DeepThInk: Designing and probing human-AI co-creation in digital art therapy
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The benefits of expressive arts therapy have been evident across people of all ages.
“Its benefits have been evident across people of all ages [30, 100].”
From "When He Feels Cold, He Goes to the Seahorse"—Blending Generative AI into Multimaterial Storymaking for Family Expressive Arts Therapy (2024) · cites this paper as [30]
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414 · see citing works
Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition
Simonyan, K., & Zisserman, A. (2014) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1409.1556 · Cited by 74,248 · see citing works
A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks
Karras, T., Laine, S., & Aila, T. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00453 · Cited by 11,714 · see citing works
Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolution
Johnson, J., Alahi, A., & Fei-Fei, L. (2016) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46475-6_43 · Cited by 11,283 · see citing works
SUS: A 'Quick and Dirty' Usability Scale
(1996) · Usability Evaluation In Industry · doi:10.1201/9781498710411-35 · Cited by 8,989 · see citing works
High-Resolution Image Synthesis and Semantic Manipulation with Conditional GANs
Wang, T.-C., Liu, M.-Y., Zhu, J.-Y., Tao, A., Kautz, J., & Catanzaro, B. (2018) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00917 · Cited by 4,514 · see citing works
Instance Normalization: The Missing Ingredient for Fast StylizationPreprint
Ulyanov, D., Vedaldi, A., & Lempitsky, V. (2016) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1607.08022 · Cited by 4,239 · see citing works
Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesis
Brock, A., Donahue, J., & Simonyan, K. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1809.11096 · Cited by 3,717 · see citing works
Diffusion Models Beat GANs on Image Synthesis
Dhariwal, P., & Nichol, A. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.05233 · Cited by 3,362 · see citing works
Semantic Image Synthesis With Spatially-Adaptive Normalization
Park, T., Liu, M.-Y., Wang, T.-C., & Zhu, J.-Y. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00244 · Cited by 2,974 · see citing works
Guidelines for Human-AI Interaction
Amershi, S., Weld, D., Vorvoreanu, M., Fourney, A., Nushi, B., Collisson, P., Suh, J., Iqbal, S., Bennett, P. N., Inkpen, K., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300233 · Cited by 2,439 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
(2021) · doi:10.1145/3411764 · Cited by 1,240 · see citing works
Design Guidelines for Prompt Engineering Text-to-Image Generative Models
Liu, V., & Chilton, L. B. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501825 · Cited by 639 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2021), we chose this approach to reduce the text involvement in the art-making process, compared with other text-based generative art approaches (Dhariwal and Nichol, 2021; Oppenlaender, 2022; Liu and Chilton, 2022).”
MethodRe-examining Whether, Why, and How Human-AI Interaction Is Uniquely Difficult to Design
Yang, Q., Steinfeld, A., Rosé, C., & Zimmerman, J. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376301 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
A Neural Representation of Sketch DrawingsPreprint
Ha, D., & Eck, D. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1704.03477 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Outcome Studies on the Efficacy of Art Therapy: A Review of Findings
Slayton, S. C., D’Archer, J., & Kaplan, F. F. (2010) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2010.10129660 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Lusebrink, V. B. (2004) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2004.10129496 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Agency plus automation: Designing artificial intelligence into interactive systems
Heer, J. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1807184115 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Novice-AI Music Co-Creation via AI-Steering Tools for Deep Generative Models
Louie, R., Coenen, A., Huang, C. Z., Terry, M., & Cai, C. J. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376739 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Kitamura, Y., Kitamura, Y., Quigley, A., Isbister, K., Igarashi, T., Japan, C. '. C. C. O. H. F. I. C. S. 2. Y., Association for Computing Machinery-Digital Library, ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction, & SIGs, A. (2021) · doi:10.1145/3411763 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference
(2019) · doi:10.1145/3322276 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Investigating How Experienced UX Designers Effectively Work with Machine Learning
Yang, Q., Scuito, A., Zimmerman, J., Forlizzi, J., & Steinfeld, A. M. (2018) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3196709.3196730 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Expressive Therapies Continuum: A Framework for Using Art in Therapy
Hinz, L. D. (2009) · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The expressive therapies continuum
Kagin, S. L., & Lusebrink, V. B. (1978) · Art Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/0090-9092(78)90031-5 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Art Therapy: A Complementary Treatment for Mental Disorders
Hu, J., Zhang, J., Hu, L., Yu, H., & Xu, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686005 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Art Therapy With Adult Clients in 2018—What Progress Has Been Made?
