Essential anatomy and evaluation for functional rhinoplasty
Abstract
The nose, a prominent facial feature in defining facial beauty, is responsible for the fundamental physiologic functions of heating, humidifying, and filtering inspired air. When the normal balance of laminar and turbulent airflow become disturbed due to anatomic abnormalities, nasal obstruction may result. To successfully restore these basic physiologic functions, the surgeon must have a detailed understanding of the nasal anatomy and be able to successfully identify the specific cause of the nasal obstruction. This article discusses the fundamental surgical anatomy and the various diagnostic techniques and instruments at the surgeon's disposal.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The nose's key functions encompass warming, humidifying, and filtering the incoming air, which subsequently enters the lungs for gas exchange.
“The nose's key functions encompass warming, humidifying, and filtering the incoming air, which subsequently enters the lungs for gas exchange [1].”
From Functional Rhinoplasty. (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
Acoustic rhinometry determines the cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity in relation to the depth within the nasal passage, starting from the nasal sill.
“Acoustic rhinometry determines the cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity in relation to the depth within the nasal passage, starting from the nasal sill [1].”
From Functional Rhinoplasty. (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been employed in radiographic evaluations of nasal blockage and facilitate the assessment of the nasal valve angle.
“Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been employed in radiographic evaluations of nasal blockage [1]. Both modalities facilitate the assessment of the nasal valve angle [1].”
From Functional Rhinoplasty. (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
Cites
WARWICK, R., Williams, P. L., Dyson, M., & Bannister, L. (1985) · British Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1259/0007-1285-58-694-1029 · Cited by 4,532 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) Scale1
Stewart, M. G., Witsell, D. L., Smith, T. L., Weaver, E. M., Yueh, B., & Hannley, M. (2004) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2003.09.016 · Cited by 1,221 · see citing works
THE SUPERFICIAL MUSCULO-APONEUROTIC SYSTEM (SMAS) IN THE PAROTID AND CHEEK AREA
Mitz, V., & PEYRONIE, M. (1976) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-197607000-00013 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
Acoustic rhinometry: evaluation of nasal cavity geometry by acoustic reflection
Hilberg, O., Jackson, A. C., Swift, D. L., & Pedersen, O. F. (1989) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.295 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Spreader Graft: A Method of Reconstructing the Roof of the Middle Nasal Vault Following Rhinoplasty
Sheen, J. H. (1984) · Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-198402000-00013 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Sheen JH. Plast Reconstr Surg 73:230-239 (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17524-46 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Stewart, M. G., Smith, T. L., Weaver, E. M., Witsell, D. L., Yueh, B., Hannley, M. T., Johnson, J. T., & The Nose Study Investigators (2004) · Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2003.12.004 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Clinical anatomy of the nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
Saad, M. N. (1990) · British Journal of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1016/0007-1226(90)90108-c · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Clinical Anatomy of the Nose, Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Lang, J., & Stell, P. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Papel, I. D., Frodel, J. L., Holt, R., Larrabee, W. F., Nachlas, N. E., Park, S. S., Sykes, J. M., Toriumi, D. M., Adamson, P. A., Annino, D. J., et al. (2009) · Thieme eBooks · doi:10.1055/b-002-72248 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Development of a Severity Classification System for Subjective Nasal Obstruction
Lipan, M. J., & Most, S. P. (2013) · JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamafacial.2013.344 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Anthropometric Facial Analysis of the African American Woman
Porter, J. P., & Olson, K. L. (2001) · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/archfaci.3.3.191 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Rhee, J. S., Sullivan, C. D., Frank, D. O., Kimbell, J. S., & Garcia, G. J. M. (2014) · JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamafacial.2013.2473 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Quantitative analysis of nasal tip projection
Crumley, R. L., & Lanser, M. J. (1988) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1288/00005537-198802000-00017 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The Incompetent External Nasal Valve
Constantian, M. B. (1994) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-199404001-00004 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Most, S. P. (2006) · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/archfaci.8.5.306 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Nasal valve surgery improves disease-specific quality of life
Rhee, J. S., Poetker, D. M., Smith, T. L., Bustillo, A., Burzynski, M., & Davis, R. E. (2005) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000157831.46250.ad · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Kahveci, O., Miman, M., Yucel, A., Yucedağ, F., Okur, E., & Altuntaş, A. (2012) · Auris, nasus, larynx · doi:10.1016/j.anl.2011.08.006 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Vascular Anatomy of the Nose and the External Rhinoplasty Approach
