Impacts of white-tailed deer on regional patterns of forest tree recruitment
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Local, short- to medium-term studies make clear that white-tailed deer can greatly suppress tree growth and survival in palatable tree species. To assess how deer have broadly affected patterns of tree recruitment across northern Wisconsin, we analyzed recruitment success in 11 common trees species that vary in palatability across 13,105 USFS - FIA plots sampled between 1983 and 2013. We also examined how recruitment in these species covaried with estimated deer densities here. Saplings of five palatable species were scarce relative to less palatable species and showed highly skewed distributions. Scarcity and skew provide reliable signals of deer impacts even when deer have severely reduced recruitment and/or no reliable deer density data are available. Deer densities ranged from 2.3 to 23 deer per km2 over a 30year period. Sapling numbers in two maples (Acer) and aspen (Populus) with intermediate palatability declined sharply in apparent response to higher deer density. Path analysis also reveals that deer act to cumulatively depress sapling recruitment in these species over successive decades. Together, these approaches show that deer have strongly depressed sapling recruitment in all taxa except Abies and Picea. As these impacts are now propagating into larger sized trees, deer are also altering canopy composition and dynamics. The tools developed here provide efficient and reliable indicators for monitoring deer impacts on forest tree recruitment using consistent data co…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Patterns of consistently insufficient regeneration or altered species composition call into question the long-term viability and resilience of forest ecosystems.
“The regeneration layer is therefore a primary indicator of forest response to canopy disturbance, and patterns of consistently insufficient regeneration or altered species composition call into question the long-term viability and resilience of forest ecosystems (Bradshaw & Waller, 2016;Russell et al., 2017).”
From Overabundant deer and invasive plants drive widespread regeneration debt in eastern United States national parks (2023) · cites this paper as Bradshaw & Waller, 2016
In severe cases, chronic deer browse pressure leads to widespread regeneration failure, where tree seedlings are unable to persist long enough to recruit into the sapling and subsequent canopy layers, ultimately leading to forest canopy loss.
“In severe cases, chronic deer browse pressure leads to widespread regeneration failure, where tree seedlings are unable to persist for long enough to recruit into the sapling and subsequent canopy layers, ultimately leading to forest canopy loss (Bradshaw & Waller, 2016;McWilliams et al., 2018;Webster et al., 2018).”
From Overabundant deer and invasive plants drive widespread regeneration debt in eastern United States national parks (2023) · cites this paper as Bradshaw & Waller, 2016
Bradshaw and Waller (2016) corroborated this pattern of high-intensity deer browse and preferential browse on more palatable species as the dominant forces that control regeneration patterns across large regions of the eastern United States.
“Bradshaw and Waller (2016) corroborated this pattern of high-intensity deer browse and preferential browse on more palatable species as the dominant forces that control regeneration patterns across large regions of the eastern United States.”
From Overabundant deer and invasive plants drive widespread regeneration debt in eastern United States national parks (2023) · cites this paper as Bradshaw and Waller (2016)
Cites
(2019) · Annales Zoologici Fennici · doi:10.5735/anzf · Cited by 2,526 · see citing works
Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance
Côté, S. D., Rooney, T. P., Tremblay, J., Dussault, C., & Waller, D. M. (2004) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725 · Cited by 2,076 · see citing works
Self-citationCurtis, J. T. (1959) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-196003000-00012 · Cited by 1,205 · see citing works
Modification of Ecosystems by Ungulates
Hobbs, N. T. (1996) · The Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3802368 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems
Rooney, T. P., & Waller, D. M. (2003) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00130-0 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
Self-citationThe science of overabundance : deer ecology and population management
McShea, W. J., Underwood, H. B., & Rappole, J. H. (1997) · Smithsonian Institution Press eBooks · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Russell, F., Zippin, D., & Fowler, N. L. (2001) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0001:eowtdo]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Deer impacts on forest ecosystems: a North American perspective
Rooney, T. P. (2001) · Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1093/forestry/74.3.201 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
The white-tailed deer : a keystone herbivore
Waller, D. M. (1997) · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Self-citationOstfeld, R. S., Jones, C. G., & Wolff, J. O. (1996) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1312946 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Gill, R. (2001) · Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1093/forestry/74.3.209 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
The Herbaceous Layer in Forests of Eastern North America
(2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199837656.001.0001 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Seed survival in soil: interacting effects of predation, dormancy and the soil microbial community
Dalling, J. W., Davis, A. S., Schutte, B. J., & Arnold, A. E. (2010) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01739.x · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Effect of White-Tailed Deer on Songbirds within Managed Forests in Pennsylvania
deCalesta, D. S. (1994) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3809685 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Current and predicted long-term effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in Michigan, USA
