A multi-national comparison of meat eaters' attitudes and expectations for burgers containing beef, pea or algae protein
Open accessAbstract
Within recent years, demand as well as supply of products to replace meat, so called meat alternatives, have increased. For future products, new plant-based protein sources are of high interest. Protein from pea and especially from algae provide huge potential for human nutrition as well as for the environment. To provide insight on consumers' opinions on the development of new meat alternatives, this study investigated consumers' opinions of pea and algae burgers compared to the traditional beef burger in terms of taste, health, and environmental friendliness. It has also explored the influence of factors such as meat commitment, food neophobia, and the attitude towards vegetarians and vegans; it has then compared the findings between three European countries with different culinary backgrounds. The online survey was conducted with meat-eating participants from Germany (N = 567), France (N = 605), and the United Kingdom (N = 562). Participants in all three countries expected pea and algae burgers to be less tasty, but healthier and more environmentally friendly compared to the beef burger. Expectations of taste, health, and environmental friendliness of pea and algae burgers were negatively influenced by higher levels of meat commitment, more negative attitudes towards vegetarian and vegan lifestyles, and higher food neophobia. Although the attitudes towards vegetarian lifestyles were generally negative, pea and algae emerged as promising protein sources because of their favorable health and environmental friendliness expectations. Nevertheless, negative taste expectations and attitudes towards meat-free diets remain a challenge for the adoption of more plant-based diets.
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Compared to traditional beef burgers, burgers formulated with microalgae-based proteins arouse significantly lower sensory expectations.
“Studies conducted by Michel et al. (2021) demonstrate that, when compared to traditional beef burgers, those formulated with microalgae-based proteins arouse significantly lower sensory expectations.”
From Microalgae biotechnology and its role in sustainable and healthy food design (2025) · cites this paper as Michel et al., 2021
Section 3.2 reports that participants expected algae burgers to be less tasty than beef burgers and explains that non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals indicate significant differences. Section 2.2 describes the survey product only as an algae-protein burger; the copy does not establish that it contained microalgae specifically. The measured sensory expectation was expected taste, not sensory qualities more broadly. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Michel, F., Knaapila, A., Hartmann, C., & Siegrist, M.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Michel, Fabienne
- Venue
- Food Quality and Preference
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-07
- Volume
- 91
- Pages
- 104195
- ISSN
- 0950-3293 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3128513191
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 12.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Food Quality and Preference (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- EIT Food
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Sensory Analysis and Statistical Methods
- Keywords
- meat substitutes, plant-based burgers, pea protein, algae proteins, beef burger, consumer attitudes, taste expectations, health perception, environmental perception, food neophobia, cross-national comparison, Germany, France, United Kingdom
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