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Cited by 41Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource ManagementLand Use and Ecosystem ServicesEnergy, Environment, Economic Growth

Boom-bust patterns in the Brazilian Amazon

Open access
Weinhold, Diana, Reis, Eustáquio J., Vale, Petterson Molina·2015·Global Environmental Change
DOI 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.09.013
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AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper re-examines the boom-bust hypothesis for the Brazilian Amazon and finds no time-series evidence that deforestation-driven development follows an inverted-U pattern. It argues that the influential cross-sectional boom-bust result is a spurious artifact of spatial clustering, especially unobserved differences involving Amazonas and Maranhão.

Key findings

  • Cross-sectional boom-bust evidence is fragile: the pattern is driven by spatial correlation, particularly low-HDI municipalities clustered in Amazonas and Maranhão. In Amazonas, the average municipality’s rural poverty percentile rank rose from 46 in 1980 to 94 in 2000; Maranhão remained persistently poor (rural poverty rank 73 in 1980, 68 in 2000) with no prior “boom” to bust from.
  • HDI rose monotonically across Amazonian municipalities from 1991 to 2010, with no inverted-U. Mean HDI for the whole MCA sample rose from .327 in 1991 to .453 in 2000 to .613 in 2010; post-frontier MCAs rose from .322 to .461 to .623 over the same years.
  • Post-frontier municipalities did not show a bust. In convergence regressions, the post-frontier dummy was positive and significant in the full 1991–2010 sample (0.005) and not significantly different from zero in the 2000–2010 sample (0.002); the pre-frontier dummy was negative and significant (−0.020* in 2000–2010), opposite the boom-bust prediction.
  • Fixed-effects panel estimates reject an inverted-U relationship. The squared deforestation term was positive and significant in the baseline specification (0.041), and interacted squared terms for the Rodrigues sample or post-frontier group were not statistically significant. Post-frontier municipalities also grew about as much as the rest of the Amazon in 2000–2007 (34.7% vs. 33.7% for Legal Amazon; 23.9% for all Brazil).

Methods

  • The paper combines re-analysis of cross-sectional data with new panel/time-series data: IPEA/IBGE census data for N=254 minimum comparable areas (MCAs) from 1970 with poverty and GDP; UNDP HDI data for N=773 municipalities in 1991, 2000, and 2010; and a merged UNDP HDI–INPE deforestation panel for N=447 MCAs (1991–2010), reduced to N=306 for 1991 due to matching issues.
  • Cross-sectional analysis maps and percentile ranks municipalities by frontier stage and HDI; time-series analysis uses Trellis plots, convergence regressions of HDI change on lagged HDI with pre-frontier/intermediate/post-frontier dummies, and fixed-effects panel regressions of HDI on proportion deforested and its square, with MCA and year effects. Hausman tests reject random effects (p<0.001).
  • Because 1991 municipality-level deforestation data are unavailable, the authors estimate 1991 deforestation by apportioning state-level INPE data across MCAs using 1995 MCA deforestation shares.

Limitations

  • Stated: the analysis cannot draw causal conclusions about deforestation and human well-being; the authors cannot say what drives well-being or whether deforestation is one of the drivers. The data construction relies on assumptions that INPE change-in-deforestation data were matched well, that 1995 MCA deforestation distribution proxies for 1991, and that dropped MCAs were not systematically different.
  • Stated: the boom-bust test may miss cycles with different periodicity and cannot detect busts after 2000; the poverty-based boom-bust criterion is “ad-hoc” and does not require statistical significance.
  • Evident from the text: HDI is observed at only three time points (1991, 2000, 2010), limiting detection of shorter dynamic cycles; 1991 deforestation is estimated rather than directly observed; and the cross-sectional critique depends on spatial heterogeneity and unobserved regional differences.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.09.013

Cites

20 of 20 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

1 of 7 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    A number of longitudinal case studies of Amazonian communities provide evidence not of boom-bust cycles, but instead of stable or continuing welfare improvements over time.