Frelich, L. E., & Lorimer, C. G. (1985) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/0006-3207(85)90103-x · Cited by 246 · see citing works
A Survey of Over-Populated Deer Ranges in the United States
Leopold, A., Sowls, L. K., & Spencer, D. L. (1947) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3795561 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Kolb, A., Ehrlén, J., & ERIKSSON, O. (2007) · Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2007.09.001 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Anderson, R. C., & Loucks, O. L. (1979) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.2307/2402859 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Neighbour manipulations in natural vegetation a review
Aarssen, L. W., & Epp, G. A. (1990) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.2307/3236049 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
McShea, W. J., & Rappole, J. H. (2000) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99210.x · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Nuttle, T., Ristau, T. E., & Royo, A. A. (2014) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12175 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Ecology: Laboratory, field and natural experiments
Diamond, J. M. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/304586a0 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
White, M. A. (2012) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.12.043 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
A natural experiment on the impact of overabundant deer on songbird populations
Allombert, S., Gaston, A. J., & Martin, J. (2005) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Mladenoff, D. J., & Stearns, F. (1993) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740889.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Martin, J., Stockton, S. A., Allombert, S., & Gaston, A. J. (2009) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9628-8 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Anderson, R. C., & Katz, A. J. (1993) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/0006-3207(93)90713-b · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Berteaux, D., Crête, M., Huot, J., Maltais, J., & Ouellet, J. (1998) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s004420050494 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Disturbance by large herbivores in boreal forests with special reference to moose.
Persson, I., Danell, K., Bergström, R., Walls, M., & Vuorisalo, T. (2000) · Annales Zoologici Fennici · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Beyond the browse line: complex cascade effects mediated by white‐tailed deer
Bressette, J. W., Beck, H., & Beauchamp, V. B. (2012) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20305.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
REGIONAL VARIATION IN RECRUITMENT OF HEMLOCK SEEDLINGS AND SAPLINGS IN THE UPPER GREAT LAKES, USA
Rooney, T. P., McCormick, R. J., Solheim, S. L., & Waller, D. M. (2000) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1119:rviroh]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationTremblay, J., Thibault, I., Dussault, C., Huot, J., & Côté, S. D. (2005) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z05-090 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Rooney, T. P., Solheim, S. L., & Waller, D. M. (2002) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00532-1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationCornett, M. W., Frelich, L. E., Puettmann, K. J., & Reich, P. B. (2000) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00129-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Responses of woodland birds to increasing numbers of deer: a review of evidence and mechanisms
Fuller, R. J. (2001) · Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1093/forestry/74.3.289 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Marquis, D. A. (1981) · doi:10.2737/ne-rp-475 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
An Evaluation of Sex‐Age‐Kill (SAK) Model Performance
Millspaugh, J. J., Skalski, J. R., Townsend, R. L., Diefenbach, D. R., Boyce, M. S., Hansen, L. P., & Kammermeyer, K. E. (2009) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2193/2008-099 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Feeley, K. J., Davies, S. J., Noor, M. N. S., Kassim, A. R., & Tan, S. (2007) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s0266467406003919 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Frerker, K. L., Sabo, A. E., & Waller, D. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115843 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationTen Years of Tree Seedling Establishment and Mortality in an Ohio Deciduous Forest Complex
Boerner, R. E. J., & Brinkman, J. A. (1996) · Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club · doi:10.2307/2996780 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
McGarvey, J. C., Bourg, N. A., Thompson, J. R., McShea, W. J., & Shen, X. (2013) · Northeastern Naturalist · doi:10.1656/045.020.0301 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Regenerating Adirondack Northern Hardwoods By Shelterwood Cutting and Control of Deer Density
Kelty, M. J., & Nyland, R. D. (1981) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jof/79.1.22 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Forage Preferences of Tame Deer in a Northwest Pennsylvania Clear-Cutting
Healy, W. M. (1971) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3799777 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rooney, T. P., & Waller, D. M. (1998) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(98)00333-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationCardinal, E., Martin, J., & Côté, S. D. (2012) · Ecoscience · doi:10.2980/19-1-3441 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effects of Deer on Forest Herb Layers