Regev, D., & Cohen-Yatziv, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01531 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Art therapy for people with dementia
Deshmukh, S. R., Holmes, J., & Cardno, A. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011073.pub2 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Chapman, L., Morabito, D. J., Ladakakos, C. A., Schreier, H. A., & Knudson, M. M. (2001) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2001.10129750 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationDavis, N., Hsiao, C.-P., Yashraj Singh, K., Li, L., & Magerko, B. (2016) · Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/2856767.2856795 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Art Therapy in the Digital World: An Integrative Review of Current Practice and Future Directions
Zubala, A., Kennell, N., & Hackett, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600070 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Lusebrink, V. B. (2010) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2010.10129380 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Mapping Machine Learning Advances from HCI Research to Reveal Starting Places for Design Innovation
Yang, Q., Banović, N., & Zimmerman, J. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173704 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems
(2016) · doi:10.1145/2901790 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Approaches to Art Therapy: Theory and Technique
Campanelli, M. (1988) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.1988.10758836 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Art therapy assessments and rating instruments: Do they measure up?
Betts, D. J. (2006) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2006.08.001 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Nan, J. K.-M., & Ho, R. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.013 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Human figure drawing in adults: An update of the empirical evidence, 1967–1982.
Kahill, S. (1984) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/h0080846 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Levy, C. E., Spooner, H., Lee, J. B., Sonke, J. K., Myers, K., & Snow, E. (2017) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2017.08.010 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale: A Measurement System for Global Variables in Art
Gantt, L. M., & Anderson, F. E. (2009) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2009.10129372 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Human-Computer Co-Creativity: Blending Human and Computational Creativity
Davis, N. M. (2013) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment · doi:10.1609/aiide.v9i6.12603 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The Expressive Therapies Continuum (ETC): Interdisciplinary bases of the ETC
Lusebrink, V. B., Mārtinsone, K., & Dzilna-Šilova, I. (2013) · International Journal of Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/17454832.2012.713370 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abbing, A., Baars, E. W., de Sonneville, L., Ponstein, A. S., & Swaab, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01203 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Riley, S. (2001) · Western Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1136/ewjm.175.1.54 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
23rd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
(2018) · doi:10.1145/3172944 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Art therapy in the time of COVID-19.
Braus, M., & Morton, B. M. (2020) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000746 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Art Therapy in Pandemics: Lessons for COVID-19
Potash, J. S., Kalmanowitz, D. L., Fung, I., Anand, S. A., & Miller, G. M. (2020) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2020.1754047 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The Tears Make Me Paint: The Role of Responsive Artmaking in Adolescent Art Therapy
Moon, B. L. (1999) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.1999.10129671 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
SmartPaint: a co-creative drawing system based on generative adversarial networks
Sun, L., Chen, P., Xiang, W., Chen, P., Gao, W.-Y., & Zhang, K.-J. (2019) · Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering · doi:10.1631/fitee.1900386 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Technology use in art therapy practice: 2004 and 2011 comparison
Orr, P. P. (2012) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2012.03.010 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Directive and non-directive approaches in art therapy
McNeilly, G. (1983) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/0197-4556(83)90021-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A systems oriented approach to the expressive therapies: The expressive therapies continuum
Lusebrink, V. B. (1991) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/0197-4556(91)90051-b · Cited by 41 · see citing works
An exploration of the qualities and features of art apps for art therapy
Choe, S. “. (2014) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2014.01.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cognitive and Symbolic Aspects of Art Therapy and Similarities With Large Scale Brain Networks
Lusebrink, V. B., & Hinz, L. D. (2019) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2019.1691869 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
CHI 98 Conference Summary on Human Factors in Computing Systems
(1998) · doi:10.1145/286498 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Imagery and visual expression in therapy
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-4798 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
An Art Therapy Solution to a Telehealth Problem
Collie, K., & Čubranić, D. (1999) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.1999.10129481 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Proceedings of the 2019 on Creativity and Cognition
(2019) · doi:10.1145/3325480 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Usability assessment of a mobile app for art therapy
Mattson, D. C. (2015) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2015.02.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Co-Creative Drawing Agent with Object Recognition
Davis, N. M., Hsiao, C.-P., Singh, K. Y., & Magerko, B. S. (2016) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment · doi:10.1609/aiide.v12i1.12863 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pénzes, I., van Hooren, S., Dokter, D., & Hutschemaekers, G. J. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01611 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Drawings in Assessment and Psychotherapy
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203110171 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Technology Training for Future Art Therapists: Is There a Need?
