descoteaux, M., & Gosselin, N. (2020) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104769 · Cited by 3
Postmortem diagnostic of diffuse axonal injury considering histoarchitectonic of the corpus callosum
Koludarova, E. M., Тучик, Е. С., & Zorikov, O. V. (2021) · Forensic Medical Expertise · doi:10.17116/sudmed20216401118 · Cited by 2
Loizidou, P., Wieczorek-Flynn, R. E., & Wu, J. C. (2022) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2021.2018443 · Cited by 2
Chung, S., Fieremans, E., Rath, J. F., & Lui, Y. W. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823036-7.00026-8 · Cited by 2
Kim, E., Kang, M., & Oh, B. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823347-4.00011-7 · Cited by 2
Biomarkers in Brain Traumatic Injury
Sabet, H. S., Sabet, F. S., Shojaei, K., Yaghoubi, F., & Jafarian, M. (2022) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.52547/shefa.11.1.133 · Cited by 2
Gowthami, N., & Bharath, M. M. S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19084-1.00017-x · Cited by 2
Yamamoto, Y., Takahata, K., Kubota, M., Takeuchi, H., Moriguchi, S., Sasaki, T. N., Seki, C., Endo, H., Matsuoka, K., Tagai, K., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-023-06390-2 · Cited by 2
Schlotterose, L., Beldjilali‐Labro, M., Hagel, M., Yadid, M., Flaxer, C., Flaxer, E., Barnea, A. R., Hattermann, K., Shohami, E., Leichtmann‐Bardoogo, Y., et al. (2023) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1089/neur.2023.0026 · Cited by 2
Wang, Z., Sharma, A., Feng, L., Muresanu, D. F., Tian, Z. R., Lafuente, J. V., Buzoianu, A. D., Nozari, A., Huang, H., Chen, L., et al. (2023) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2023.06.006 · Cited by 2
A regulatory pathway model of neuropsychological disruption in Havana syndrome
Chacko, T. P., Toole, J. T., Morris, M. C., Page, J., Forsten, R. D., Barrett, J., Reinhard, M. J., Brewster, R. C., Costanzo, M. E., & Broderick, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1180929 · Cited by 3
Head injury: Importance of the deep brain nuclei in force transmission to the brain
Delteil, C., Manlius, T., Marle, O., Godio‐Raboutet, Y., Bailly, N., Piercecchi‐Marti, M., Tuchtan, L., & Thollon, L. (2024) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111952 · Cited by 2
Prediction for the prognosis of diffuse axonal injury using automated pupillometry
Murase, M., Yasuda, S., & Sawano, M. (2024) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108244 · Cited by 2
Evaluation of neurogranin levels in a rat model of diffuse axonal injury
Başkurt, O., Aydın, S., Avcı, İ., Nayır, P. Ö., & Aydin, M. V. (2024) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2024-2543 · Cited by 2
Adam, C. D., Mirzakhalili, E., Gagnon, K. G., Cottone, C., Arena, J. D., Ulyanova, A. V., Johnson, V. E., & Wolf, J. A. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.100642.3 · Cited by 3
Self-citationМЕХАНІЗМИ РАННЬОГО ГОСТРОГО ПЕРІОДУ ВИБУХОВОЇ ЛЕГКОЇ ЧЕРЕПНО- МОЗКОВОЇ ТРАВМИ
Боцьва, Т., & Botsva, N. P. (2024) · ГРААЛЬ НАУКИ · doi:10.36074/grail-of-science.07.06.2024.093 · Cited by 2
Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Xiao, Y., Cheng, X., Peng, L., Tian, Y., Li, T., He, J., Hao, P., Chong, W., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1412804 · Cited by 2
Microglial process convergence onto injured axonal swellings, a human postmortem brain tissue study
Logan-Wesley, A. L., Gorse, K., & Lafrenaye, A. D. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71312-7 · Cited by 1
A Narrative Review of Post-traumatic Neuroinflammation: Relevance to Pediatrics
Patel, A., Taksande, A. M., Khandelwal, R. Y., & Jain, A. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.69512 · Cited by 2
Wang, P., Okada-Rising, S. L., Scultetus, A. H., & Bailey, Z. S. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12122698 · Cited by 4
A Clinically Relevant Mouse Model of Concussion Incorporating High Rotational Forces
Teasell, E. M., Potts, E., Geremia, N. M., Lu, L., Xu, X., Mao, H., & Brown, A. M. (2025) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1089/neur.2024.0165 · Cited by 2
Aim-based choice of strategy for MEG-based brain state classification
Saranskaia, I., Gutkin, B. S., & Геннадьевич, З. Д. (2025) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01587-y · Cited by 2
