Disparities in access to effective treatment for infertility in the United States: an Ethics Committee opinion

doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.02.019

Cited by 125Reproductive Health and TechnologiesReproductive Health and ContraceptionAssisted Reproductive Technology and Twin Pregnancy

Disparities in access to effective treatment for infertility in the United States: an Ethics Committee opinion

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·2021·Fertility and Sterility

DOI 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.02.019

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Abstract

In the United States, economic, racial, ethnic, geographic, and other disparities prevent access to fertility treatment and affect treatment outcomes. This opinion examines the factors that contribute to these disparities, proposes actions to address them, and replaces the document of the same name, last published in 2015.

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Accessibility and utilization are affected by physical features of clinics, limitation of reproductive health information, and a regulatory environment that might restrict services and/or discriminate.
“Accessibility and utilization are affected by physical features of clinics (e.g. access for the disabled, male services available only in female clinics), limitation of reproductive health information, and a regulatory environment that might restrict services and/or discriminate, e.g. LGBTQ+ or single people (ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021; Oliveira et al., 2021).”
From Declining global fertility rates and the implications for family planning and family building: an IFFS consensus document based on a narrative review of the literature (2024) · cites this paper as ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021
The “Other Disparities in Access to Infertility Treatment” section says that withholding treatment information and refusing care to unpartnered people or same-sex couples impair access. “Economic Barriers to Treatment” describes insurance laws that excluded or restricted coverage for those groups. The copy does not address the cited examples of clinics’ physical accessibility or male services being available only in female clinics; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Distinct disparities in infertility care exist, largely due to barriers to access aligned with race, class, socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation, and other forms of difference.
“Distinct disparities in infertility care exist, largely due to barriers to access aligned with race, class, socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation, and other forms of difference (ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021).”
From Declining global fertility rates and the implications for family planning and family building: an IFFS consensus document based on a narrative review of the literature (2024) · cites this paper as ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021
Due to high cost and/or unaffordability, ART remains out of reach for many, even in resource-rich countries.
“Due to high cost and/or unaffordability, ART remains out of reach for many, even in resource-rich countries (Dyer et al., 2020; ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021; Njagi et al., 2023).”
From Declining global fertility rates and the implications for family planning and family building: an IFFS consensus document based on a narrative review of the literature (2024) · cites this paper as ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021
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Racial disparities in access to reproductive health and fertility care in the United States
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A review of disparities in access to infertility care and treatment outcomes among Hispanic women
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Intellectual property and assisted reproductive technology
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Disparities in Fertility-Sparing Treatment and Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology After a Diagnosis of Cervical, Ovarian, or Endometrial Cancer
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State insurance mandates and racial and ethnic inequities in assisted reproductive technology utilization
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Regional disparities in access to assisted reproductive technology: assessment of patient satisfaction when employing modern technology to close the gap
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Fertility preservation in patients with medical indications: a committee opinion
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Inequities in Medically Assisted Reproduction: a Scoping Review
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Effect of state insurance mandates on racial/ethnic disparities in the utilization and outcomes of donor oocyte–assisted reproductive technologies
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Moving toward Narrowing the United States Gap in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Next Decade
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Global, Regional, and National Prevalence and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for Female Infertility: Results from a Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990–2019
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The Rise and Fall and Rise of Pronatalism: A Disingenuous Policy that Harms the Health of People and Society
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Racial disparities in telehealth use during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
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Breaking Down Barriers
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Food, nutrition, and fertility: from soil to fork
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Policy solutions to improve access to fertility treatment and optimise patient care: consensus from an expert forum
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Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Infertility Prevalence, Help-Seeking, and Help Received Since 1995
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Differences in Use of Fertility Treatment Between People With Medicaid and Private Health Insurance Coverage in the United States
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Patient-Centric In Vitro Fertilization Prognostic Counseling Using Machine Learning for the Pragmatist
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ACOG Committee Statement No. 14: Infertility: Disparities and Access to Services
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Effectiveness of a web-based partnership support program for preventing decline in the quality of life of male patients undergoing infertility treatment: A quasi-experimental study
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Racial and socioeconomic disparities in fertility treatment provision for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
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Initiation and outcomes of women pursuing planned fertility preservation
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Emergency department utilization for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
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Reflecting sex, social class and race inequalities in reproduction? Study of the gender representations conveyed by 38 fertility centre websites in 8 European countries
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FIGO position statement: Gamete donations
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Expectations for family building, assisted reproduction, and adoption among lesbians in the National Survey of Family Growth, 2017–2019
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Eliminating health inequities in reproductive medicine: ensuring care for all
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The fertility cascade: infertility prevalence, access to treatment, and successful live birth
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Promises and pitfalls of preimplantation genetic testing for polygenic disorders: a narrative review