    “a number of case studies (for example Sears et al. 2007, Piñedo-Vasquez et al. 2001, Guedes et al. 2012, Hall and Caviglia-Harris 2013, Mangabeira 2010) that have examined the dynamic trajectories of different Amazonian communities for between 7 to 22 years provide evidence not of boom-bust cycles, but instead either stable or continuing welfare improvements over time.”
    • Also stated in: § 2. Boom-bust cycles in the Amazon: some recent evidence · plain
      “However in our survey of evidence generated from a number of more localized longitudinal case studies (which for the most part did not have as their primary objective to examine the boom-bust hypothesis) we fail to find any boom-bust pattern.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Sears et al. 2007 source
    • cites Piñedo-Vasquez et al. 2001 source
    • cites Guedes et al. 2012 source

      The Data and Methods section describes a longitudinal comparison of households surveyed in 1997/1998 and 2005, and the Discussion and Final Remarks reports declining poverty and inequality during that period. But the paper does not establish a stable or continuing improvement trajectory: it says gains may reach a limit and may replicate boom-and-bust trends. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    Municipalities categorized as post-frontier or pre-frontier in 2000 enjoyed equal increases in HDI over the subsequent decade as the rest of the Amazon.

    “Municipalities categorized as either 'post-frontier' or 'pre-frontier' in 2000 enjoyed equal increases in HDI over the subsequent decade as the rest of the Amazon.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Using new panel data on HDI and deforestation rates from 1991 to 2010, there is no evidence of boom-bust patterns in the time series.

    “using new panel data on the Human Development Index (HDI) and deforestation rates from 1991 to 2010 we find no evidence of such boom-bust patterns in the time series.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · boosted
      “we show that, consistent with the case studies, there is no evidence of boom-bust cycles in the time series data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    In Machadinho do Oeste, housing quality increased over time.

    “Housing quality also increased over time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mangabeira (2010)
  • Findingown data

    There are no clear systematic differences in the upward HDI trend between municipalities categorized by Rodrigues et al. as in different stages of frontier development.

    “there are no clear systematic differences in this upward trend between municipalities categorized by Rodrigues et al. as in different stages of frontier development.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 30
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The post-frontier group of municipalities grew almost exactly as much in 2000-2007 as the rest of the Amazon, and more than for all of Brazil.

    “The post-frontier group of municipalities grew almost exactly as much in 2000-2007 as the rest of the Amazon, and more than for all of Brazil.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Table 4 column (2), the coefficient on pre-frontier municipalities (G1) is negative and significant, indicating that the change in HDI for this group was actually lower than average.

    “the coefficient on pre-frontier municipalities (G1) is negative and significant, indicating that the change in HDI for this group was actually lower than average.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 254 Amazonian municipalities for which data were available, using the paper's criteria there were 9 boom-bust cycles in urban poverty and 3 boom-bust cycles of rural poverty within the sample period.

    “Of the 254 Amazonian municipalities for which we have data, using these criteria there were 9 boom-bust cycles in urban poverty and 3 boom-bust cycles of rural poverty within the sample period.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The population-weighted average rural poverty rate in Amazonas was 4% less than the average for all Legal Amazonia in 1980, and 113% of the regional figure by 2000.

    “this trend can also be seen using population-weighted averages -in 1980 the population-weighted average rural poverty rate in Amazonas was 4% less than the average for all Legal Amazonia, whereas by 2000 the rate was 113% of the regional figure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Table 4 column (4), the coefficient on the G1 dummy variable is negative and significant, the opposite of the boom-bust prediction.

    “the coefficient on the G1 dummy variable is negative and significant, the opposite of the boom-bust prediction”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Figure 1's map-observations display the boom-bust pattern: pre-frontier municipalities have low HDI, intermediate municipalities have relatively high HDI, and post-frontier municipalities again have low HDI.

    “The map-observations of Figure 1 clearly display the 'boom-bust' pattern, with the coloured municipalities in lesser cleared areas (prefrontier) displaying low levels (red) of HDI, the coloured municipalities in the middle categories displaying relatively high (green) HDI, and the more cleared municipalities in the post-frontier displaying again low levels of HDI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In 1980 the average municipality in Amazonas had higher rural poverty rates than 46% of all municipalities in Legal Amazonia; by 2000 it had higher poverty rates than 94% of municipalities.

