The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Disparities in access to effective treatment for infertility in the United States: an Ethics Committee opinion
Open accessAbstract
In the United States, economic, racial, ethnic, geographic, and other disparities prevent access to fertility treatment and affect treatment outcomes. This opinion examines the factors that contribute to these disparities, proposes actions to address them, and replaces the document of the same name, last published in 2015.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Accessibility and utilization are affected by physical features of clinics (e.g. access for the disabled, male services available only in female clinics), limitation of reproductive health information, and a regulatory environment that might restrict services and/or discriminate, e.g. LGBTQ+ or single people (ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021; Oliveira et al., 2021).”
From Declining global fertility rates and the implications for family planning and family building: an IFFS consensus document based on a narrative review of the literature (2024) · cites this paper as ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Distinct disparities in infertility care exist, largely due to barriers to access aligned with race, class, socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation, and other forms of difference (ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021).”
From Declining global fertility rates and the implications for family planning and family building: an IFFS consensus document based on a narrative review of the literature (2024) · cites this paper as ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Due to high cost and/or unaffordability, ART remains out of reach for many, even in resource-rich countries (Dyer et al., 2020; ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021; Njagi et al., 2023).”
From Declining global fertility rates and the implications for family planning and family building: an IFFS consensus document based on a narrative review of the literature (2024) · cites this paper as ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Zegers-Hochschild, F., Adamson, G. D., de Mouzon, J., Ishihara, O., Mansour, R. T., Nygren, K. G., Sullivan, E. A., & Vanderpoel, S. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.009 · Cited by 1,895
Health disparities and health equity: Concepts and measurement
Braveman, P. (2006) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103 · Cited by 1,570
The International Glossary on Infertility and Fertility Care, 2017
Zegers-Hochschild, F., Adamson, G. D., Dyer, S., Racowsky, C., de Mouzon, J., Sokol, R., Rienzi, L., Sunde, A., Schmidt, L., Cooke, I. D., et al. (2017) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.005 · Cited by 1,505
The experience of infertility: a review of recent literature
Greil, A. L., Slauson-Blevins, K., & McQuillan, J. (2010) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01213.x · Cited by 867
Definitions of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion
(2020) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.11.025 · Cited by 639
Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2010: results generated from European registers by ESHRE
Kupka, M. S., Ferraretti, A. P., de Mouzon, J., Erb, K., D’Hooghe, T. M., Castilla, J. A., Calhaz–Jorge, C., Geyter, C. D., Goossens, V., Strohmer, H., et al. (2014) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deu175 · Cited by 461
The economic impact of assisted reproductive technology: a review of selected developed countries
Chambers, G. M., Sullivan, E. A., Ishihara, O., Chapman, M. G., & Adamson, G. D. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.029 · Cited by 438
Cultural competence education for health professionals
Horvat, L., Horey, D., Romios, P., & Kis‐Rigo, J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009405.pub2 · Cited by 436
The psychological impact of infertility: a comparison with patients with other medical conditions.
Domar, A. D., Zuttermeister, P. C., & Friedman, R. B. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 353
Insurance Coverage and Outcomes of in Vitro Fertilization
Jain, T., Harlow, B. L., & Hornstein, M. D. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa013491 · Cited by 310
Socioeconomic and racial disparities among infertility patients seeking care
Jain, T. (2006) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1338 · Cited by 304
(2013) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.08.041 · Cited by 277
Letourneau, J. M., Smith, J. F., Ebbel, E. E., Craig, A. D., Katz, P., Cedars, M. I., & Rosen, M. P. (2012) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.26649 · Cited by 263
Costs of infertility treatment: results from an 18-month prospective cohort study
Katz, P., Showstack, J. A., Smith, J. F., Nachtigall, R. D., Millstein, S. G., Wing, H. E., Eisenberg, M. L., Pasch, L. A., Croughan, M. S., & Adler, N. E. (2010) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.026 · Cited by 234