Toriumi, D. M., Mueller, R. A., Grosch, T., Bhattacharyya, T. K., & Larrabee, W. F. (1996) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.1996.01890130020003 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Comparison of the Aesthetic Facial Proportions of Southern Chinese and White Women
Sim, R. S. T., Smith, J. D. S., & Chan, A. S. Y. (2000) · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/archfaci.2.2.113 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
An Anatomical Study of the Nasal Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System
Saban, Y., Amodeo, C. A., Hammou, J. C., & Polselli, R. (2008) · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/archfaci.10.2.109 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Evidence supporting functional rhinoplasty or nasal valve repair: A 25‐year systematic review
Rhee, J. S., Arganbright, J. M., McMullin, B. T., & Hannley, M. (2008) · Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2008.02.007 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Surgical techniques for the treatment of nasal valve collapse
Spielmann, P. M., White, P. S., & Hussain, S. S. M. (2009) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.20495 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Surgery for the Dysfunctional Nasal Valve
Schlosser, R. J., & Park, S. S. (1999) · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/archfaci.1.2.105 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The Four Components of the Nasal Valve
Cole, P. (2003) · American Journal of Rhinology · doi:10.1177/194589240301700208 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ofodile, F. A., Bokhari, F., & Ellis, C. (1993) · Annals of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000637-199309000-00002 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Oneal, R. M., & Beil, R. J. (2010) · Clinics in Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.cps.2009.12.011 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
SURGICAL IMPORTANCE OF A DERMOCARTILAGINOUS LIGAMENT IN BULBOUS NOSES
Pitanguy, I. H. (1965) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-196508000-00014 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Milgrim, L. M., Lawson, W. B., & Cohen, A. F. (1996) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.1996.01890220045008 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Wang, D. Y., Lee, H. P., & Gordon, B. R. (2012) · Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology · doi:10.3342/ceo.2012.5.4.181 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Khosh, M. M., Jen, A., Honrado, C. P., & Pearlman, S. J. (2004) · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/archfaci.6.3.167 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The diagnosis and treatment of nasal valve collapse
Wittkopf, M., Wittkopf, J., & Ries, W. R. (2008) · Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1097/moo.0b013e3282f396ef · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The Quantification of Surgical Changes in Nasal Tip Support
Beaty, M. M., Dyer, W. K., & Shawl, M. W. (2002) · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/archfaci.4.2.82 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hsu, H. C., Tan, C. D., Chang, C. W., Chu, C. W., Chiu, Y. C., Pan, C. J., & Huang, H. M. (2017) · Clinical Otolaryngology · doi:10.1111/coa.12662 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Computed Tomography Technique for Evaluation of the Nasal Valve
Poetker, D. M., Rhee, J. S., Mocan, B. O., & Michel, M. A. (2004) · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/archfaci.6.4.240 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Kimbell, J., Garcia, G., Frank, D. O., Cannon, D. E., Pawar, S., & Rhee, J. (2012) · American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy · doi:10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3766 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Modified Cottle Maneuver in Predicting Outcomes in Functional Rhinoplasty
Fung, E., Hong, P., Moore, C., & Taylor, S. M. (2014) · Plastic Surgery International · doi:10.1155/2014/618313 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
McKinney, P. W., Johnson, P., & Walloch, J. (1986) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-198603000-00010 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
MUSCLES AND CARTILAGES OF THE NOSE FROM THE STANDPOINT OF A TYPICAL RHINOPLASTY
GRIESMAN, B. L. (1944) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.1944.00680010348009 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Bloom, J. D., Sridharan, S., Hagiwara, M., Babb, J. S., White, W. M., & Constantinides, M. S. (2012) · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/archfacial.2012.50 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Frank-Ito, D. O., Kimbell, J. S., Laud, P. W., Garcia, G. J. M., & Rhee, J. S. (2014) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/0194599814547497 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Facial Analysis for Rhinoplasty
Larrabee, W. F. (1987) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0030-6665(20)31588-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Functional Considerations in Revision Rhinoplasty
Ballert, J., & Park, S. S. (2008) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0028-1083088 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Anatomical Observations of the Lower Lateral Cartilages
Gunter, J. P. (1969) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.1969.00770020601009 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Anatomy of the Nose: External Support
Dion, M. C., Jafek, B. W., & Tobin, C. E. (1978) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.1978.00790030031007 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Evidence-based practice: functional rhinoplasty.