Waller, D. M. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199837656.003.0016 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationLorenzetti, F., Delagrange, S., Bouffard, D., & Nolet, P. (2007) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.08.010 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Vila, B., Torre, F. J., Martin, J., & Guibal, F. (2003) · Trees · doi:10.1007/s00468-003-0272-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Summer Forage Use by Tame Deer in Northern Michigan
Stormer, F. A., & Bauer, W. A. (1980) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3808355 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
12th Central Hardwood Forest Conference
Stringer, J. W., Loftis, D. L., Lacki, M. J., Barnes, T., & Muller, R. A. (1999) · doi:10.2737/srs-gtr-24 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Incorporating harvest rates into the sex‐age‐kill model for white‐tailed deer
Norton, A. S., Diefenbach, D. R., Rosenberry, C. S., & Wallingford, B. D. (2012) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.486 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The White-Tailed Deer in Wisconsin
Dasmann, R. F., Dahlberg, B. L., & Guettinger, R. C. (1957) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3797605 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Structure and composition of a northern hardwood forest exhibiting regeneration failure
Townsend, D. S., Seva, J. S., Seagle, C. H., & Mayers, G. (2002) · Bartonia · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ungulates increase forest plant species richness to the benefit of non‐forest specialists
Boulanger, V., Dupouey, J., Archaux, F., Badeau, V., Baltzinger, C., Chevalier, R., Corcket, E., Dumas, Y., Forgeard, F., Mårell, A., et al. (2017) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13899 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Deer, wolves, and people: costs, benefits and challenges of living together
Martin, J., Chamaillé‐Jammes, S., & Waller, D. M. (2020) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12587 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationPetersson, L. K., Milberg, P., Bergstedt, J., Dahlgren, J., Felton, A. M., Götmark, F., Salk, C. F., & Löf, M. (2019) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.04.037 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Compounding human stressors cause major regeneration debt in over half of eastern US forests
Miller, K. M., & McGill, B. J. (2019) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13375 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Walters, M. B., Farinosi, E. J., & Willis, J. L. (2020) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118134 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Hanberry, B. B., Bragg, D. C., & Hutchinson, T. F. (2018) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.2431 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gorchov, D. L., Blossey, B., Averill, K. M., Dávalos, A., Heberling, J. M., Jenkins, M. A., Kalisz, S., McShea, W. J., Morrison, J. A., Nuzzo, V., et al. (2021) · Biological Invasions · doi:10.1007/s10530-021-02551-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationSabo, A. E., Frerker, K. L., Waller, D. M., & Kruger, E. L. (2017) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12748 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationTalbot, B., Slatculescu, A. M., Thickstun, C., Koffi, J. K., Leighton, P. A., McKay, R., & Kulkarni, M. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50858-x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Miller, K. M., Perles, S. J., Schmit, J. P., Matthews, E. R., Weed, A. S., Comiskey, J. A., Marshall, M. R., Nelson, P., & Fisichelli, N. A. (2023) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1002/eap.2837 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Recreation and hunting differentially affect deer behaviour and sapling performance
Mols, B., Lambers, E., Cromsigt, J. P. G. M., Kuijper, D. P. J., & Smit, C. (2021) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.08448 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Templeton, L., Neel, M. C., Groffman, P. M., Cadenasso, M. L., & Sullivan, J. H. (2019) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117665 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Divergent roles of herbivory in eutrophying forests
Segar, J., Pereira, H. M., Baeten, L., Bernhardt‐Römermann, M., Frenne, P. D., Fernández, N., Gilliam, F. S., Lenoir, J., Ortmann‐Ajkai, A., Verheyen, K., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35282-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationHanberry, B. B., & Faison, E. K. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161669 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Parker, H. A., Larkin, J. T., Heggenstaller, D. J., Duchamp, J. E., Tyree, M. C., Rushing, C. S., Domoto, E. J., & Larkin, J. L. (2020) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118326 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Peebles-Spencer, J. R., Gorchov, D. L., & Crist, T. O. (2017) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.05.053 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Nakahama, N., Furuta, T., Ando, H., Setsuko, S., Takayanagi, A., & Isagi, Y. (2020) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118637 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Henry, C. R., Walters, M. B., Finley, A. O., Roloff, G. J., & Farinosi, E. J. (2020) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118541 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kelly, J. F. (2019) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.04.050 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Patton, S. R., Russell, M. B., Windmuller-Campione, M. A., & Frelich, L. E. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201334 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A new rapid and efficient method to estimate browse impacts from twig age
Waller, D. M., Johnson, S. E., & Witt, J. C. (2017) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationModeling browse impacts on sapling and tree recruitment across forests in the northern United States
Russell, M. B., Westfall, J. A., & Woodall, C. W. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/cjfr-2017-0155 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Does white-tailed deer density affect tree stocking in forests of the Eastern United States?