Disparities in access to infertility services in a state with mandated insurance coverage
Jain, T., & Hornstein, M. D. (2005) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.01.118 · Cited by 210
Racial and ethnic disparities in assisted reproductive technology outcomes in the United States
Fujimoto, V. Y., Luke, B., Brown, M. B., Jain, T., Armstrong, A. Y., Grainger, D. A., & Hornstein, M. D. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.061 · Cited by 208
Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance — United States, 2016
Sunderam, S., Kissin, D. M., Zhang, Y., Folger, S. G., Boulet, S. L., Warner, L., Callaghan, W. M., & Barfield, W. D. (2019) · MMWR Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6804a1 · Cited by 182
Chambers, G. M., Hoang, V. P., Sullivan, E. A., Chapman, M. G., Ishihara, O., Zegers-Hochschild, F., Nygren, K. G., & Adamson, G. D. (2014) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.09.005 · Cited by 168
Time costs of fertility care: the hidden hardship of building a family
Wu, A. K., Elliott, P. A., Katz, P., & Smith, J. F. (2013) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.01.145 · Cited by 159
(2014) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000443278.06393.d6 · Cited by 156
Out-of-Pocket Fertility Patient Expense: Data from a Multicenter Prospective Infertility Cohort
Wu, A. K., Odisho, A. Y., Washington, S. L., Katz, P., & Smith, J. F. (2013) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2013.08.083 · Cited by 153
Bleil, M. E., Gregorich, S. E., Adler, N. E., Sternfeld, B., Rosen, M. P., & Cedars, M. I. (2013) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.09.015 · Cited by 149
Missmer, S. A., Seifer, D. B., & Jain, T. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.02.039 · Cited by 144
Burden of care is the primary reason why insured women terminate in vitro fertilization treatment
Domar, A. D., Rooney, K. L., Hacker, M. R., Sakkas, D., & Dodge, L. E. (2018) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.02.130 · Cited by 137
Insurance mandates and trends in infertility treatments
Henne, M. B., & Bundorf, M. K. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.167 · Cited by 131
Arab Americans, African Americans, and infertility: barriers to reproduction and medical care
Inhorn, M. C., & Fakih, M. H. (2006) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.10.029 · Cited by 129
Public perception on infertility and its treatment: an international survey
Adashi, E. Y., Cohen, J. J., Hamberger, L., Jones, H. W., de Kretser, D. M., Lunenfeld, B., Rosenwaks, Z., & Steirteghem, A. V. (2000) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/15.2.330 · Cited by 123
Reynolds, M. A., Schieve, L. A., Jeng, G. T., & Peterson, H. B. (2003) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00572-7 · Cited by 122
Social determinants of human reproduction
Collins, J. A., Evers, H., Golombok, S. E., Hannaford, P. C., Jacobs, H. S., Vecchia, C. L., Macunovich, D. J., Crosignani, P. G., Devroey, P., Diedrich, K., et al. (2001) · Human Reproduction · Cited by 117
Stillman, R. J., Richter, K. S., Banks, N., & Graham, J. R. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.023 · Cited by 116
Influence of race and ethnicity on in vitro fertilization outcomes: systematic review
Humphries, L. A., Chang, O. H., Humm, K. C., Sakkas, D., & Hacker, M. R. (2015) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.002 · Cited by 114
Explaining disparities in treatment seeking: the case of infertility
White, L. K., McQuillan, J., & Greil, A. L. (2006) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.11.039 · Cited by 114
Racial and ethnic disparities in reproductive endocrinology and infertility
Huddleston, H. G., Cedars, M. I., Sohn, S. H., Giudice, L. C., & Fujimoto, V. Y. (2010) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.12.020 · Cited by 111
Wellons, M., Fujimoto, V. Y., Baker, V. L., Barrington, D. S., Broomfield, D., Catherino, W. H., Richard-Davis, G., Ryan, M., Thornton, K. L., & Armstrong, A. Y. (2012) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.05.012 · Cited by 105
The impact of shame and self-judgment on psychopathology in infertile patients
Galhardo, A. B., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Cunha, M. I. V. A., & Matos, M. (2011) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/der209 · Cited by 101
Racial disparities in in vitro fertilization outcomes
McQueen, D. B., Schufreider, A., Lee, S. M., Feinberg, E. C., & Uhler, M. L. (2015) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.012 · Cited by 100
Limitations and barriers in access to care for male factor infertility
Mehta, A., Nangia, A. K., Dupree, J. M., & Smith, J. F. (2016) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.03.023 · Cited by 100