    “For example, in 1980 the average municipality in Amazonas had a higher rural poverty rates than 46% of all municipalities in Legal Amazonia.By the year 2000, they had higher poverty rates than 94% of municipalities”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Figure 1 illustrates a very high degree of spatial clustering of these municipalities.

    “Figure 1 clearly illustrates the very high degree of spatial clustering of these municipalities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Municipalities with low HDI in pre-frontier areas are almost exclusively clustered in the far western edge of Amazonas, and municipalities responsible for the bust part of the relationship are tightly clustered in the historically poor Northeastern region in and around Maranhão.

    “The municipalities with low levels of HDI in pre-frontier areas are almost exclusively clustered in the far western edge of Amazonas, and, even more striking, the municipalities responsible for the 'bust' part of the relationship -those with low levels of HDI in the post-frontier regions -are tightly clustered in the historically poor Northeastern region in and around the state of Maranhão”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Table 5 column (7), the interacted squared term displays the boom-bust negative sign but is not statistically different from zero.

    “We find that although the interacted squared term now displays the boom-bust negative sign, it is not statistically different from zero.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The INPE change-in-deforestation data can be matched sufficiently well to the main INPE data set.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The distribution of 1995 MCA deforestation derived from merging is strongly correlated with the actual distribution across MCAs of deforestation in 1991.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Deforestation rates in the municipalities dropped due to merging difficulties were not significantly and systematically different from municipalities that were retained.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Table 5 column (5), the baseline model controlling only for extent of deforestation shows deforestation is positive and statistically significant.

    “In column (5) we present the baseline model controlling only for extent of deforestation, which is positive and statistically significant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The INPE change-in-deforestation data can be matched sufficiently well to the main INPE data set.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The distribution of 1995 MCA deforestation derived from merging is strongly correlated with the actual distribution across MCAs of deforestation in 1991.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Deforestation rates in the municipalities dropped due to merging difficulties were not significantly and systematically different from municipalities that were retained.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Table 4 column (4), neither the G2 nor G3 dummies are statistically different from zero.

    “while neither the G2 nor G3 dummies are statistically different from zero.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Municipalities in Amazonas have fallen behind as large numbers of poor internal migrants moved to the region, while the relative poverty of Maranhão remained virtually stagnant over the entire period.

    “Thus while municipalities in Amazonas have fallen behind as large numbers of poor internal migrants have moved to the region, the relative poverty of Maranhão has remained virtually stagnant over the entire period.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    None of the identified candidate municipalities have any significant degree of clearing; the highest is 7% of area deforested.

    “we find none of the identified municipalities have any significant degree of clearing (the highest is 7% of area deforested).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The average percentile rank of municipalities in Maranhão remained consistently high for poverty rates and near the bottom for median household income.

    “At the same time, the average percentile rank of municipalities in Maranhão have remained consistently high for poverty rates (e.g.near the top of the distribution) and near the bottom for median household income (e.g.near the bottom of the distribution).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Table 4 column (2), the coefficient on the post-frontier group (G3) is positive and significant, contrary to any 'bust' in human development.

    “the coefficient on the post-frontier group (G3) is positive and significant, contrary to any 'bust' in human development.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Table 4 column (1), the lagged HDI term is negative and highly statistically significant, indicating a strong tendency towards convergence.

    “The lagged HDI term is negative and highly statistically significant, indicating a strong tendency towards convergence”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Table 5 column (6), controlling for the square of deforestation, the squared term is positive and significant, contrary to the boom-bust prediction.

    “In column (6) we additionally control for the square of deforestation, but contrary to the boom-bust prediction we find the squared term to be positive and significant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The INPE change-in-deforestation data can be matched sufficiently well to the main INPE data set.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The distribution of 1995 MCA deforestation derived from merging is strongly correlated with the actual distribution across MCAs of deforestation in 1991.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Deforestation rates in the municipalities dropped due to merging difficulties were not significantly and systematically different from municipalities that were retained.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The paper cannot say what the underlying drivers of human well-being are, beyond that they display a tendency towards convergence, or even if deforestation is one of them.

