The DOI matches its Crossref record; 163 of the 163 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury
Open accessAbstract
Over the past 70 years, diffuse axonal injury (DAI) has emerged as one of the most common and important pathological features of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Axons in the white matter appear to be especially vulnerable to injury due to the mechanical loading of the brain during TBI. As such, DAI has been found in all severities of TBI and may represent a key pathologic substrate of mild TBI (concussion). Pathologically, DAI encompasses a spectrum of effects from primary mechanical breaking of the axonal cytoskeleton, to transport interruption, swelling and proteolysis, through secondary physiological changes. Depending on the severity and extent of injury, these changes can manifest acutely as immediate loss of consciousness or confusion and persist as coma and/or cognitive dysfunction. In addition, recent evidence suggests that TBI may induce long-term neurodegenerative processes, such as insidiously progressive axonal pathology. Indeed, axonal degeneration has been found to continue even years after injury in humans, and appears to play a role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease-like pathological changes. Here we review the current understanding of DAI as a uniquely mechanical injury, its histopathological identification, and its acute and chronic pathogenesis following TBI.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As a neuropathological definition, concussion is thought to be a type of DAI because axons may be injured due to stretching (104, 105).”
From Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as [105]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“DAI is the primary neuropathology of TBI that is caused by the shearing of fragile axons (disruption of axonal fibers and myelin sheaths) by acceleration/deceleration forces from the head trauma (105, 106).”
From Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as [105]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“By using histopathological techniques, DAI can be identified within hours after head trauma and is characterized by sequential changes with an initial shearing of axons that causes disrupted axonal transport, secondary axonal disconnection, and eventually, Wallerian degeneration (105, 110).”
From Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as [105]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As we discussed above, concussion is the most frequent type of acute TBI in sports-related head trauma, and DAI, which is caused by the shearing of fragile axons, is the primary pathophysiology of TBI (105).”
From Pituitary Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as [105]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes.
Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308809 · Cited by 16,123 · cited 1×
“(Braak and Braak, 1991, Corsellis, et al., 1973, Dale, et al., 1991, Forman, et al., 2004, Geddes, et al., 1999, Roberts, et al., 1990, Selkoe, 2001, Tokuda, et al., 1991).”
Amyloid oligomers exacerbate tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy
Selenica, M.-L. B., Brownlow, M., Jimenez, J. P., Lee, D. C., Pena, G., Dickey, C. A., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2013) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000337230 · Cited by 10,359
Alzheimer's Disease: Genes, Proteins, and Therapy
Selkoe, D. J. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.741 · Cited by 6,063
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (U.S.). Division of Injury Response., Faul, M., Wald, M. M., Wu, L., & Coronado, V. G. (2010) · doi:10.15620/cdc.5571 · Cited by 3,494
Weıntraub, S. (1990) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1990.00530120075013 · Cited by 3,018
Langlois, J., Rutland-Brown, W., & Thomas, K. (2006) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e721222007-001 · Cited by 3,003
Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System.