Orr, P. P. (2006) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2006.10129329 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Online art therapy groups for young adults with cancer
Collie, K., Hankinson, S. P., Norton, M., Dunlop, C., Mooney, M., Miller, G. M., & Giese‐Davis, J. (2016) · Arts & Health · doi:10.1080/17533015.2015.1121882 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Art Therapists' Emotional Reactions to the Demands of Technology
Asawa, P. (2009) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2009.10129743 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Computer-Supported Distance Art Therapy: A Focus on Traumatic Illness
Collie, K., & Čubranić, D. (2002) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1300/j017v20n01_12 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Evaluation of projective drawings.
Knoff, H. M. (2003) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Jalambadani, Z. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_215_18 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Troncone, A., Chianese, A., Leva, A. D., Grasso, M., & Cascella, C. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01058-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Art Therapy and Emotion Regulation Problems: Theory and Workbook
Haeyen, S. (2018) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Child art psychotherapy in CAMHS: Which cases are referred and which cases drop out?
Saba, L., Byrne, A., & Mulligan, A. (2016) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3509-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yang, Q. (2021) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3411763.3457783 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Computer support for distance art therapy
Čubranić, D., Booth, K. S., & Collie, K. (1998) · doi:10.1145/286498.286758 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Betts, D. J., & Groth‐Marnat, G. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203110171-24 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Art Therapy-Projective Imagery Assessment
Deaver, S. P., & Bernier, M. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203110171-15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Art therapy with individual clients
Case, C., & Dalley, T. (2014) · doi:10.4324/9781315779799.ch6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Historical Perspectives: Figure Drawings
Handler, L. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203110171-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 83 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Paradox of Artificial Creativity: Challenges and Opportunities of Generative AI Artistry
Garcia, M. B. (2024) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2024.2354622 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Considering the rapid advancements in AI technologies, Du et al. (2024) asserted that integrating AI techniques represents a promising way to expand the expressive qualities of digital art-making systems.”
Lyu, Y., Liu, D., An, P., Tong, X., Zhang, H., Katsuragawa, K., & Zhao, J. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3699738 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, D., Zhou, H., & An, P. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642852 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationInsights From Art Therapists on Using AI-Generated Art in Art Therapy: Mixed Methods Study
Shojaei, F., Shojaei, F., Torres, J. O., & Shih, P. C. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/63038 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wan, Q., Feng, X., Bei, Y., Gao, Z., & Lu, Z. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642410 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The device of metaphor creation in our system might also enrich existing personal informatics tools.”
BackgroundUnderstanding Human-AI Collaboration in Music Therapy Through Co-Design with Therapists
Sun, J., Yang, J., Zhou, G., Jin, Y., & Gong, J. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642764 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Designing Interactions with Generative AI for Art and Creativity: A Systematic Review and Taxonomy
Hu, X., Xing, Y., Cai, X., Zhao, Y., Cook, M. L., Borgo, R., & Neate, T. (2025) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3715336.3735843 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Studying Self-Care with Generative AI Tools: Lessons for Design
Capel, T., Ploderer, B., Birčanin, F., Hanmer, S., Yates, J. P., Wang, J., Khor, K. L., Leong, T. W., Wadley, G., & Newcomb, M. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3661614 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zubala, A., Pease, A., Lyszkiewicz, K., & Hackett, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1548396 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…research and detailed analysis, resulting in a significant contribution to knowledge beyond a singular study (e.g., Cooney and Menezes, 2018; Du et al., 2024), other papers focused very specifically on a single point in time or a specific product (e.g., AlSadoun et al., 2020; Yoo et al.,…”
InfluentialChoudhury, M., Eisenbart, B., & Kuys, B. (2025) · Proceedings of the Design Society · doi:10.1017/pds.2025.10077 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Likewise, the AI tool ‘ DeepThink ’ can support producing digital art with increased creativity and expressivity through the human-AI co-creative process (Du et al., 2024).”
