Nonionic Surfactants Based Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Sudan Dyes in Tomato Chili Sauces
Abstract
A new type of high-density hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized with nonionic surfactants as hydrogen bond acceptors and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as hydrogen bond donor. Brij-35 was selected as the optimal nonionic surfactant for the preparation of Brij-35-HFIP-DES (molar ratio 1:20). A vortex-assisted DES-based liquid-liquid microextraction method was proposed for determination of Sudan dyes in tomato chili sauces. The whole pretreatment process only needs 5 min and 1.1 mL of organic solvent. The method with HPLC-DAD shows high efficiency (enrichment factors 89-176 and extraction rates 61.0-74.6%) and good performance with linearity (R ≥ 0.9997) in 0.04-2 μg g-1 range, detection limits of 0.0045-0.0118 μg g-1, recoveries of 91.6-104.5% and intra-/inter-day precision below 8.0%. A "DES in water in DES" aggregate microstructure was observed in DES-rich phase. The proposed method is simple, quick, eco-friendly, and suits for the efficient extraction and accurate determination of Sudan dyes in tomato chili sauces.
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Vortex-assisted DLLME uses mechanical agitation and offers a simple, economical, instrumentally minimal approach.
“In vortex-assisted DLLME, mechanical agitation is applied, offering a simple, economical, and instrumentally minimal approach [56,59,63,82,99].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
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- Authors
- Chen, J., Li, X., Huang, A., Deng, W., & Xiao, Y.
- Affiliations
- Wenzhou Medical University (CN)
- Wuhan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xiao, Yuxiu
- Venue
- Food Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 364
- Pages
- 130373
- ISSN
- 0308-8146 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3168720836
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 4.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (2015CFA139, LF20170838, 81673394, 82073811)
- Wuhan University (2015CFA139, LF20170838, 81673394, 82073811)
- Large-Scale Instrument and Equipment Sharing Foundation of Wuhan University (2015CFA139, LF20170838, 81673394, 82073811)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (2015CFA139, LF20170838, 81673394, 82073811)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Dye analysis and toxicity
- Keywords
- hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents, nonionic surfactants, Brij 35, hexafluoroisopropanol, liquid-liquid microextraction, vortex-assisted extraction, Sudan dyes, food dye analysis, HPLC-DAD
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Coloring Agents, Solvents, Surface-Active Agents, Solanum lycopersicum, Limit of Detection, Liquid Phase Microextraction
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