(1929) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1929.02710220063037 · Cited by 2,908
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: Progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury
McKee, A. C., Cantu, R. C., Nowinski, C. J., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., Gavett, B. E., Budson, A. E., Santini, V. E., Lee, H.-S., Kubilus, C. A., & Stern, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a9d503 · Cited by 2,295
Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate
Gennarelli, T. A., Thibault, L. E., Adams, J. H., Graham, D. I., Thompson, C. J., & Marcincin, R. P. (1982) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410120611 · Cited by 1,528
Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J. E., McCrea, M., Cantu, R. C., RANDOLPH, C. C., & Jordan, B. D. (2005) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/57.4.719 · Cited by 1,226
Axonopathy and Transport Deficits Early in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Stokin, G. B., Lillo, C., Falzone, T. L., Brusch, R. G., Rockenstein, E., Mount, S. L., Raman, R., Davies, P., Masliah, E., Williams, D. S., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1105681 · Cited by 1,214
Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J., McCrea, M., Cantu, R. C., Randolph, C., & Jordan, B. D. (2005) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000175725.75780.dd · Cited by 1,197
Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis and grading
Adams, J. H., Doyle, D., Ford, I., Gennarelli, T. A., Graham, D. I., & Mclellan, D. R. (1989) · Histopathology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.1989.tb03040.x · Cited by 1,176
Diffuse axonal injury due to nonmissile head injury in humans: An analysis of 45 cases
Adams, J. H., Graham, D. I., Murray, L. S., & Scott, G. (1982) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410120610 · Cited by 950
The Incidence and Economic Burden of Injuries in the United States
Finkelstein, E. A., Corso, P. S., & Miller, T. R. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179484.001.0001 · Cited by 936
Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Plassman, B. L., Havlik, R. J., Steffens, D. C., Helms, M. J., Newman, T. N., Drosdick, D., Phillips, C., Gau, B. A., Welsh–Bohmer, K. A., Burke, J. R., et al. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.8.1158 · Cited by 896
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player
Omalu, B. I., DeKosky, S. T., Minster, R. L., Kamboh, M. I., Hamilton, R. L., & Wecht, C. H. (2005) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000163407.92769.ed · Cited by 894
Corsellis, J. A. N., Bruton, C. J., & Freeman-Browne, D. (1973) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700049588 · Cited by 836
MARTLAND, H. S. (1928) · Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1928.02700150029009 · Cited by 774
DIFFUSE DEGENERATION OF THE CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER IN SEVERE DEMENTIA FOLLOWING HEAD INJURY
Strich, S. J. (1956) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.19.3.163 · Cited by 728
Fleminger, S. (2003) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.74.7.857 · Cited by 719
Neurodegenerative diseases: a decade of discoveries paves the way for therapeutic breakthroughs
Forman, M. S., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Lee, V. M.-Y. (2004) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1113 · Cited by 715
CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN A NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE PLAYER: PART II
Omalu, B. I., DeKosky, S. T., Hamilton, R. L., Minster, R. L., Kamboh, M. I., Shakir, A. M., & Wecht, C. H. (2006) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000245601.69451.27 · Cited by 694
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player
Kelly, D. F. (2006) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-200605000-00037 · Cited by 694
Holbourn, A. (1943) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)87453-x · Cited by 681
Update of Neuropathology and Neurological Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury
Povlishock, J. T., & Katz, D. I. (2005) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200501000-00008 · Cited by 676
Role of Microglia in Neurotrauma
Loane, D. J., & Byrnes, K. R. (2010) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2010.07.002 · Cited by 657
Diffuse Axonal Injury in Head Trauma
Smith, D. H., Meaney, D., & Shull, W. H. (2003) · The journal of head trauma rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200307000-00003 · Cited by 627
Self-citationWidespread tau and amyloid-beta pathology many years after a single traumatic brain injury in humans
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W., & Smith, D. H. (2012) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00513.x · Cited by 620
Self-citationMortimer, J. A., Van Duijn, C. M., Chandra, V, Fratiglioni, L., Graves, A. B., Heyman, A., Jorm, A. F., Kokmen, E., Kondo, K., Rocca, W. A., et al. (1991) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/20.supplement_2.s28 · Cited by 594
Traumatic brain injury and amyloid-β pathology: a link to Alzheimer's disease?
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W., & Smith, D. H. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2808 · Cited by 587
Self-citationKamal, A., Almenar-Queralt, A., LeBlanc, J. F., Roberts, E. A., & Goldstein, L. S. B. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/414643a · Cited by 583
β-Amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) as a marker for axonal injury after head injury
Gentleman, S. M., Nash, M. J., Sweeting, C. J., Graham, D. I., & Roberts, G. W. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90398-5 · Cited by 570
Roberts, G. W., Gentleman, S. M., Lynch, A., Murray, L., Landon, M., & Graham, D. I. (1994) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.4.419 · Cited by 569
Kamal, A., Stokin, G. B., Yang, Z., Xia, C.-H., & Goldstein, L. S. B. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00124-0 · Cited by 544
Diffusion tensor imaging of acute mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents
Wilde, E. A., McCauley, S. R., Hunter, J. V., Bigler, E. D., Chu, Z., Wang, Z. J., Hanten, G. R., Troyanskaya, M., Yallampalli, R., Li, X., et al. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000305961.68029.54 · Cited by 525
The occult aftermath of boxing.