Dieke, A. C., Zhang, Y., Kissin, D. M., Barfield, W. D., & Boulet, S. L. (2017) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2017.6467 · Cited by 94
Kelley, A. S., Qin, Y. A., Marsh, E. E., & Dupree, J. M. (2019) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.04.044 · Cited by 94
Beyond (financial) accessibility: inequalities within the medicalisation of infertility
Bell, A. V. (2010) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01235.x · Cited by 91
Hammoud, A. O., Gibson, M., Stanford, J. B., White, G. L., Carrell, D. T., & Peterson, M. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.038 · Cited by 87
Insurance coverage and in vitro fertilization outcomes: a U.S. perspective
Martin, J. R., Bromer, J. G., Sakkas, D., & Patrizio, P. (2010) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.030 · Cited by 86
First births with a simplified culture system for clinical IVF and embryo transfer
Blerkom, J. V., Ombelet, W., Klerkx, E., Janssen, M., Dhont, N., Nargund, G., & Campo, R. (2013) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.11.012 · Cited by 84
Harris, J. A., Menke, M., Haefner, J., Moniz, M. H., & Perumalswami, C. R. (2017) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.02.101 · Cited by 83
Procreative Liberty and Harm to Offspring in Assisted Reproduction
Robertson, J. A. (2004) · American Journal of Law & Medicine · doi:10.1177/009885880403000101 · Cited by 82
Seifer, D. B., Şimşek, B., Wantman, E., & Kotlyar, A. M. (2020) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-020-00662-4 · Cited by 82
Assisted reproductive technologies and equity of access issues
Peterson, M. M. (2005) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2003.007542 · Cited by 80
Is global access to infertility care realistic? The Walking Egg Project
Ombelet, W. U. A. M. (2013) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.11.013 · Cited by 73
The challenge of providing infertility services to a low-income immigrant Latino population
Nachtigall, R. D., Castrillo, M., Shah, N., Turner, D., Harrington, J., & Jackson, R. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.05.037 · Cited by 71
Factors associated with early in vitro fertilization treatment discontinuation
Bedrick, B. S., Anderson, K. L., Broughton, D. E., Hamilton, B. H., & Jungheim, E. S. (2019) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.03.007 · Cited by 67
Cost-effective treatment of the infertile couple
Voorhis, B. J. V., Stovall, D. W., Allen, B. D., & Syrop, C. H. (1998) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00341-0 · Cited by 64
McCarthy-Keith, D. M., Schisterman, E. F., Robinson, R. D., O’Leary, K., Lucidi, R. S., & Armstrong, A. Y. (2010) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.02.021 · Cited by 61
Ethnicity and assisted reproductive technologies
Armstrong, A. Y., & Plowden, T. C. (2012) · Clinical Practice · doi:10.2217/cpr.12.65 · Cited by 53
Assisted reproductive technology use in the United States: a population assessment
Tierney, K., & Cai, Y. (2019) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.07.1323 · Cited by 53
Cordasco, K. M., Ponce, N. A., Gatchell, M. S., Traudt, B., & Escarce, J. J. (2010) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-010-9425-6 · Cited by 50
Providing infertility treatment in resource-poor countries
ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law including, Pennings, G., de Wert, G. M. W. R., Shenfield, F., Cohen, J. J., Tarlatzis, B. C., & Devroey, P. (2009) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/den503 · Cited by 43
Embryo transfer practices and perinatal outcomes by insurance mandate status
Boulet, S. L., Crawford, S. B., Zhang, Y., Sunderam, S., Cohen, B., Bernson, D., McKane, P., Bailey, M. A., Jamieson, D. J., & Kissin, D. M. (2015) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.015 · Cited by 41
Klitzman, R. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171939 · Cited by 40
RETIRED: Cross-border reproductive care: an Ethics Committee opinion
Daar, J., Benward, J., Collins, L. R., Davis, J., Franics, L., Gates, E., Ginsburg, E., Klipstein, S., Koenig, B. A., McCullough, L., et al. (2016) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.038 · Cited by 37
Nangia, A. K., Likosky, D. S., & Wang, D. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.012 · Cited by 36
State Insurance Mandates and Multiple Birth Rates After In Vitro Fertilization
Provost, M. P., Thomas, S. M., Yeh, J. S., Hurd, W. W., & Eaton, J. L. (2016) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000001733 · Cited by 28
Seifer, D. B., Wantman, E., Sparks, A. E., Luke, B., Doody, K. J., Toner, J. P., Voorhis, B. J. V., Lin, P. C., & Reindollar, R. H. (2018) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.07.016 · Cited by 24
Greil, A. L., Slauson‐Blevins, K. S., Tiemeyer, S. M., McQuillan, J., & Shreffler, K. M. (2015) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5390 · Cited by 23
Insurance coverage of male infertility: what should the standard be?