    “we cannot say what the underlying drivers of human well-being are (beyond that they display a tendency towards convergence), or even if deforestation is one of them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The boom-bust idea has recently seen some empirical support in cross-sectional analyses, while longitudinal case studies have repeatedly failed to find evidence of post-clearing 'busts.'

    “While this idea has recently seen some empirical support in cross-sectional analyses, longitudinal case studies have repeatedly failed to find evidence of post-clearing 'busts.'”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    The rate of increase in human well-being is a function of both convergence dynamics and a host of other causal factors not analyzed in the paper.

    “the rate of this increase is a function of both convergence dynamics and a host of other causal factors that we have not analyzed here.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The deep, generalized, persistent poverty of Maranhão is arguably more related to the secular history of colonization in Northeast Brazil than to any particular development path within Amazonia.

    “whose deep, generalized, and persistent poverty is arguably a phenomenon that has more to do with the secular history of colonization in the Northeast region of Brazil than it does with any particular development path within Amazonia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although none of the identified longitudinal case study analyses show evidence of boom-bust patterns, this evidence by itself cannot rule out the possibility that the inverted-U pattern occurred elsewhere.

    “Furthermore, while none of the longitudinal case study analyses we identified show evidence of boom-bust patterns, neither can this evidence by itself rule out the possibility that this inverted-U pattern could have occurred elsewhere ('absence of evidence is not evidence of absence').”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    There is no sign of a bust in Maranhão because there was never any height to fall from, as its municipalities have persistently ranked near the bottom in human development.

    “In other words, there is no sign of a 'bust' in Maranhão -there was never any height to fall from as the municipalities have persistently ranked near the bottom in human development.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Hausman tests reject random effects estimation (p<0.001), so a fixed effects functional form is adopted.

    “Hausman tests reject random effects (RE) estimation (p<0.001)so a fixed effects (FE) functional form is adopted.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    By controlling for MCA fixed effects, the analysis captures all time-invariant characteristics of each MCA and ensures that only the relationship between HDI and deforestation within MCAs over time is observed.

    “By controlling for MCA fixed effects we capture all time- invariant characteristics of each MCA and ensure that we observe only the relationship between HDI and deforestation within MCA's over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The lack of any evidence of busts among local-level studies is remarkable and would be unusual if boom-bust were as widespread as cross-sectional studies suggest.

    “Furthermore, the lack of any evidence of 'busts' among studies conducted at the local level is remarkable, and would be quite unusual if in fact it were as much of a widespread phenomenon as the cross sectional studies seem to suggest.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The analysis should be cautious because boom and bust may have occurred with a different enough periodicity that it cannot be detected, and busts occurring after 2000 will not be detected.

    “Of course, we should exercise caution as the boom and bust may have occurred with a different enough periodicity that we cannot detect it, and we will not detect 'busts' that occurred post-2000.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The Brazilian Amazon is a highly heterogeneous area with several distinct regions, each with its own history and unique economic, geographic, and climatic characteristics.

    “The Brazilian Amazon, however, is a highly heterogeneous area with several distinct regions, each with their own history and unique economic, geographic, and climactic characteristics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    If a boom-bust pattern exists, it should manifest as a negative coefficient estimate on the squared deforestation variable.

    “If a boombust pattern exists, it should manifest as a negative coefficient estimate on the squared deforestation variable, b2 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The boom-bust hypothesis predicts that HDI would increase faster in pre-frontier municipalities (G1) and either decrease or increase more slowly in post-frontier municipalities (G3).

    “the boom-bust hypothesis would unambiguously predict that HDI would increase faster in municipalities in the prefrontier category (G1), and either decrease (for strong boom-bust) or increase more slowly (for a weaker boom-bust effect) in the post-frontier (G3) municipalities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If the 'boom and bust' hypothesis were true, it would imply that settlements would need to continually expand into previously uncleared regions in an ultimately futile effort to sustain economic progress.