Roberts, G. W., Allsop, D., & Bruton, C. (1990) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.53.5.373 · Cited by 518
Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study
Guo, Z., Cupples, L. A., Kurz, A., Auerbach, S. H., Volicer, L., Chui, H., Green, R. C., Sadovnick, A. D., Duara, R., DeCarli, C., et al. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.6.1316 · Cited by 506
Microscopic lesions in the brain following head injury.
Oppenheimer, D. R. (1968) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.31.4.299 · Cited by 501
Bazarian, J. J., Zhong, J., Blyth, B., Zhu, T., Kavcic, V., & Peterson, D. (2007) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2007.0241 · Cited by 487
Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele is associated with deposition of amyloid β-protein following head injury
Nicoll, J. A. R., Roberts, G. W., & Graham, D. I. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0295-135 · Cited by 486
Axonal Change in Minor Head Injury
Povlishock, J., Becker, D., Cheng, C. L. Y., & Vaughan, G. (1983) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-198305000-00002 · Cited by 461
A prospective diffusion tensor imaging study in mild traumatic brain injury
Mayer, A. R., Ling, J., Mannell, M. V., Gasparovic, C., Phillips, J. P., Doezema, D., Reichard, R., & Yeo, R. A. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181d0ccdd · Cited by 459
Strich, S. J. (1961) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(61)92426-6 · Cited by 458
Traumatically Induced Axonal Injury: Pathogenesis and Pathobiological Implications
Povlishock, J. T. (1991) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1991.tb00050.x · Cited by 453
βA4 amyloid protein deposition in brain after head trauma
Roberts, G., Gentleman, S., Lynch, A., & Graham, D. I. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)92724-g · Cited by 440
Traumatic Axonal Injury Induces Calcium Influx Modulated by Tetrodotoxin-Sensitive Sodium Channels
Wolf, J., Stys, P., Lusardi, T., Meaney, D., & Smith, D. H. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-06-01923.2001 · Cited by 438
Self-citationTraumatically induced axonal injury: pathogenesis and pathobiological implications.
Povlishock, J. T. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 420
Physical model simulations of brain injury in the primate.
Margulies, S., Thibault, L., & Gennarelli, T. (1990) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/0021-9290(90)90029-3 · Cited by 412
Alzheimer's pathology in human temporal cortex surgically excised after severe brain injury
Ikonomovic, M. D., Uryu, K., Abrahamson, E. E., Ciallella, J. R., Trojanowski, J. Q., Lee, V. M.-Y., Clark, R. S., Marion, D. W., Wisniewski, S. R., & DeKosky, S. T. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.06.011 · Cited by 399
Tang‐Schomer, M. D., Patel, A., Baas, P. W., & Smith, D. H. (2009) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.09-142844 · Cited by 392
Self-citationAxonal Damage in Traumatic Brain Injury
Smith, D. H., & Meaney, D. (2000) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/107385840000600611 · Cited by 372
Self-citationUryu, K., Chen, X.-H., Martinez, D., Browne, K. D., Johnson, V. E., Graham, D. I., Lee, V. M.-Y., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Smith, D. H. (2007) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.06.018 · Cited by 360
Self-citationSherriff, F. E., Bridges, L., & Sivaloganathan, S. (1994) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00386254 · Cited by 357
BLUMBERGS, P. C., SCOTT, G., VIS, J. M., WAINWRIGHT, H., SIMPSON, D. A., & McLEAN, A. J. (1995) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1995.12.565 · Cited by 342
Tang-Schomer, M., Johnson, V., Baas, P. W., Stewart, W., & Smith, D. H. (2011) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.030 · Cited by 330
Self-citationNeuronal cytoskeletal changes are an early consequence of repetitive head injury
Geddes, J. F., Vowles, G. H., Nicoll, J. A. R., & Révész, T. (1999) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010051066 · Cited by 323
High Tolerance and Delayed Elastic Response of Cultured Axons to Dynamic Stretch Injury
Smith, D. H., Wolf, J., Lusardi, T., Lee, V., & Meaney, D. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-11-04263.1999 · Cited by 310
Self-citationHead injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease
Mortimer, J. A., French, L. R., Hutton, J. T., & Schuman, L. M. (1985) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.35.2.264 · Cited by 309
Tolerances for cerebral concussion from head impact and whiplash in primates
Ommaya, A. K., & Hirsch, A. E. (1971) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/0021-9290(71)90011-x · Cited by 301
Axonal injury: a universal consequence of fatal closed head injury?
