The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Impacts of autonomy-supportive versus controlling instructional language on motor learning
Abstract
The authors examined the influence of autonomy-supportive (ASL), controlling (CL), and neutral instructional language (NL) on motor skill learning (cricket bowling action). Prior to and several times during the practice phase, participants watched the same video demonstration of the bowling action but with different voice-over instructions. The instructions were designed to provide the same technical information but to vary in terms of the degree of choice performers would perceive when executing the task. In addition to measurements of throwing accuracy (i.e., deviation from the target), perceived choice, self-efficacy, and positive and negative affect were assessed at the end of the practice phase and after a retention test without demonstrations and instructions on Day 2. ASL resulted in perceptions of greater choice, higher self-efficacy, and more positive affect during practice than CL, and enhanced learning as demonstrated by retention test performance. Thus, granting learners autonomy appeared to endow them with confidence in their ability, diminished needs for control of negative emotional responses, and created more positive affect, which may help consolidate motor memories.
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“As shown in Figure 4a, throwing accuracy during both practice and retention was higher for the group that received autonomy-supportive rather than controlling language instructions during practice.”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Hooyman et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“The way in which task instructions are worded-that is, whether the language is autonomy-supportive or controlling-has been shown to influence motor learning (Hooyman, Wulf, & Lewthwaite, 2014), perhaps through the down-regulatory effect of cortisol on the brain's reward circuitry (Montoya, Bos, Terburg, Rosenberger, & van Honk, 2014).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Hooyman, Wulf, & Lewthwaite, 2014
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, self-efficacy can also be increased by autonomy-supportive relative to controlling task instructions (Hooyman et al., 2014, Reeve & Tseng, 2011).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Hooyman et al., 2014
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationBorn to choose: the origins and value of the need for control
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Muynck, G. D., Vansteenkiste, M., Delrue, J., Aelterman, N., Soenens, B., & Haerens, L. L. (2015) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)
Difficulty and Deviation. High Task Failure Encourages Alternative Approaches to Learning
Bright, D., Smith, J., Kearney, P. E., & Runswick, O. R. (2026) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2026.2710702
Maggio, J., Salon, H., & Hershberg, J. (2026) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000583
Metadata
- Authors
- Hooyman, A., Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wulf, Gabriele
- Venue
- Human Movement Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 36
- Pages
- 190-198
- ISSN
- 0167-9457 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043975781
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 11.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Movement Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
- Keywords
- language of instruction, motor skill learning, cricket bowling, throwing accuracy, self-efficacy, positive affect, negative affect, perceived choice, retention of motor learning, motor memory consolidation, video demonstration
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Biomechanical Phenomena, Choice Behavior, Communication, Equipment Design, Female, Humans, Language, Learning, Male, Memory, Motor Skills, Perception, Retention, Psychology, Reward, Sports, Athletic Performance, Young Adult
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