Emerging AI individualism: how young people integrate social AI into everyday life
Brandtzæg, P. B., Følstad, A., & Skjuve, M. B. (2025) · Communication and Change · doi:10.1007/s44382-025-00011-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
van den Broek, S., Sankaran, S., de Wit, J., & de Rooij, A. (2024) · Participatory Design Conference · doi:10.1145/3661455.3669868 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“For example, if participants cannot realize their envisioned image using generative AI models, this can impede their creative process [56, 74], cause frustration [19, 68] or yield results misaligned with their intentions [36, 68].”
Carik, B., Izaac, V. V., Ding, X., Scarpa, A., & Rho, E. H. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714287 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Integration of AI-driven features, such as music generation, tone transfer, and transforming sketches into realistic images or artistic styles, expand the potential of these therapeutic methods [32, 112].”
He, Y., & Zhang, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-14164-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Amin, D., Salminen, J. O., Jansen, B. J. J., Shin, J., & Kim, D. H. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2025.103657 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Personas are a user-centered design (UCD) technique that represents archetypal characteristics of target user groups in a humanized manner.”
InfluentialPerspectives for Generative AI-Assisted Art Therapy for Melanoma Patients
Jütte, L., Wang, N., Steven, M., & Roth, B. (2024) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai5030080 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bui, H. T., Filimonau, V., & Sezerel, H. (2025) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2025.101392 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Li, F., Su, H., Lee, C., Feng, S., Jiang, Z., & Sun, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2446511 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Clustering Group 1: Group 2: Group 3: …”
Fostering adolescent engagement in generative AI art therapy: a dual SEM-ANN analysis of emotional
Peng, X., Qian, Y. H., & Bao, Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1628471 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Its efficacy has been especially evident in contexts such as school-based mental health programs and the management of developmental disorders (An and Li, 2024; Kapitan, 2009; Saladino, 2023).”
InfluentialSońta-Drączkowska, E., Cichosz, M., Klimas, P., & Pilewicz, T. (2024) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2024.07.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
LumaDreams: Designing Positive Dream Meaning-Making for Daily Empowerment
Lyu, B., Li, Z., An, P., & Andrés, J. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713495 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“(3) A self-constructed application-specific functionality questionnaire inspired by previous studies [3, 20].”
Self-citationBreckner, K., Neumayr, T., Mara, M., Streit, M., & Augstein, M. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2482742 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, X., Tian, R., Zeng, Q., Tu, C., Zhang, S., Yi, X., Li, H., & Rau, P. P. (2024) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3678884.3681843 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Liu, D., Bai, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., & An, P. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3749497 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationDreamDirector: Designing a Generative AI System to Aid Therapists in Treating Clients' Nightmares
Zhao, Y., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Cai, X., ZHOU, X. ‐., Yan, Y., Jin, K., Ding, S., Shao, Y., Cao, J., et al. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3708359.3712078 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhang, A., Lin, R., Luo, X., Li, H., & Huang, G. (2024) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2024.2442100 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Chen, P., Yang, J., Wu, Y., Jiang, Z., Xie, X., You, W., & Sun, L. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713528 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Zhou, Y., Louie, R., Kim, T., Guo, Q., Li, S., & Peng, Z. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3711031 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lu, S.-Y., & Li, Q. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2518331 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“VR has also showed promise in lowering stress and improving cognitive skills, notably in neuro rehabilitation settings (Andrunyk et al., 2023; De Giorgi et al., 2023; Du et al., 2024; Maples-Keller et al., 2017).”
Enhancing Youth Engagement in Intangible Cultural Heritage through Human-GenAI Co-Creation
Chai, Y., Liu, Z., Li, S., Yue, X., Zhou, Z., & Duh, H. B. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2554298 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The design of a collaborative drawing system for the young novices necessitates a clearly defined role in the human-GenAI co-creation process (Du et al., 2024).”
General Research Perspectives with Human Spirit in Wider Range for Current Art Therapy
Nishikiori, Y., Bando, M., Yoshioka, A., & Bando, H. (2025) · Journal of Health Care and Research · doi:10.36502/2025/hcr.6242 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Toward emotional mediation: generative AI in art therapy for psychosocial health support
Shi, Z., & Yin, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1690119 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
An, S., & Li, Q. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61546-7_1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lee, J.-K., Chae, S., Yang, E., & Hong, S. W. (2024) · Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering · doi:10.1080/13467581.2024.2389163 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In the field of architecture, research efforts have been directed towards enhancing solutions and quality with GANs (Karras, Laine, and Aila 2019; W. Liao et al. 2022), as well as exploring the application of digital technology in art therapy (Du et al. 2024).”