Gentleman, S. M., Roberts, G. W., Gennarelli, T. A., Maxwell, W. L., Adams, J. H., Kerr, S., & Graham, D. I. (1995) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00571509 · Cited by 296
Traumatic brain injury and time to onset of Alzheimer’s disease: a population-based study
Nemetz, P. N., Leibson, C., Naessens, J. M., Beard, M., Kokmen, E., Annegers, J. F., & Kurland, L. T. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009724 · Cited by 295
Bazarian, J. J., Zhu, T., Blyth, B. J., Borrino, A., & Zhong, J. (2011) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2011.10.001 · Cited by 276
Long-term intracerebral inflammatory response after traumatic brain injury
Gentleman, S. M., Leclercq, P. D., Moyes, L., Graham, D. I., Smith, C., Griffin, W. S. T., & Nicoll, J. A. R. (2004) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.06.027 · Cited by 272
Chen, X.-H., Siman, R., Iwata, A., Meaney, D. F., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Smith, D. H. (2004) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63303-2 · Cited by 271
Self-citationREEVES, T., PHILLIPS, L., & POVLISHOCK, J. (2005) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.07.014 · Cited by 270
Bramlett, H., & Dietrich, D. (2002) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-001-0510-8 · Cited by 268
Chen, X., Johnson, V. E., Uryu, K., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Smith, D. H. (2009) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00176.x · Cited by 267
Self-citationOkonkwo, D. O., & Povlishock, J. T. (1999) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199904000-00010 · Cited by 263
Smith, D. H., Chen, X.-H., Nonaka, M., Trojanowski, J. Q., Lee, V.-Y., Saatman, K. E., Leoni, M. J., Xu, B.-N., Wolf, J. A., & Meaney, D. F. (1999) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199909000-00008 · Cited by 260
Self-citationAlzheimer’s disease after remote head injury: an incidence study
Schofield, P. W., Tang, M., Marder, K., Bell, K., Dooneief, G., Chun, M., Sano, M., Stern, Y., & Mayeux, R. (1997) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.62.2.119 · Cited by 260
The Role of Calpail-Mediated Spectrin Proteolysis in Traumatically Induced Axonal Injury
Büki, A., Siman, R. G., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Povlishock, J. T. (1999) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199904000-00007 · Cited by 258
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HEAD TRAUMA AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Graves, A. B., White, E., Koepsell, T. D., Reifler, B. V., van Belle, G., Larson, E. B., & Raskind, M. A. (1990) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115523 · Cited by 257
Tran, H. T., LaFerla, F. M., Holtzman, D. M., & Brody, D. L. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0858-11.2011 · Cited by 255
Biomechanical Analysis of Experimental Diffuse Axonal Injury
MEANEY, D. F., SMITH, D. H., SHREIBER, D. I., BAIN, A. C., MILLER, R. T., ROSS, D. T., & GENNARELLI, T. A. (1995) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1995.12.689 · Cited by 254
Self-citationShort-term DTI predictors of cognitive dysfunction in mild traumatic brain injury
Miles, L., Grossman, R. I., Johnson, G., Babb, J. S., Diller, L., & Inglese, M. (2008) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050801888816 · Cited by 251
Pettus, E. H., & Povlishock, J. T. (1996) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(96)00113-8 · Cited by 250
Mild traumatic brain injury and diffuse axonal injury in swine
Browne, K. D., Chen, X.-H., Meaney, D. F., & Smith, D. H. (2011) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2011.1913 · Cited by 248
Self-citationThe mechanics of brain injuries
Holbourn, A. (1945) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071895 · Cited by 245
Ultrastructural Studies of Diffuse Axonal Injury in Humans
Christman, C. W., Grady, M. S., Walker, S. A., Holloway, K. L., & Povlishock, J. T. (1994) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1994.11.173 · Cited by 241
Saatman, K. E., Bozyczko‐Coyne, D., Marcy, V. R., Siman, R., & McIntosh, T. K. (1996) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199607000-00010 · Cited by 236
Iwata, A., Stys, P., Wolf, J., Chen, X.-H., Taylor, A. G., Meaney, D., & Smith, D. H. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0515-03.2004 · Cited by 233
Self-citationSmith, D. H., Chen, X. H., Xu, B. N., McIntosh, T., Gennarelli, T., & Meaney, D. (1997) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199756070-00009 · Cited by 231
Self-citationDiffuse axonal injury in head trauma.