Cannon, D. E., & Rhee, J. (2012) · Otolaryngologic clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2012.06.007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Tripod Theory of Nasal Tip Support Revisited
Westreich, R. W., & Lawson, W. B. (2008) · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/archfaci.10.3.170 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Anatomic Considerations in Aesthetic Rhinoplasty
Lam, S. M., & Williams, E. F. (2002) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-2002-36488 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Drumheller, G. W. (1973) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091760307 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Surgery of the Bony and Cartilaginous Dorsum
Wright, W. K. (1975) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0030-6665(20)32741-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Palesy, T., Pratt, E., Mrad, N., Marcells, G. N., & Harvey, R. J. (2015) · JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamafacial.2014.1456 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Woodard, C. R., & Park, S. S. (2010) · Clinics in Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.cps.2009.12.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Anatomical analysis of nasal obstruction
Lee, D. C., Shin, J., Kim, S. W., Kim, S. W., Kim, B. G., Kang, J. M., Cho, J. H., & Park, Y. J. (2013) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.23841 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Surface Aesthetics and Analysis
Çakır, B., Öreroğlu, A. R., & Daniel, R. K. (2015) · Clinics in Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.cps.2015.09.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Quantitative Study of Nasal Tip Support and the Effect of Reconstructive Rhinoplasty
Gassner, H. G., Remington, W. J., & Sherris, D. A. (2001) · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1001/archfaci.3.3.178 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
38 Facial Analysis of the Rhinoplasty Patient
(2009) · Thieme eBooks · doi:10.1055/b-0034-73256 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Are diagnostic tests useful for nasal valve compromise?
Ishii, L. E., & Rhee, J. S. (2012) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.23484 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Anatomy, Physiology, and General Concepts in Nasal Reconstruction
Bloom, J. D., Antunes, M. B., & Becker, D. G. (2010) · Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2010.10.001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Medicine: Rhinoplasty.
Lee, M. K., & Most, S. P. (2015) · Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2015.04.004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Functional Support of the Nasal Tip
Friedman, O. A., Koch, C. A., & Smith, W. (2012) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1309303 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Surgical treatment of nasal obstruction in rhinoplasty
Ghosh, A., & Friedman, O. (2016) · Clinics in Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.cps.2015.09.007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Guide to the Assessment and Analysis of the Rhinoplasty Patient
Palma, P., Khodaei, I., & Tasman, A. (2011) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1271295 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Anatomy of a Rhinoplasty: Emphasis on the Middle Third of the Nose
Teller, D. (1997) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0028-1082424 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Functional Anatomy of the Nose
Koppe, T., Giotakis, E. I., & Heppt, W. J. (2011) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1271294 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Thomas, A. J., Orlandi, R. R., Ashby, S., Mace, J. C., Smith, T. L., & Alt, J. A. (2016) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.25956 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Burres, S. A. (1999) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s002669900252 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kim, D. W., & Rodriguez-Bruno, K. (2009) · Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2008.09.011 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Effect of Facial Asymmetry on Nasal Deviation
Westreich, R. W., Burstein, D. H., & Fraser, M. (2011) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1288923 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Photodocumentation in rhinoplasty surgery
Strub, B., Meuli‐Simmen, C., & Bessler, S. (2013) · European Journal of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00238-012-0802-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rhinoplasty: The Experts’ Reference
Matarasso, A. (2016) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000002043 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sánchez, H. L., Nuño, C. Á., Sañudo, E. G. C., Mayo-Íscar, A., Valdezate, L. Á. V., & María, L. (2014) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/0194599814541627a270 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 73 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nasal Obstruction and Rhinoplasty: A Focused Literature Review
Wright, L., Grunzweig, K. A., & Totonchi, A. (2020) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-020-01710-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effects of Functional Rhinoplasty on Nasal Obstruction: A Meta-Analysis
Zhao, R., Chen, K., & Tang, Y. (2022) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-021-02741-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The INV mostly consists of the nasal septum, the upper lateral cartilage, the head of the inferior turbinate, and the nasal floor, and the ENV is largely delineated by the medial and lateral crura of the lower Rui Zhao and Kai Chen contributed equally to this work.”