Unveiling the Transformative Potential of AI-Generated Imagery in Enriching Mental Health Research
Milasan, L. H. (2024) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323241274767 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“However, digital technologies for art-therapy have been criticized for being limited in what concerns the creative interface and capabilities that hinder users ’ ability to fully bene fi t from the therapeutic process (Du et al., 2024).”
Emerging AI Individualism: how young people integrate social AI into everyday lifePreprint
Brandtzæg, P. B., Skjuve, M. B., & Følstad, A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4836120 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wu, C., Kumar, I. K., & Picard, R. W. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3719869 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Some work has looked at using non-chatbot interfaces to help individuals visually express their emotions, finding promise in digital collage-like systems [32, 34], digital drawings/paintings [18, 49], emojis [9], and other pre-created or AI-generated pic-tograms [46, 57].”
SandTouch: Empowering Virtual Sand Art in VR with AI Guidance and Emotional Relief
Liu, L., Ren, J., Fan, Z., Li, C., He, G., Wang, C., Gao, Y., & Li, C. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714275 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Immersive Ink-and-Wash Landscape Design in Multimedia for Art Therapy
Li, J., Guo, J., Hossain, M. S., & Yu, N. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications · doi:10.1145/3762998 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These findings correspond with those of Czamanski-Cohen & Weihs (2023) [34] and Du et al. (2024) [35] and, therefore, validate the results.”
AI-assisted drawing therapy for children with ADHD: A randomised controlled trial
Xu, J., Lin, R., Zhang, A., Chen, Q., Li, D., Chen, J., Song, M., Chen, S., Yang, B., Li, L., et al. (2025) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103262 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Design patterns of human-AI interfaces in healthcare
Sheng, R., Shi, C., Lotfi, S., Liu, S., Perer, A., Qu, H., & Cheng, F. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2026.103737 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This can be achieved through incorporating AI capability to forecast patients’ conditions, recommend treatments, and perform various other tasks [12, 16, 29, 36, 59, 62].”
Yoon, R.-M., Hong, H.-W., & Park, Y.-M. (2025) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2025.102381 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Xie, C. (2025) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2025.2492434 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Referring to Du et al. (2024), this study categorized interview data into four main themes (Figure 2): (1) lowering barriers to art-making; (2) Balancing digital media synergy with participant creativity; (3) multidimensional interactions between participants and digital media; and (4) synchronous…”
Ramalho, B., Vicente, M., Escobar, H., Gama, S. P., Diniz, J. A., Charisis, V. S., Hadjileontiadis, L. J., & Dias, S. B. (2024) · International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion (DSAI) · doi:10.1145/3696593.3696603 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In response to these needs, they developed ’DeepThink’, an AI-infused art tool designed to lower the threshold for art-making and facilitate self-expression for participants [8].”
Generative AI in Virtual Reality Communities: A Preliminary Analysis of the VRChat Discord Community
Zhang, H., Zha, S., Cai, J., Wohn, D. Y., & Carroll, J. M. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720120 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Context-AI Tunes: Context-Aware AI-Generated Music for Stress Reduction
Wei, X., Zhang, Z., Yue, Z., & Chen, H. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93418-6_22 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Examples of AI systems designed for therapy include DeepThInk, an AI-infused art creation system developed with art therapists to lower expertise barriers and enhance creativity [9].”
Between Control and Collaboration: Artistic Autonomy in AI-Generated Visual Artworks
Puadi, M. F., Hashim, M. E. A., & Albakry, N. S. (2025) · Semarak International Journal of Creative Art and Design · doi:10.37934/sijcad.4.1.111 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring the potentials and pitfalls of digital art therapy with adolescents
Krishnasamy, E., & Lith, T. V. (2025) · International Journal of Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/17454832.2025.2597198 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Human-AI Collaboration in Generating Graphical Museum Descriptions
Kim, J., Han, M., Kim, S., & Hong, J.-H. (2025) · Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1145/3786327 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Designing a Generative AI-Assisted Music Psychotherapy Tool for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Individuals
Choi, Y., Moon, J., Yoo, J., Kim, J. G., & Hong, J.-H. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791385 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For instance, [29] developed DeepThink to support visual art creation without requiring professional expertise.”