Blumbergs, P. C., Jones, N. R., & North, J. B. (1989) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.52.7.838 · Cited by 230
Saatman, K. E., Murai, H., Bartus, R. T., Smith, D. H., Hayward, N. J., PERRI, B. R., & McIntosh, T. K. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.8.3428 · Cited by 224
Self-citationAxonal Transport, Amyloid Precursor Protein, Kinesin-1, and the Processing Apparatus: Revisited
Lazarov, O., Morfini, G. A., Lee, E. B., Farah, M. H., Szodorai, A., DeBoer, S. R., Koliatsos, V. E., Kins, S., Lee, V. M. ‐., Wong, P. C., et al. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3089-04.2005 · Cited by 223
Grady, M., Mclaughlin, M., Christman, C. W., Valadka, A., Fligner, C., & Povlishock, J. (1993) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199303000-00007 · Cited by 217
Immediate coma following inertial brain injury dependent on axonal damage in the brainstem.
Smith, D. H., Nonaka, M., Miller, R., Leoni, M., Chen, X. H., Alsop, D., & Meaney, D. (2000) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2000.93.2.0315 · Cited by 213
Self-citationTokuda, T., Ikeda, S., Yanagisawa, N., Ihara, Y., & Glenner, G. G. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00308813 · Cited by 202
Büki, A., Okonkwo, D. O., & Povlishock, J. T. (1999) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1999.16.511 · Cited by 201
Amyloid β accumulation in axons after traumatic brain injury in humans
Smith, D. H., Chen, X.-H., Iwata, A., & Graham, D. (2003) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2003.98.5.1072 · Cited by 196
Self-citationDiffuse axonal injury in non-missile head injury.
ADAMS, J. H., Graham, D. I., Gennarelli, T. A., & Maxwell, W. (1991) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.54.6.481 · Cited by 191
Nonspecific white matter degeneration following traumatic brain injury
Gale, S. D., Johnson, S. C., Bigler, E., & Blatter, D. (1995) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617700000060 · Cited by 169
Saatman, K. E., Abai, B., Grosvenor, A., Vorwerk, C. K., Smith, D. H., & Meaney, D. F. (2003) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000035040.10031.b0 · Cited by 166
Self-citationHead Injury and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease by Apolipoprotein E Genotype
O'Meara, E. S., Kukull, W. A., Sheppard, L., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., Teri, L., Pfanschmidt, M., Thompson, J. D., Schellenberg, G. D., & Larson, E. B. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009290 · Cited by 165
Peerless, S. J., & Rewcastle, N. B. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 162
Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System
Dzięgielewska, K. M., Physiology, A., & Physiology (1991) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203304488 · Cited by 158
μ‐Calpain Activation and Calpain‐Mediated Cytoskeletal Proteolysis Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Kampfl, A., Posmantur, R. M., Nixon, R. A., Grynspan, F., Zhao, X., Liu, S. J., Newcomb, J. K., Clifton, G. L., & Hayes, R. L. (1996) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67041575.x · Cited by 156
DENG, Y., THOMPSON, B., GAO, X., & HALL, E. (2007) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.023 · Cited by 153
DeKosky, S. T., Abrahamson, E. E., Ciallella, J. R., Paljug, W. R., Wisniewski, S. R., Clark, R. S. B., & Ikonomovic, M. D. (2007) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.64.4.541 · Cited by 152
Gitler, D., & Spira, M. E. (1998) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80494-8 · Cited by 151
Ichiya, Y., Kuwabara, Y., Otsuka, M., Tahara, T., Yoshikai, T., Fukumura, T., Jingu, K., & Masuda, K. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 145