BackgroundZammit, D., Ponnudurai, N., Safran, T., & Gilardino, M. S. (2019) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000005911 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Anatomical study of the internal nasal branch of the infraorbital nerve
Iwanaga, J., Watanabe, K., Henry, B. M., Tomaszewski, K. A., Walocha, J. A., Oskouian, R. J., & Tubbs, R. S. (2017) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.22927 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“, 2015), rhinoplasty (Sowder et al., 2017), and cleft lip repair (Salloum et al.”
BackgroundAvashia, Y. J., Glener, A. D., & Marcus, J. R. (2022) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000009290 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Disparities in NOSE Scores and Surgical Approaches among Patients Undergoing Functional Rhinoplasty
Rozanski, C., Gray, M., Rousso, J., Hirsch, M., & Rosenberg, J. (2018) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1676051 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Functional Compromise in the Middle Vault in the Management of Revision Rhinoplasty
Friedman, O., & Wang, L. L. (2018) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1654677 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Altidor, A., Ferri, F. A., Bakhos, F., & Mascaro-Pankova, A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.45993 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
McIntosh, C., Stutterheim, J., Prinsloo, H., Randall, M., Toman, J., & Pisapia, F. (2023) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/a-2006-0916 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Song, L., & Liu, X. (2024) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/iwj.14566 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“6,7 The nasal tip and alar regions exhibit limited vascularity, thereby increasing the risk of ischaemia and subsequent infection post-surgery.”
BackgroundRetractedWang, Y., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000011157 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Effect of Concomitant Septoplasty and Turbinate Surgery on Nasality‐Related Voice Parameters
Celenk, C., Ülkümen, B., & Çelįk, O. (2025) · Clinical Otolaryngology · doi:10.1111/coa.14304 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The effectiveness of these surgeries is measured using subjective methods like the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale, and ob-jective methods such as rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry [13–16].”
Middle Vault Changes After Humpectomy by Spare Roof Technique Versus Component Dorsal Hump Reduction
Dias, D., Rosa, F., Santos, M., Castro, S. S. E., Fertuzinhos, A., Dourado, N., Sousa, C. A. E., & Ferreira, M. G. (2021) · Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine · doi:10.1089/fpsam.2020.0546 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Perez, P. I., Mei, C., Lindsay, R. W., & Gadkaree, S. K. (2024) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1777839 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
High Nasal Septal Deviation and Anatomical Variations in Esthetic Rhinoplasty Patients
Çayönü, M., Yeni̇çeri̇, A., Gündüz, Ö., & Yaşar, N. G. (2025) · Journal of Craniofacial Surgery · doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000011886 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Denadai, R., & Lo, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-3163-5_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Anatomic Basis of Facial Surgical Complications
Kierce, J., & Cuddy, K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46993-1_6
A Novel Treatment for Convex Lateral Crura: The Inverted Spanning Suture
Caropreso, C. A., Porpino, R., Neves, J. C., Ichiba, G., Hirotani, P., Carvalho, V., Souza, M. C., & Rodrigues, J. L. (2024) · Facial Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/a-2308-3649
Essential Physiology and Surgical Anatomy for Rhinoplasty
Keyhan, S. O., Fallahi, H. R., & Rokhshad, R. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36962-9_176-1
3D printing technology and its applications in rhinoplasty
Yu, K., & Liu, T. (2026) · SLAS TECHNOLOGY · doi:10.1016/j.slast.2026.100417
Dorsal Width and Functional Outcomes With Use of Autospreader Flaps in Cosmetic Rhinoplasty
Jabbour, N., Pelligrini, W., Shehan, J. N., & Ezzat, W. H. (2026) · Aesthetic Surgery Journal · doi:10.1093/asj/sjag145
Translation and Validation of the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey in Hebrew
Geva, S. D., Eisenbach, N., Assaf, Y., Halperin, Y., Yakubovich, I., Bersudsky, T. K., Geva, D., Finkelstein, Y., & Sela, E. (2026) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000007949
- Authors
- Sowder, J. C., Thomas, A. J., & Ward, P. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ward, Preston Daniel
- ORCID
- Thomas, Andrew J.
- Venue
- Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 141-160
- ISSN
- 1064-7406 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2599129579
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Nasal Surgery and Airway Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Sinusitis and nasal conditions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Cleft Lip and Palate Research
- Keywords
- functional rhinoplasty, nasal anatomy, nasal obstruction, nasal airflow, nasal physiology, nasal septum
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Medical Illustration, Nose, Rhinoplasty, Nasal Obstruction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review