Wang, N., Liang, Z., Ren, X., Bu, L., Ge, S., Li, Z., & Shi, D. (2026) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2026.104025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Meditation Art Therapy: AIGC-Assisted Psychotherapy to Improve Anxiety in Retired People
Yu, Y., Shuai, Y., & Wan, R. (2024) · Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications · doi:10.3233/faia240063 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence - the technology that transcends our imagination
Apostol, C. (2024) · Competitiveness and Sustainable Development · doi:10.52326/csd2024.15 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“[14–16] Moreover, there are publications dedicated to artificial intelligence that specialize in specific aspects of the field.”
Exploring the Impacts of AI Technologies on Digital Collage Creation
Luo, Y., Wu, L., Huang, Y., Cai, W., & Jin, Y. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3719860 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Magyary, Á., Mészáros, N. Z., Szondy, M., Demetrovics, Z., & Zsila, Á. (2025) · Springer series on cultural computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86551-0_16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Remembering with Reminiscope: Codesigning with Generative AI for Reminiscence Among Older Adults
Zhu, L., Qi, R., Huang, S., & Li, X. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791390 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yoo, D., Lopez, D. E. M., Hu, X. D., Yip, J. C., & Davis, K. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790909 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, J., Kim, H., Wang, N., & Peng, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2026.1832169 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Deusdad, B. A., Djurdjevic, M., & Hall, K. A. E. (2024) · International Journal of Care and Caring · doi:10.1332/23978821y2024d000000036 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ma, H., Law, E. L., Sun, X. S., Yang, W., He, X., Lawson, G., Zheng, H., Wang, Q., Li, Q., & Yuan, X. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2025.103506 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Integrating Generative AI into Art Therapy: A Technical Showcase (Preprint)Preprint
Schmutz, Y. V., Kravchenko, T., Souissi, S. B., & Kurpicz-Briki, M. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.66328 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hai-Jew, S. (2024) · Advances in media, entertainment and the arts (AMEA) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1950-5.ch009
When AI Meets Art Therapy: Evaluating AI-Generated Art Through Art Therapists Insights (Preprint)Preprint
Shojaei, F., Shojaei, F., Torres, J. O., & Shih, P. C. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.63038
Development of Animated Drawings Based Presentation Authoring Tool for Creative Expression
Lee, D., Kim, T. H., Cho, S., & Jeong, Y. (2024) · The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education · doi:10.32431/kace.2024.27.3.012
Theoretical Perspectives of the Application of Digital Technologies in Music Therapy
Rucsanda, M. D., Karácsony, N., & Rucsanda, A. I. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83520-9_61
Zhu, Q., Bao, Q., Liang, N., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93418-6_8
Generative AI for Art Therapy Informed Visual Emotional Expression
Liu, J., You, X., Dillon, A. P., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.1465
“However, access to traditional art therapy remains inequitable, often requiring specialized therapists and materials that may be unavailable or unaffordable for low-resource communities (Du et al., 2024).”
Kellerwessel, K., Kovács, A., & Ujhelyi, A. (2026) · Exploration of Digital Health Technologies · doi:10.37349/edht.2026.101180
Yu, Y., & Zhu, J. (2026) · International Conference on Mechanical, Engineering, and Interaction Design (ICMEID) · doi:10.1117/12.3089094
Creative Attention: Detecting Creativity Stages Through Human Attention Dynamics
Kalateh, S., Farhadighalati, N., Estrada-Jimenez, L. A., Nikghadam-Hojjati, S., & Barata, J. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-15576-4_23
AI-ASSISTED ART THERAPY THROUGH DIGITAL PLATFORMS
Akhare, V. D., Mundada, K., Arivukkodi, R., Gupta, S., Patil, T. H., & Patil, B. K. (2026) · ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts · doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i1s.2026.7082
You, E., Seo, S., & Han, K. (2026) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2026.102440
Wang, W., Yang, Y., & Luan, Z. (2026) · Design for Augmented Humanity · doi:10.1177/29776481261427591
“Some research examines the potential of AI-infused digital art therapy and music therapy (Du et al., 2024; Sun et al., 2024).”
Qu, G. (2026) · International Journal of Information Technologies and Systems Approach · doi:10.4018/ijitsa.405416
Wang, N., Liu, Z., Yang, H., Chang, F., & Shen, B. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791812
ClayMind: Materializing the Ineffable through AI-Guided Tangible Art for Mental Wellness
Shi, Y., Xu, J., Shen, S., Liu, L., Liu, E., Song, H., Wu, T., Li, C., & Jia, X. (2026) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3772363.3798795
“While systems such as DeepThInk [9] demonstrate human–AI co-creation, most focus on two-dimensional or virtual media, leaving continuous AI support for physical, kinesthetic art therapy largely underexplored.”