Protein Accumulation in Traumatic Brain Injury
Smith, D. H., Uryu, K., Saatman, K. E., Trojanowski, J. Q., & McIntosh, T. K. (2003) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1385/nmm:4:1-2:59 · Cited by 144
Self-citationLoss of Axonal Microtubules and Neurofilaments after Stretch-Injury to Guinea Pig Optic Nerve Fibers
Maxwell, W. L., & Graham, D. I. (1997) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1997.14.603 · Cited by 139
Marklund, N., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Ronne-Engström, E., Enblad, P., & Hillered, L. (2009) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2008.9.jns08584 · Cited by 138
Deng‐Bryant, Y., Singh, I. N., Carrico, K. M., & Hall, E. D. (2008) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2008.10 · Cited by 135
Büki, A., Koizumi, H., & Povlishock, J. T. (1999) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1999.7139 · Cited by 133
Emerging Imaging Tools for Use with Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Hunter, J. V., Wilde, E. A., Tong, K. A., & Holshouser, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2011.1906 · Cited by 133
Povlishock, J. T., & Pettus, E. H. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9465-2_15 · Cited by 132
Sodium channelopathy induced by mild axonal trauma worsens outcome after a repeat injury
Yuen, T. J., Browne, K. D., Iwata, A., & Smith, D. H. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.22161 · Cited by 131
Self-citationMitochondrial protection after traumatic brain injury by scavenging lipid peroxyl radicals
Mustafa, A., Singh, I. N., Wang, J. A., Carrico, K. M., & Hall, E. D. (2010) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06749.x · Cited by 119
Axonal cytoskeletal changes after non-disruptive axonal injury
Jafari, S. S., Maxwell, W. L., Neilson, M., & Graham, D. I. (1997) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1023/a:1018588114648 · Cited by 116
Incidence and economic burden of injuries in the United States
Seifert, J. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2007.059717 · Cited by 116
McGinn, M. J., Kelley, B. J., Akinyi, L., Oli, M. W., Liu, M. C., Hayes, R. L., Wang, K., & Povlishock, J. T. (2009) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181996bfe · Cited by 115
DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY IN HEAD INJURIES CAUSED BY A FALL
ADAMS, J. H., Graham, D. I., Doyle, D., Lawrence, A., & McLellan, D. R. (1984) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91620-9 · Cited by 115
Staal, J. A., Dickson, T. C., Gasperini, R., Liu, Y., Foa, L. C., & Vickers, J. C. (2009) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06531.x · Cited by 115
Maxwell, W. L., McCreath, B. J., Graham, D. I., & Gennarelli, T. A. (1995) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1007/bf01215643 · Cited by 114
Kupina, N. C., Nath, R., Bernath, E., Inoue, J., Azuma, M., Yuen, P., Wang, K., & Hall, E. D. (2001) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771501317095269 · Cited by 111
Gentleman, S. M., Greenberg, B., Savage, M. J., Noori, M., Newman, S. J., Roberts, G. W., Griffin, W. S. T., & Graham, D. I. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199704140-00039 · Cited by 110
Büki, A., Farkas, O., Doczi, T. P., & Povlishock, J. T. (2003) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771503321532842 · Cited by 108
Fate of reactive axonal swellings induced by head injury.
Jt, P., & Dp, B. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 107
Singleton, R. H., Stone, J. R., Okonkwo, D. O., Pellicane, A. J., & Povlishock, J. T. (2001) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771501750291846 · Cited by 107
Evolution of neurofilament subtype accumulation in axons following diffuse brain injury in the pig.