Hanberry, B. B., & Abrams, M. D. (2019) · Ecological Processes · doi:10.1186/s13717-019-0185-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Terrestrial Wildlife in the Post-mined Appalachian Landscape: Status and Opportunities
Lituma, C. M., Cox, J. J., Spear, S. F., Edwards, J. W., Cruz, J. L. D. L., Muller, L. I., & Ford, W. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57780-3_6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Patton, S. R., Russell, M. B., Windmuller-Campione, M. A., & Frelich, L. E. (2021) · Annals of Forest Science · doi:10.1007/s13595-021-01108-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nagaike, T. (2019) · Journal of Forestry Research · doi:10.1007/s11676-019-00940-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
How multiple and interacting disturbances shape tree diversity in European mountain landscapes
Schuler, L. J., Bugmann, H. K. M., Petter, G., & Snell, R. S. (2019) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-019-00838-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Post‐settlement ecological changes in the forests of the Great Lakes National Parks
Paulson, A. K., Sanders, S., Kirschbaum, J., & Waller, D. M. (2016) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1490 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationAre Native Tree Seedlings Facilitated by an Invasive Shrub Where White-Tailed Deer Are Abundant?
Peebles-Spencer, J. R., & Gorchov, D. L. (2017) · Natural Areas Journal · doi:10.3375/043.037.0410 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hackworth, Z. J., Lhotka, J. M., Cox, J. J., Barton, C. D., & Springer, M. T. (2018) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f9040222 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Smallidge, P. J., Chedzoy, B., Curtis, P. D., & Sims, K. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119529 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A 20-year experiment on the effects of deer and hare on eastern hemlock regeneration
Alverson, W. S., Lea, M. V., & Waller, D. M. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/cjfr-2019-0071 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effects of deer and an invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii, on forest understory plant composition
Haffey, C. M., & Gorchov, D. L. (2019) · Ecoscience · doi:10.1080/11956860.2019.1582195 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Henry, C. R., & Walters, M. B. (2023) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.4621 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The regeneration ratio: Combining seedling growth and mortality data to predict regeneration success
Waller, D. M., Riege, D. A., & Alverson, W. S. (2024) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121737 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationImpacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Plant Characteristics and Dynamics
Sabo, A. E. (2019) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25865-8_11 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Influence of Deer Hunting and Residual Stand Structure on Tree Regeneration in Deciduous Forests
Ward, J. S., & Williams, S. C. (2020) · Wildlife Society Bulletin · doi:10.1002/wsb.1120 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Browse by White-tailed Deer Decreases Cover and Growth of the Invasive Shrub, Lonicera maackii
Peebles-Spencer, J. R., Haffey, C. M., & Gorchov, D. L. (2018) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.1674/0003-0031-179.1.68 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sonniér, G., Johnson, S. E., & Waller, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Vegetation Science · doi:10.1111/jvs.12824 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationHeyes, S. D., Sinclair, S. J., Hoebee, S. E., & Morgan, J. W. (2020) · Plant Ecology · doi:10.1007/s11258-020-01033-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Allogio, J. A., Fraver, S., Kenefic, L. S., Wason, J., & Berrill, J. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119639 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
VanderMolen, M. S., & Webster, C. R. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119675 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Reuling, L. F., Kern, C. C., Kenefic, L. S., & Bronson, D. R. (2019) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f10060501 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wright, G. A., Juska, I., & Gorchov, D. L. (2019) · Invasive Plant Science and Management · doi:10.1017/inp.2018.30 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cushman, J. H., Saunders, L. E., & Refsland, T. K. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6578 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Reikowski, E. S., Refsland, T. K., & Cushman, J. H. (2022) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.4225 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Parikh, G. L., & Webster, C. R. (2019) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f10060496 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Crockett, E. T. H., Vellend, M., & Bennett, E. M. (2022) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13956 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Charro, J. L., López‐Sánchez, A., & Perea, R. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bright spots of carbon storage in temperate forests