An, S., Wu, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Jiang, M., Zhang, J., & Li, Q. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790993
“Furthermore, recent studies highlight the potential of AI-infused art systems to lower creative barriers, foster expression, and support mental health interventions [28, 64, 100].”
InfluentialEmoFlow: From Tracking to Sense-Making of Emotions Through Creative Drawing
Santosa, S. S., Wan, Q., Yu, J., & Luo, Y. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790819
“Third, computational support must remain secondary to the creator’s sense of agency, control, and ownership [2, 14, 60, 63].”
ASafePlace: User-Led Personalization of VR Relaxation via an Art Therapy Activity
Zhang, C., Yu, B., Wang, Y., Yuan, M., Wang, W., Je, S., & An, P. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790571
“Systems such as DeepThInk [32] show how generative AI can lower the threshold for art-making, expand expressive reper-toires, and support synchronous or asynchronous digital art therapy.”
Self-citationAn, S., Li, Y., & Li, Q. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2658258
A Multimodal Interactive System for Autobiographical Memory: AI-Assisted Reflection and Expression
Zhong, C., Yu, J., Wu, W., Wu, S., Shen, H., & Zhang, K. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-8256-3_2
Generative AI-Driven Digital Media Platforms for Interactive Art Communication
Ren, H. (2026) · International Conference on Generative Artificial Intelligence and Digital Media · doi:10.1145/3803730.3803742
Competencies of arts therapists for digital mental healthcare in adults: a scoping review
Kārkliņa, I., Ozola, A., Akmane, E., Znotiņa, I., de Moor, M. E. J., & Mārtinsone, K. (2026) · Arts & Health · doi:10.1080/17533015.2026.2682843
Li, Z., Wang, J., Jiang, P., Fei, B. J., Lin, C., & Zhou, C. (2026) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2026.2671191
MIRA: A Human-AI Co-Creation Agent for Self-reflection through Squiggle Game
Jin, Y., Wang, T., Qin, D. R., Zhou, Z., Bi, M., Hua, M., & Wang, P. (2026) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3800645.3813019
Therapeutic Twins for Creative Digital Mental Health: A Review Through a Trust-in-Automation Lens
Zhang, Y. Z., 岳改玲, & Zheng-ming, S. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2689526
Human–AI interaction data governance and personal health management: Analysis of the literature
Liu, X., & Shankar, K. (2026) · Data & Policy · doi:10.1017/dap.2026.10080
Zhou, Z. (2026) · International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Next-Gen Healthcare Systems (IEHNS) · doi:10.1109/iehns68708.2026.11606754
“Du et al. explored human-AI co-creation, showing how AI can reduce user intimidation and facilitate expression in digital art therapy [5].”
The Role of Interactive New‐Media Arts Applications in Managing Knowledge in the Public Domain
Ahmedien, D. A. M. (2026) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.70125
Artificial Intelligence and Consumer Well‐Being: A Cross‐Domain Systematic Review
Lytle, S., & Gopinath, M. (2026) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70251
Sun, Y., Yi, Z., Mao, J., Tang, M., Ma, X., Chen, R., Guo, Z., Tong, X., & Gu, N. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3817002
Wang, W., Zhao, H., Li, X., Wu, S., & Pan, Y. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3740513
Han, L., Qian, J., & Shi, X. (2026) · Art and Design Review · doi:10.4236/adr.2026.144014
Generative AI in Art Therapy for Clients with Disabilities: Multi-Case Study Research
Potash, J. S., Burkett, J., Cen, J., Chamblee, F., Jesus, C. D., Dilling, K., Greene, M., Manalastas, M., Sullivan, N., Tovcimak, S., et al. (2026) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2026.2712000
- Authors
- Du, X., An, P., Leung, J., Li, A., Chapman, L. E., & Zhao, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Jian
- Venue
- International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-01
- Volume
- 181
- Pages
- 103139
- ISSN
- 1071-5819 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4386282985
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 24
- FWCI
- 160.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (publishedVersion)
- UWSpace (University of Waterloo) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Conservation › Art Therapy and Mental Health
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design › Digital Media and Visual Art
- Keywords
- digital art therapy, human-AI co-creation, art therapy, creativity support, expressivity, design principles, user evaluation, expert review
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