Chen, X. H., Meaney, D., Xu, B. N., Nonaka, M., McIntosh, T., Wolf, J., Saatman, K., & Smith, D. H. (1999) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199906000-00003 · Cited by 106
Self-citationStone, J. R., Okonkwo, D. O., Singleton, R. H., Mutlu, L. K., Helm, G. A., & Povlishock, J. T. (2002) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771502753754073 · Cited by 101
Chung, R. S., Staal, J. A., McCormack, G. H., Dickson, T. C., Cozens, M. A., Chuckowree, J. A., Quilty, M. C., & Vickers, J. C. (2005) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2005.22.1081 · Cited by 100
Calpain Mediates Proteolysis of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel α-Subunit
von Reyn, C. R., Spaethling, J. M., Mesfin, M. N., Ma, M., Neumar, R. W., Smith, D. H., Siman, R. G., & Meaney, D. F. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2339-09.2009 · Cited by 98
Self-citationNeuropathological Changes in the White Matter Following Head Injury*
Nevin, N. C. (1967) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-196701000-00006 · Cited by 95
Calpain-dependent neurofilament breakdown in anoxic and ischemic rat central axons
Stys, P. K., & Jiang, Q. (2002) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00469-x · Cited by 92
Ng, H., Mahaliyana, R. D., & Poon, W. S. (1994) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/0303-8467(94)90025-6 · Cited by 92
Severe Head Injury Hastens Age of Onset of Alzheimer's Disease
Gedye, A., Beattie, B. L., Tuokko, H. A., Horton, A., & Korsarek, E. (1989) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb07283.x · Cited by 90
Post-Acute Alterations in the Axonal Cytoskeleton after Traumatic Axonal Injury
Maxwell, W. L., Domleo, A., McColl, G., Jafari, S. S., & Graham, D. I. (2003) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/08977150360547071 · Cited by 85
Povlishock, J., Buki, A., Koiziumi, H., Stone, J., & Okonkwo, D. (1999) · Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6391-7_3 · Cited by 84
The significance of β‐APP immunoreactivity in forensic practice
Reichard, R. R., Smith, C., & Graham, D. I. (2005) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2005.00645.x · Cited by 82
Marmarou, C. R., & Povlishock, J. (2006) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.003 · Cited by 80
Neurofibrillary tangles in dementia pugilistica are ubiquitinated.
Dale, G. E., Leigh, P. N., Luthert, P. J., Anderton, B. H., & Roberts, G. W. (1991) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.54.2.116 · Cited by 78
Baker, A. J., Phan, N., Moulton, R. J., Fehlings, M. G., Yücel, Y., Zhao, M., Liu, E., & Tian, G.-F. (2002) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771502753754064 · Cited by 73
A Neprilysin Polymorphism and Amyloid-β Plaques after Traumatic Brain Injury
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W. B., Jr., Graham, D. I., Stewart, J. E., Praestgaard, A. H., & Smith, D. H. (2009) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0843 · Cited by 66
Self-citationMustafa, A., Wang, J. A., Carrico, K. M., & Hall, E. D. (2011) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07228.x · Cited by 66
Axonal Cytoskeletal Changes After Nondisruptive Axonal Injury. II. Intermediate Sized Axons
Jafari, S. S., NIELSON, M., Graham, D. I., & Maxwell, W. L. (1998) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1998.15.955 · Cited by 66
Graham, D. I., Smith, C., Reichard, R. R., Leclercq, P. D., & Gentleman, S. (2003) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00274-3 · Cited by 66
Maxwell, W. L., KOSANLAVIT, R., McCreath, B. J., REID, O., & Graham, D. I. (1999) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1999.16.273 · Cited by 65
HISTOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE BRAIN IN CASES OF FATAL INJURY TO THE HEAD
RAND, C. W. (1946) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1946.02300130003001 · Cited by 65
Reeves, T. M., Phillips, L. L., Lee, N. N., & Povlishock, J. T. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.002 · Cited by 64
The multimolecular cascade of spinal cord injury
Banik, N. L., Hogan, E. L., & Hsu, C. Y. (1987) · Neurochemical Pathology · doi:10.1007/bf02834292 · Cited by 64
Saatman, K., Zhang, C., Bartus, R., & Mcintosh, T. K. (2000) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200001000-00010 · Cited by 62
Gultekin, S. H., & Smith, T. W. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 53
Thibault, L. E., Gennarelli, T. A., Margulies, S. S., Marcus, J. R., & Eppinger, R. H. (1990) · Cited by 53
Epidemiology of Head Trauma and Neurocognitive Impairment in a Multi-Ethnic Population
Molgaard, C. A., Stanford, E. P., Morton, D. J., Ryden, L. A., Schubert, K. R., & Golbeck, A. L. (1991) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000110778 · Cited by 52
Head Trauma and Age of Onset of Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Sullivan, P., Petitti, D. B., & Barbaccia, J. J. (1987) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03390170045014 · Cited by 52
A SUCCESSFUL PERIPHERAL NERVE HETEROGRAFT.
