The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lithium battery reusing and recycling: A circular economy insight
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Driven by the rapid uptake of battery electric vehicles, Li-ion power batteries are increasingly reused in stationary energy storage systems, and eventually recycled to recover all the valued components. Offering an updated global perspective, this study provides a circular economy insight on lithium-ion battery reuse and recycling.
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![Fig. 1 Amsterdam's “Johan Cruyff Arena” multipurpose stadium. [Photo courtesy of Eaton].](/paper-figures/28fb31381a6f46dfa4cc3c00706313b9/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-1.jpg)
![Fig. 2 Racks with part of the 2.8MWh energy storage system at the “Johan Cruyff Arena”. [Photo courtesy of Eaton].](/paper-figures/403062c9d9d546bb8373fc026e668f02/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-2.jpg)
![Fig. 3 Simplified pretreatment process of spent LIBs based on citric aicd/hydrogen peroxide oxidative leaching of Co and Li: (A) manual dismantling; (B) peeling off Al/Cu foils and recycling of Al and Cu (top); and circulatory leaching experiments under the optimized conditions using citric acid and H2O2 (bottom). [Reproduced with permission from Ref.21, Copyright American Chemical Society].](/paper-figures/fb6633e5f0864d848d60599e94a953e1/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-3.jpg)
![Fig. 4 Flowsheet of the method for treating entire spent LiFePO4 batteries using aqueous sodium persulfate under neutral conditions for Li leaching. [Reproduced with permission from Ref.22, Copyright American Chemical Society].](/paper-figures/5eb55dd00ba54fcfabc55266e6436833/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-4.jpg)
![Fig. 5 The automatic control system of GEM power battery precursor material production line. [Photo courtesy of GEM Co., kindly reproduced from gem.com.cn].](/paper-figures/a1ea47b3042148e18ab7eb85deb6facf/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-5.jpg)
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“Furthermore, seven of the components (cobalt, lithium, copper, graphite, nickel, aluminum, and manganese) have been reported to comprise >90% of the economic value of a spent lithium-ion battery: Co (39%) and Li (16%, as LCE equivalent) followed by Cu (12%), graphite (10%), Ni (9%), Al (5%), and Mn(2%) [56].”
From Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
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Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries
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Gao, Y., Jiang, J., Zhang, C., Zhang, W., Ma, Z., & Jiang, Y. (2017) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.04.084 · Cited by 398
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Quantifying EV battery end-of-life through analysis of travel needs with vehicle powertrain models
Saxena, S., Le Floch, C., MacDonald, J., & Moura, S. (2015) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.072 · Cited by 363
Sustainable Recovery of Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Green Process
Chen, X., Luo, C., Zhang, J., Kong, J., & Zhou, T. (2015) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01000 · Cited by 349
Citric acid: emerging applications of key biotechnology industrial product
Ciriminna, R., Meneguzzo, F., Delisi, R., & Pagliaro, M. (2017) · Chemistry Central Journal · doi:10.1186/s13065-017-0251-y · Cited by 311
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Guimarães, L. F., Vaccari, M., Botelho, A. B., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2026) · The minerals, metals & materials series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13596-4_14
Nield, L., Jackson, C., Tarpani, R. R. Z., Story, M., Nuovo, A. G. D., & Fowler‐Davis, S. (2026) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06892-8
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Owino, J. O. (2026) · Pan-African journal of education and social sciences · doi:10.56893/pajes2025v06i03.03
Systemic challenges shaping the sustainable development of Indonesia’s second-life battery market
Kristiningrum, E., Nurcahyo, R., Sumaedi, S., & Prabuwono, A. S. (2026) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-026-03402-7
Li, M., Liu, Y., & Li, J. (2026) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2026.109374
Advanced Approach for State-of-Charge Estimation Accounting for Battery Aging
Choi, W., Son, Y., & Kwon, J. (2026) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries12050182
Environmental Impacts and Costs of Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling
Chinda, T., & Chayutthanabun, A. (2026) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-92-2389-3_14
Barros, T. V., Camacho, F. P., Huarca, G. O. S., Gimenes, M. L., de Oliveira, J. A., Aranha, A. C. R., Data, A., Pramanik, B. K., Fan, L., Jegatheesan, V., et al. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16136395
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Chen, Z., Sarkis, J., & Yıldızbaşı, A. (2026) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2026.2695697
LinTing, X., Zhang, Z., Trang, N. T. Q., & Matsubae, K. (2026) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.109070
Data-driven end-of-life management of lithium-ion batteries for circular economy applications
Abiag, A., Amirnia, A., Bushehri, A. S., & Keivanpour, S. (2026) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2026.105215
Precision Recycling of Spent Cathode Materials: From Degradation Mechanisms to Recycling Strategies
Liu, H., Chen, L., Dong, J., Tang, R., Jin, Y. Z., Meng, X., Ren, Y., Wei, Y., Yang, H., Lu, Y., et al. (2026) · Environmental chemistry and safety · doi:10.26599/ecs.2026.9600053
Kumar, P., & Awasthi, M. (2026) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-026-01053-4
Thorne, R. J., Andreassen, G. L., & Sundvor, I. (2026) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2026.104377
Carrera, R., Quiróz, L., Arias, X., Gavilánez, V., Zambrano, D., & Quiroz, J. (2026) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj17090442
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Huang, J., He, M., Huang, Q., Fang, Y., Liu, Q., 周祖德, Song, H., & Ao, X. (2026) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2026.02.191
Gomółka, K., & Kasprzak, P. (2026) · Economics and Environment · doi:10.34659/eis.2026.98.3.1473
Metadata
- Authors
- Pagliaro, M., & Meneguzzo, F.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (IT)
- Istituto di Biometeorologia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Pagliaro, Mario
- Venue
- Heliyon
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e01866
- ISSN
- 2405-8440 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6582158
- OpenAlex
- W2951116083
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 3.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Heliyon (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Battery Modeling and Management
- Keywords
- lithium-ion batteries, battery reuse, battery recycling, circular economy, battery electric vehicles, stationary energy storage, valuable component recovery
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