    “If the 'boom and bust' hypothesis were true, it would imply that settlements would need to continually expand into previously uncleared regions in an (ultimately futile) effort to sustain economic progress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If human wellbeing can continue to improve even after a region has experienced significant settlement and land clearing, as the paper's analysis suggests, there is less pressure to open up new virgin forests and it should be easier to protect and preserve these ecologically valuable areas.

    “if human wellbeing can continue to improve even after a region has experienced significant settlement and land clearing, as our analysis suggests, there is less pressure to open up new virgin forests and it should be easier to protect and preserve these ecologically valuable areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Boom-bust theory predicts no boom-bust pattern in pre-frontier MCAs, perhaps a pattern in intermediate-stage MCAs, and an inverted-U effect most likely and most pronounced in post-frontier MCAs.

    “Boom-bust theory would predict that we would not observe a boom-bust pattern in those MCAs that were pre-frontier in 2000, but perhaps in those that were in intermediate stages, and that an inverted-U effect would be most likely and most pronounced in the post-frontier MCAs”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Post-frontier municipalities are the municipalities most likely to be experiencing the 'bust' phase and the regions most likely to display a boom-bust pattern, if one exists.

    “These are the municipalities that are most likely to be experiencing the 'bust' phase”
    • Also stated in: § 4.3. Time series analysis using merged INPE deforestation and UNDP HDI panel data · hedged
      “These are the regions most likely to display a boom-bust pattern, if one exists.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
35 of 35

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    All municipalities in the Rodrigues et al. sample are following the same dynamic path, so post-frontier regions are good proxies for the future of pre-frontier areas and transition municipalities are good proxies for both the future of pre-frontier areas and the past of post-frontier regions.

    “In other words, we need to assume that all municipalities in this sample are following the same dynamic path.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    If boom-bust patterns exist, at least some Amazonian areas that boomed in the early settlement years should have experienced a bust by 2000.

    “However, as settlement has been progressing apace since the 1970's in the Amazon, at least some of those areas that originally boomed in the early years should have experienced their 'bust' by 2000 -in fact this is a key assumption of the previous cross sectional studies that found 'boom-bust' patterns.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The INPE change-in-deforestation data can be matched sufficiently well to the main INPE data set.

    “(1) that we have been able to match the INPE change-in-deforestation data sufficiently well to the main INPE data set”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The distribution of 1995 MCA deforestation derived from merging is strongly correlated with the actual distribution across MCAs of deforestation in 1991.

    “(2) that the distribution of 1995 MCA deforestation deri ved from this merging is strongly correlated with the actual distribution across MCAs of deforestation in 1991”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Deforestation rates in the municipalities dropped due to merging difficulties were not significantly and systematically different from municipalities that were retained.

    “that (c) deforestation rates in the municipalities that we dropped due to merging difficulties was not significantly and systematically different from municipalities that we retained.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

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Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting counts of MCAs with 1991 data

    Minor

    The text repeatedly states that the 1991 sample contains 306 MCAs, but Table 2 lists 304. Table 5's total of 1,198 observations is also consistent with 304 in 1991 and 447 in each of 2000 and 2010, rather than 306 in 1991.

1 of 1

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Authors
Weinhold, D., Reis, E. J., & Vale, P. M.
Affiliations
  • London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
  • Institute of Applied Economic Research (BR)
  • Ministry of Education (BR)
Corresponding author
Weinhold, Diana
ORCID
Venue
Global Environmental Change
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-11
Volume
35
Pages
391-399
ISSN
0959-3780 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.09.013
OpenAlex
W2194229137
Cited by
41
References
18
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3
FWCI
2.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Global Environmental Change (publishedVersion)
  • London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
  • London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • LSE Research Online Documents on Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
Keywords
deforestation, Human Development Index, Amazon basin, spatial autocorrelation, inverted U-shaped relationship, socio-economic development, Amazonas, Maranhão, panel data

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