Crockett, E. T. H., Vennin, S., Botzas‐Coluni, J., Larocque, G., & Bennett, E. M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14042 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nagy, C., Ng, C., Veverka, N., & Weckel, M. (2022) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119748 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Harris, L. B., Pastore, M. A., & D’Amato, A. W. (2025) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122906 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kelly, J. F., & Ray, J. (2023) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121427 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cargill, J., van Etten, E. J. B., & Stock, W. D. (2018) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.09.008 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Demographic hallmarks of an overbrowsed population state in American ginseng
McGraw, J. B., & Chandler, J. L. (2018) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00435 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Norton, A. S., Storm, D. J., & Deelen, T. R. V. (2021) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.22083 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Spatial patterning of regeneration failure in experimental canopy gaps 15–24 years post-harvest
VanderMolen, M. S., Knapp, S. P., Webster, C. R., Kern, C. C., & Dickinson, Y. L. (2021) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119577 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Multiple stressors prevent gains in native plant diversity following invasive species removal
Collings, J. A., Endriss, S. B., & Dávalos, A. (2023) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.4458 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hoven, B. M., Knight, K. S., Peters, V. E., & Gorchov, D. L. (2022) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120488 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Donoso, M. U., Leonard, H., & Gorchov, D. L. (2024) · Invasive Plant Science and Management · doi:10.1017/inp.2024.2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Poddar, U., Gurevitch, J., Meiners, S. J., & D’Andrea, R. (2024) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2745.14304 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kirk, D. A., Brice, M., Bradstreet, M. S. W., & Elliott, K. A. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.6913 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Longitudinal trends of the small mammal community of the Apostle Islands archipelago
Mallinger, E. C., Khadka, B., Farmer, M., Morrison, M., Stappen, J. V. V., Deelen, T. V. V., & Olson, E. (2021) · Community Ecology · doi:10.1007/s42974-020-00036-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Butler, R. A., Randolph, K., Vogt, J. T., Paulsen, D. J., & Fryxell, R. T. T. (2023) · Environmental Entomology · doi:10.1093/ee/nvad097 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Quin, M. J., Hirsch, B. T., Schwarzkopf, L., Watter, K., Pople, A., & Strugnell, J. M. (2025) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.70288 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
An eco‐evolutionary perspective on the humpty‐dumpty effect and community restoration
Evans, A. E., Zímová, M., Giery, S. T., Golden, H. E., Pastore, A. L., Nadeau, C. P., & Urban, M. C. (2022) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.08978 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lack of woody species recruitment in isolated deep canyon deciduous woodlands in central Texas, USA1
Auken, O. W. V., Bush, J. K., Taylor, D. L., & Singhurst, J. R. (2023) · The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society · doi:10.3159/torrey-d-23-00009.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Macmillan, J. C., & Aarssen, L. W. (2017) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.1674/0003-0031-178.1.36 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jones, P. D., Sabo, A. E., Forrester, J. A., Mladenoff, D. J., & McDill, M. E. (2022) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120600 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Brice, E. M., Tack, J. P., McGraw, A. M., & Blossey, B. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72266 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
White-tailed deer limit their spatio-temporal overlap with hikers in a protected area
Millien, V., Truchon, F., & St‐Laurent, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84000-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cours, J., Nageleisen, L.-M., Touffait, R., Schmuck, H., Brault, S., Bréda, N., Richter, C., Saintonge, F., & Boulanger, V. (2021) · Annals of Forest Science · doi:10.1007/s13595-021-01066-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bartlick, C. I., Burton, J. I., Webster, C. R., Froese, R. E., & Dickinson, Y. L. (2023) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121320 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wuensch, M. A., Moll, R. J., Cepek, J. D., Byer, N. W., & Ward, D. (2025) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.70480 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Walters, M. B., Henry, C. R., Farinosi, E. J., Roloff, G. J., Donovan, M. L., & Hartman, J. P. (2022) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jofore/fvac002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Predator activity and scent cues influence white-tailed deer behavior in a multi-predator landscape