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Economics of Fertility Care
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Changing the Narrative, Starting With Us
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Polycystic ovarian syndrome, obesity, and insulin resistance: intertwined comorbidities that impact assisted reproductive technology success
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Primary ovarian insufficiency: a glimpse into the racial and socioeconomic disparities found within third-party reproduction
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The availability of gonadotropin therapy from FDA-approved pharmacies for men with hypogonadism and infertility
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Fecundability in Association With Everyday and Lifetime Discrimination
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Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Male Reproductive Health: A Mini Review
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Racial and ethnic disparities in access to gynecologic care
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Identification of Psychological Symptom Clusters and Their Influencing Factors in Women Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technology in China: a Cross-Sectional Study
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Breaking Down Barriers for Same-Sex Female Couples Building Families: In Vitro Fertilization Utilization Following the Enactment of 2021 Legislation in New York State
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Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of the General Population Regarding Peripheral Blood Chromosomal Testing in the Premarital or Preconception Context
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Toward global reproductive justice: a universal framework for evaluating equity and autonomy in in-vitro fertilization policies
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Addressing reproductive healthcare disparities: strategies for achieving health equity
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A survey study evaluating donor gamete utilization rates, patient satisfaction, and fertility treatment outcomes according to desired race and ethnicity
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Association of blood isobutyronitrile with infertility among reproductive-aged women: Results from the NHANES cohort
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Beyond borders: The global impact of violating reproductive human rights
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Enhancing reproductive access: the influence of expanded employer fertility benefits at a single academic center from 2017 to 2021
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Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Adult-Onset Conditions
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Beyond awareness – National Infertility Awareness Week 2023
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Future to Hold: Addressing Fertility Preservation Access in Adolescents and Young Adult Cancer Care
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Physician Dispositions Toward Noninvasive Non-Hormonal Contraception
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Provision of Fertility Services Without Regard to Marital Status, Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity
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Russian Dolls, Reproduction, and Private Law
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Reproductive Innovation and Reproductive Exceptionalism
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Inequalities in Fertility‐Impacting Cancer Incidence Among Young Populations in the United States
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Travel Time to Fertility Specialty Care Among Reproductive-Age Cancer Survivors
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Indicators for Reproductive Violence: A Systematized Review to Develop a Multilevel Measurement Framework
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Impact of State-Mandated Insurance on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access and Outcomes of ART in the United States
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Improving access to care and delivery to marginalized and vulnerable populations: a committee opinion
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Fertility Desires Among Gender Minority and Cisgender U.S. Youth
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Probing Proteoform Heterogeneity From Single Human Oocytes
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Paying more for no better outcome: The add-on crisis in modern medicine – using infertility treatment as the primary example
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Pathways and Roadblocks: Navigating Family‐Building for Sexual and Gender Minority People Assigned Male at Birth
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Healthcare Policy: Federally Mandated Insurance Coverage for Infertility Treatment
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Racial disparities in the outcomes of euploid single frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles – analysis of the Clinical Outcome Reporting System of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology 2016–2018 data
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Beyond mandates
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Persistent racial differences in donor oocyte utilization and outcomes despite mandated insurance coverage: lessons learned and future directions
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Access to Infertility Care
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Current options to lower the cost of in vitro fertilization: a comprehensive review
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ART: Right to Reproduce
Frankel, R. A., Merkison, J. M., & DeCherney, A. H. (2023) · Reproductive medicine for clinicians · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24903-7_6
Mandated fertility coverage: the resounding choice when morality, medicine, and money align
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Gibbs, L., Shoai, B., Becks, A., Yan, F., & Mitchell‐Leef, D. (2024) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2024.07.006
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Diego, D. S., & Kawwass, J. F. (2024) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.09.020
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RETIRED: Disparities in access to effective treatment for infertility in the United States: an Ethics Committee opinion
(2015) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.07.1139 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Disparities in access to fertility care in the united states: Ethical considerations for equitable solutions
Kelly-Hedrick, M. A. (2019)
Report documents gaps in infertility treatment access
Hilton, L. (2015) · Urology Times eNews
Fertility Differences Among Ethnic Groups
Morris, J. R., & Devine, K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96356-8_3
Access to Care for the Underserved
Band, I. C., & King, L. P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41215-8_16

Venue: Fertility and Sterility
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-07
Volume: 116
Issue: 1
Pages: 54-63
ISSN: 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.02.019
OpenAlex: W4205755962
Cited by: 125
References: 75
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2
FWCI: 16.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 365 d)
Locations: Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Assisted Reproductive Technology and Twin Pregnancy
Keywords: access to fertility treatment, health disparities, racial and ethnic disparities, socioeconomic disparities, geographic disparities, treatment outcomes, health equity
MeSH terms: Race Factors, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Infertility, Insurance, Health, Male, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, United States, Treatment Outcome, Health Care Costs, Risk Assessment, Insurance Coverage, Reproductive Techniques, Assisted, Ethics Committees, Clinical, Healthcare Disparities, Social Determinants of Health

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