Fast and Slow Recovery of Consciousness Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Swarna, S., Saadon, J. R., Robertson, J., Vagal, V. S., Cleri, N. A., Butler, K., Cheng, X., Hua, Y., Aghili, S. M. M., Uwakwe, C. D., et al. (2025) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-025-02304-2 · Cited by 2
Brain Concussion: New Classifications and Current Physiopathological Knowledge of the Disease
Damiani, D., & Damiani, D. (2017) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Neurocirurgia Brazilian Neurosurgery · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1602691 · Cited by 2
Parittotokkaporn, S., Dravid, A., Raos, B. J., Rosset, S., Svirskis, D. M., & O’Carroll, S. J. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109302 · Cited by 2
Das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma im Wintersport
Esser, T., Gruber, C. H., Bürkner, A., Buchmann, N., Minzlaff, P., & Prodinger, P. M. (2022) · Die Orthopädie · doi:10.1007/s00132-022-04318-6 · Cited by 2
Fragilité axonale lors de chocs traumatiques
Grevesse, T., Lantoine, J., Delhaye, G., Mohammed, D., Riaz, M., Versaevel, M., & Gabriele, S. (2016) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/20163202004 · Cited by 2
Identifying Diffuse Axonal Injury by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight
Ren, G.-H., Zou, D., Huang, P., Li, Z., Shao, Y., Deng, K., Chen, Y., & Liu, N.-G. (2016) · American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology · doi:10.1097/paf.0000000000000275 · Cited by 2
Traumatisme crânien grave à la phase aiguë
Mrozek, S., Srairi, M., & Geeraerts, T. (2017) · Anesthésie & Réanimation · doi:10.1016/j.anrea.2016.12.007 · Cited by 4
Modeling methods in understanding and ameliorating central nervous system injury
Singh, S. (2016) · doi:10.7282/t36d5wb7 · Cited by 2
López-Sánchez, E. J., Romero, J. M., & Yépez-Martínez, H. (2017) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.96.032411 · Cited by 2
Diagnosing and Treating Closed Head Injury
Novo-Olivas, C. A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396988-0.00008-8 · Cited by 2
Tremoleda, J. L., Alvarez, K., Aden, A., Donnan, R. S., Michael-Titus, A. T., & Tomlins, P. (2017) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.22.12.121710 · Cited by 2
Ruíz, T., Baldwin, A. S., Spiegel, D. P., Hess, R. F., & Farivar, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00767 · Cited by 2
Tung, R. C., & Vivar-Cruz, P. W. (2019) · Kansas Journal of Medicine · doi:10.17161/kjm.v12i2.11710 · Cited by 2
Non-neurodegenerative Disorders of Olfaction
(2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139192446.006 · Cited by 2
Hutchinson, E. B., Osting, S., Rutecki, P. A., & Sutula, T. P. (2021) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlab123 · Cited by 2
Longitudinal whole-brain analysis of multi-subject diffusion data in diffuse axonal injury
Grassi, D. C., Zaninotto, A. L., Feltrin, F. S., Macruz, F., Otaduy, M. C. G., Leite, C. D. C., Guirado, V. M. D. P., Paiva, W. S., & Andrade, C. S. (2022) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 2
The Pathophysiology of Concussion
Park, E., & BAKER, A. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93813-0_2 · Cited by 4
Head trauma: anesthetic considerations and management
Dagal, A., & Lam, A. M. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139814713.026 · Cited by 2
Emerging Approaches for Regenerative Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury
O’Donnell, J. C., Swanson, R. L., Wofford, K. L., Grovola, M. R., Purvis, E. M., Petrov, D., & Cullen, D. K. (2022) · Physiology in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95884-8_13 · Cited by 2
Oligodendrogenesis After Cerebral Ischaemia and Traumatic Brain Injury
Zhang, Z. G., & Chopp, M. (2013) · EMJ Neurology · doi:10.33590/emjneurol/10314620 · Cited by 2
Adams, A. A., Li, Y., Kim, H. A., & Pfister, B. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1111403 · Cited by 2
Marklund, N. (2023) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.13179 · Cited by 2
Neurophysiological Study of Traumatic Brain Injury: To Slice or Not to Slice
Jacobs, K. M. (2017) · Open access Journal of Neurology & Neurosurgery · doi:10.19080/oajnn.2017.02.555600 · Cited by 2
Acute Inflammation After Traumatic Brain Injury
McGuire, M. F., Savarraj, J. P. J., Kitagawa, R. S., & Choi, H. A. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813832-8.00012-1 · Cited by 2
What do we know about the risks of developing dementia after traumatic brain injury?