Wuensch, M. A., Mong, T. W., Scurlock, B. M., Byer, N. W., Cepek, J. D., & Ward, D. (2025) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/araf091 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Alverson, W. S., Riege, D. A., & Waller, D. M. (2023) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121466 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom twig to tree: Simple methods for teachers and students to track deer impacts
Waller, D. M. (2018) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/ajb2.1076 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationSabo, A. E., Forrester, J. A., Kruger, E. L., & Mladenoff, D. J. (2023) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120902 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Webster, C. R., & VanderMolen, M. S. (2023) · The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society · doi:10.3159/torrey-d-23-00004.1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kaul, A. D., Wragg, P. D., Reich, P. B., & Schuster, M. J. (2026) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123786 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hawcroft, A., Bellingham, P. J., Jo, I., Richardson, S. J., & Wright, E. F. (2024) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110637 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wuensch, M. A., Gangoda, M. E., Eagar, A. C., & Ward, D. (2025) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-025-05820-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Roženbergar, D., Klevišar, R., & Diaci, J. (2019) · Acta Silvae et Ligni · doi:10.20315/asetl.118.4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Russell, M. B., & Desprez, J. M. (2022) · Forest Science · doi:10.1093/forsci/fxac056 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wuensch, M. A., Eagar, A. C., Gangoda, M. E., & Ward, D. C. (2023) · doi:10.22541/au.169243565.52109691/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ward, J. S., Ward, E. B., & Barsky, J. P. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Forest Research · doi:10.1139/cjfr-2024-0318 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Warren, R. J., Goodrich, Z., Cochran, M., & Spiering, D. J. (2025) · Invasive Plant Science and Management · doi:10.1017/inp.2025.10023 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bark Stripping by Deer Disturbs Regeneration in a Larix–Abies Subalpine Forest
Nagaike, T. (2023) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f14020369 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Capolla, B., Villemaire‐Côté, O., Ruel, J., & Tremblay, J. (2023) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120921 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Less is more: vegetation changes coincide with white‐tailed deer suppression over thirty years
Pickering, J., Bradstreet, M. S. W., & Norris, D. R. (2024) · Wildlife Monographs · doi:10.1002/wmon.1081 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effects of light availability and herbivory on planted white oak (Quercus alba) seedlings and acorns
Huffman, A. (2022) · doi:10.32469/10355/94011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Regeneration Ratio: Seedling Growth and Mortality Predict Regeneration SuccessPreprint
Waller, D. M., Riege, D. A., & Alverson, W. S. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4653345 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationPesi, S. M. (2024) · doi:10.33915/etd.12451 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Promoting natural regeneration of oak by manipulating disturbance
Petersson, L. K. (2019) · Epsilon Open Archive (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet biblioteket (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences))
Lynch, E. A., Norris, W. R., Kleinman, R., Lewis, D. Q., & Kurtz, B. (2021) · Castanea · doi:10.2179/0008-7475.85.2.348
Deer and Introduced Shrubs May Outweigh Impacts of Invasive Pests on Woody Seedling CommunitiesPreprint
Hoven, B. M., Knight, K. S., Peters, V. E., & Gorchov, D. L. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4123259
Webster, C. R., Burton, J. I., & Dickinson, Y. L. (2023) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121282
Auken, O. W. V., Taylor, D. L., & Terrell, C. D. (2023) · The Southwestern Naturalist · doi:10.1894/0038-4909-67.3.163
- Authors
- Bradshaw, L., & Waller, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Waller, Donald M.
- ORCID
- Waller, Donald M.
- Venue
- Forest Ecology and Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 375
- Pages
- 1-11
- ISSN
- 0378-1127 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2953112944
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 9.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Forest Ecology and Management (acceptedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
- Université de Montpellier
- U.S. Forest Service
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- white-tailed deer, tree recruitment, sapling recruitment, deer browsing, palatability, deer density, canopy composition, Acer, poplar, Abies, Picea, forest dynamics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