Rl, M., Ha, P., & Ej, B. (1964) · PubMed · Cited by 52
Dendritic alterations after dynamic axonal stretch injury in vitro
Monnerie, H., Tang‐Schomer, M. D., Iwata, A., Smith, D. H., Kim, H. A., & Roux, P. D. L. (2010) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.05.001 · Cited by 49
Self-citationSelective Vulnerability of Non-Myelinated Axons to Stretch Injury in an In Vitro Co-Culture System
Staal, J. A., & Vickers, J. C. (2011) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2010.1658 · Cited by 43
Huh, J. W., Franklin, M. A., Widing, A. G., & Raghupathi, R. (2006) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000094172 · Cited by 40
TUNEL-positive staining in white and grey matter after fatal head injury in man.
Shaw, K., MacKinnon, M.-A., Raghupathi, R., Saatman, K. E., Mclntosh, T. K., & Graham, D. I. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 36
Mechanisms of non-penetrating head injury.
Graham, D. I., Adams, J. H., & Gennarelli, T. A. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 32
Fujita, M., Oda, Y., Wei, E. P., & Povlishock, J. T. (2011) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2011.1852 · Cited by 26
Staal, J. A., Dickson, T. C., Chung, R. S., & Vickers, J. C. (2009) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0669 · Cited by 24
Maxwell, W. L., Watt, C., Pediani, J. D., Graham, D. I., Adams, J. H., & Gennarelli, T. A. (1991) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 16
Modelos experimentales de traumatismo craneoencefálico
Prieto, R., Gutiérrez‐González, R., Barcia, J. A., Pascual, J. M., Roda, J. M., Cerdán, S., & Matías‐Guiu, J. (2009) · Neurocirugía · doi:10.1016/s1130-1473(09)70162-9 · Cited by 14
Benz, I., Beck, W., Kraas, W., Stoll, D., Jung, G., & Kohlhardt, M. (1997) · European Biophysics Journal · doi:10.1007/s002490050031 · Cited by 13
A Neprilysin Polymorphism and Amyloid-β Plaques Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W. B., Jr., Stewart, J. E., Graham, D. I., Praestgaard, A. H., & Smith, D. H. (2009) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008-0843 · Cited by 12
Self-citationExperimental models of traumatic brain injury
Patel, H. C. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511576515.004 · Cited by 1
Christensen (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199703)12:3
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research
Maas, A. I. R., Menon, D. K., Adelson, P. D., Andelic, N., Bell, M. J., Belli, A., Bragge, P., Brazinova, A., Büki, A., Chesnut, R. M., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30371-x · Cited by 2,609
Animal models of traumatic brain injury
Xiong, Y., Mahmood, A., & Chopp, M. (2013) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3407 · Cited by 1,456
The New Neurometabolic Cascade of Concussion
Giza, C. C., & Hovda, D. A. (2014) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000000505 · Cited by 1,353
NAD+ metabolism: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Xie, N., Zhang, L., Gao, W. Q., Huang, C., Huber, P., Zhou, X., Li, C. L., Shen, G., & Zou, B. (2020) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00311-7 · Cited by 1,147
Inflammation and white matter degeneration persist for years after a single traumatic brain injury
Johnson, V. E., Stewart, J. E., Begbie, F. D., Trojanowski, J. Q., Smith, D. H., & Stewart, W. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws322 · Cited by 1,045
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, V. E., Stewart, W., & Smith, D. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Douglas H.
- Venue
- Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-08
- Volume
- 246
- Pages
- 35-43
- ISSN
- 0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3979341
- OpenAlex
- W2170921124
- Semantic Scholar
- 6fdff07fcccb6429453f06a8aae43cdaad508837
- Cited by
- 1,273
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 44
- FWCI
- 8.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R03AG038911)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-038104, R01NS038104, P01NS056202, NS 056202)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- diffuse axonal injury, traumatic brain injury, axonal pathology, white matter, mild traumatic brain injury, concussion, axonal cytoskeleton, axonal transport, axonal swellings, proteolysis, secondary injury, Alzheimer's disease, histopathology, pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Axons, Brain Injuries, Coma, Humans, Nerve Degeneration, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Diffuse Axonal Injury
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