Raymont, V., & Thayanandan, T. (2021) · Minerva Medica · doi:10.23736/s0026-4806.20.07084-6 · Cited by 2
Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and P3a Abnormalities in Traumatic Brain Injury
Kaipio, M.-L. (2016) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 2
Keskin, N., & Tamam, L. (1942) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm194211262272208 · Cited by 2
Probing axonal swelling with time dependent diffusion MRIPreprint
Lee, H., Papaioannou, A., Kim, S.-L., Novikov, D. S., & Fieremans, E. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 2
Wofford, K. L., Grovola, M. R., Adewole, D. O., Browne, K. D., Putt, M. E., O’Donnell, J. C., & Cullen, D. K. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.09.430268 · Cited by 2
Christensen, T., Kyvsgaard, M., Vindelev, P., Joergensen, S., & larsson, B. W. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.159413746.69457665 · Cited by 2
Severe anterograde amnesia in the era of smartphone technologyPreprint
Annese, J., Klaming, R., Alasantro, L. H., & Feinstein, J. S. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/wu9f2 · Cited by 2
Winther, S., Lundell, H., Rafael‐Patiño, J., Andersson, M., Thiran, J., & Dyrby, T. B. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.01.538981 · Cited by 2
Hirad, A. A., Mix, D., Venkataraman, A., Meyers, S. P., & Mahon, B. Z. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595352 · Cited by 2
Naeser, M. A., Martin, P. I., Ho, M. D., Krengel, M., Bogdanova, Y., Knight, J., Fedoruk, A., Hamblin, M. R., & Koo, B. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815305-5.00025-7 · Cited by 1
Seki, E., Komori, T., & Arai, N. (2023) · Neuropathology · doi:10.1111/neup.12900 · Cited by 1
Im, Y.-G., Kim, S. K., Sung, C. M., & Kim, J. (2023) · Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain · doi:10.14476/jomp.2023.48.4.181 · Cited by 1
Cherepanova, А. V., Робертович, Б. Я., Karabelsky, A. V., Kotova, M. M., Sherbakova, A. S., Apukhtin, K. V., Nikitin, V. S., Bobrov, М. Y., & Kalueff, A. V. (2024) · Российский физиологический журнал им И М Сеченова · doi:10.31857/s0869813924070015 · Cited by 1
Huang, W., Yan, J., Zheng, Y., Wang, J., Hu, W., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2024.0015 · Cited by 2
Acute diffuse axonal injury following repeated mild traumatic brain injury in juvenile rats
McDonagh, E., Eyolfson, E., Brand, J., Shultz, S. R., & Christie, B. R. (2025) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00482.2024 · Cited by 2
Hoffe, B., Kang, G., Thomson, H. M., Banton, R. J., Piehler, T. N., Petel, O. E., & Holahan, M. R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318932 · Cited by 1
Andersson, D., Alkass, K., Mielcarz, J. A., Davidsson, J., & Druid, H. (2025) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-025-03457-7 · Cited by 1
Neuroimaging Correlates of Traumatic Brain Injury in an Older Community-Dwelling Population
Walter, A. E., Gugger, J. J., Law, C. A., Brennan, D. J., Mosley, T. H., Reid, R. I., Jack, C. R., Gottesman, R. F., Diaz-Arrastia, R. R., & Schneider, A. L. C. (2025) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000213506 · Cited by 1
Mondal, K., Gary, A. A., Dash, A., Mar, N. A. D., Stephenson, D., Chalfant, C. E., Reiner, A. J., Sears, B., & Mandal, N. A. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05019-9 · Cited by 1
The impact of concussion on the cardiac autonomic nervous system of adolescents: a systematic review
Pathmanathan, K., Maidment, E., & Walker, S. M. (2025) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2025.2535625 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W., & Smith, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Douglas H.
- Venue
- Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 246
- Pages
- 35-43
- ISSN
- 0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3979341
- OpenAlex
- W2170921124
- Semantic Scholar
- 6fdff07fcccb6429453f06a8aae43cdaad508837
- Cited by
- 1,273
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 44
- FWCI
- 8.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R03AG038911)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-038104, R01NS038104, P01NS056202, NS 056202)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- diffuse axonal injury, traumatic brain injury, axonal pathology, white matter, mild traumatic brain injury, concussion, axonal cytoskeleton, axonal transport, axonal swellings, proteolysis, secondary injury, Alzheimer's disease, histopathology, pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axons, Brain Injuries, Coma, Humans, Nerve Degeneration, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Diffuse Axonal Injury
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