Dupree, J. M. (2018) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau.2018.04.25 · Cited by 21
Proceedings from the Conference on Reproductive Problems in Women of Color
Fujimoto, V. Y., Jain, T., Alvero, R. J., Nelson, L. M., Catherino, W. H., Olatinwo, M. O., Marsh, E. E., Broomfield, D., Taylor, H. A., & Armstrong, A. Y. (2010) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.12.068 · Cited by 18
Why We Should All Pay for Fertility Treatment: An Argument from Ethics and Policy
Johnston, J., & Gusmano, M. K. (2013) · The Hastings Center Report · doi:10.1002/hast.155 · Cited by 15
Infertility coverage is good business
Isaacs, J. C. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.089 · Cited by 14
An employer's experience with infertility coverage: a case study
Silverberg, K. M., Meletiche, D. M., & Rosario, G. D. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.081 · Cited by 12
The Politics of Infertility: Recognizing Coverage Exclusions as Discrimination
Pendo, E. (2005) · OpenCommons at University of Connecticut (University of Connecticut) · Cited by 11
Who Pays? Mandated Insurance Coverage for Assisted Reproductive Technology
Falloon, K., & Rosoff, P. M. (2014) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2014.16.01.msoc1-1401 · Cited by 9
Is insurance coverage for in vitro fertilization a good thing?
Hornstein, M. D. (2018) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.02.012 · Cited by 6
Expanding same-sex couples’ access to assisted reproduction
Daneshmand, S. T., Bedient, C. E., Garner, F. C., & Shapiro, B. S. (2016) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.317 · Cited by 3
2285 THE COST OF MALE INFERTILITY CARE: HOW MUCH ARE PATIENTS SPENDING?
Elliott, P., Wu, A., Washington, S. L., Katz, P., & Smith, J. P. (2013) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.2226 · Cited by 2
Ensuring human rights in the provision of fertility care and infertility interventions
van der Poel, S., & Davis, J. B. (2018) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.07.780 · Cited by 2
Cardinale, J. R. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Skinner v. Oklahoma, 316 U.S. 535 (1942). Available at https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8050731321644873759&q=Skinner+v.+Oklahoma,+316+U.S.+535+(1942)&hl=en&as_sdt=80006&as_vis=1. Accessed June 2, 2021
- 2014, ACOG committee opinion no. 586: health disparities in rural women, Obstet Gynecol, 123, 384, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000443278.06393.d6 · DOI
- Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Access to fertility treatment irrespective of marital status, sexual orientation, or gender identity: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril. In press.
- Curtis, 2018, Inconceivable: how barriers to infertility treatment for low-income women amount to reproductive oppression, Geo J on Poverty L & Pol’y, XXV, 323
- American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Fertility evaluation of the infertile woman: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. In press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fauser, B. C. J. M., Adamson, G. D., Boivin, J., Chambers, G. M., de Geyter, C., Dyer, S., Inhorn, M. C., Schmidt, L., Serour, G. I., Tarlatzis, B., et al. (2024) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmad028 · Cited by 224
“Distinct disparities in infertility care exist, largely due to barriers to access aligned with race, class, socioeconomic status, gender, sexual orientation, and other forms of difference (ASRM The Ethics Committee, 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialPeipert, B. J., Montoya, M. N., Bedrick, B. S., Seifer, D. B., & Jain, T. (2022) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-022-00984-5 · Cited by 77
Patrizio, P., Albertini, D. F., Gleicher, N., & Caplan, A. L. (2022) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-022-02399-y · Cited by 65
Morshed-Behbahani, B., Lamyian, M., Joulaei, H., Rashidi, B. H., & Montazeri, A. (2020) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00617-9 · Cited by 45
Racial disparities in access to reproductive health and fertility care in the United States
Beroukhim, G., Mahabamunuge, J., & Pal, L. (2022) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0000000000000780 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 54-63
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4205755962
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 16.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Assisted Reproductive Technology and Twin Pregnancy
- Keywords
- access to fertility treatment, health disparities, racial and ethnic disparities, socioeconomic disparities, geographic disparities, treatment outcomes, health equity
- MeSH terms
- Race Factors, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Infertility, Insurance, Health, Male, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, United States, Treatment Outcome, Health Care Costs, Risk Assessment, Insurance Coverage, Reproductive Techniques, Assisted, Ethics Committees, Clinical, Healthcare Disparities, Social Determinants of Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review