"When He Feels Cold, He Goes to the Seahorse"—Blending Generative AI into Multimaterial Storymaking for Family Expressive Arts Therapy

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Therapists in the context study considered that the rich variations of AI-generated images might enrich families' nonverbal expressions of ideas and feelings.

“And the rich variations of AI-generated images might enrich families' nonverbal expressions of ideas and feelings.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Therapists in the context study considered that AI might be combined with different materials, such as using family-created artifacts as prompts for AI and using AI-generated images as elements for collage-making.

“AI might be combined with different materials, such as using familycreated artifacts as prompts for AI and using AI-generated images as elements for collage-making.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

Toys brought into the story by generative AI would increase children's connection with the story.

“For instance, as believed by P17, the toys brought into the story by generative AI, would increase children's connection with the story:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A majority of the therapists' clientele consists of typical, everyday families.

“In fact, a majority of their clientele consists of typical, everyday families.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Families also enroll to discover improved communication methods that can bolster their child's growth and maintain strong parent-child bonds.

“They also aim to discover improved communication methods that can bolster their child's growth and maintain strong parentchild bonds.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Family expressive arts therapy helps families reflect on how their interactions and communication shape their relationships.

“It also helps them reflect on how their interactions and communication shape their relationships.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In their regular sessions, therapists draw from a diverse set of art resources and integrate therapeutic principles like projection, positive psychotherapy, play therapy, and narrative therapy.

“In their regular sessions, therapists draw from a diverse set of art resources and integrate therapeutic principles like projection, positive psychotherapy, play therapy, and narrative therapy.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Family expressive arts therapy offers families a platform to comprehend one another and themselves better.

“This therapeutic intervention offers families a valuable platform to comprehend one another and themselves better.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

May combine two claims.

AI can provide endless variations and hence offer families abundant expressive possibilities.

“Second, AI can provide endless variations and hence offer families abundant expressive possibilities:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Families typically enroll in family expressive arts therapy because parents seek a deeper understanding of their children, particularly facets not readily apparent to them.

“As revealed by the therapists, families typically enroll in family expressive arts therapy because parents seek a deeper understanding of their children, particularly the facets not readily apparent to them.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

May combine two claims.

AI could shuttle back and forth between the physical and digital world; physical artifacts can be blended into the digital world through AI generation, and AI-generated images were also used as materials in physical artmaking.

“Therapists pinpointed that AI could 'shuttle' back and forth between the physical and the digital world. Physical artifacts can be blended into the digital world through AI generation; meanwhile, AI-generated images were also used as materials in physical artmaking:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As outlined by the therapists, family expressive arts therapy typically comprises phases: Preparation, Art Creation (including character-making, scene-making, and story-making), and Storytelling and Reflection.

“As outlined by the therapists, family expressive arts therapy typically comprises the following phases: Preparation, Art Creation (including character-making, scene-making, and story-making), and Storytelling and Reflection (refer to Table 1).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A variety of traditional materials are employed to enhance the family's expression.

“A variety of traditional materials are employed to enhance the family's expression (for outcome examples, see Figure 2).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

May combine two claims.

Children improvised new stories by playing with character tokens and their toys at home and made new crafts using the tokens.

“Moreover, children improvised new stories by playing with character tokens and their toys at home and made new crafts using the tokens”

May combine two claims.

AI helped children boost expressive confidence and focus on creative expression rather than art-making skills.

“This helped children boost expressive confidence and focus on creative expression rather than art-making skills:”

May combine two claims.

The findings revealed three themes: AI as empowerment for families; AI as connection between physical and digital, life and stories; AI as co-creator.

“Our findings revealed three themes (see Table 4): (1) AI as empowerment for families; (2) AI as connection between physical and digital, life and stories; (3) AI as co-creator.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Therapists in the context study considered that AI might lower the creative threshold for families.

“Namely, they considered that AI might lower the creative threshold for families.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

May combine two claims.

AI as expressive materials can foster the connection between the physical and digital world, as well as real life and stories.

“In this study, we found that AI as expressive materials can foster the connection between the physical and digital world, as well as real life and stories, in twofold meanings:”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Therapists in the context study believed that AI holds great potential if it can blend into, instead of replacing, physical materials.

“They believed that AI holds great potential if it can blend into, instead of replacing physical materials.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AI might create surprises when merged with traditional materials.

“In addition to rich options, P17 mentioned that AI might create surprises when merged with traditional materials:”

May combine two claims.

Families engaged the sensory qualities of various materials through tactile, visual, and auditory elements, and intended to bring some of the appreciated visual or textural qualities into the AI images.

“On the Sensory component, we found that families engaged the sensory qualities of various materials through tactile, visual, and auditory elements. And they intended to bring some of the appreciated visual or textural qualities into the AI images.”

May combine two claims.

Generative AI served as co-creator through family-AI mutual interpretations and family-AI compromise and authorship.

“Family-AI mutual interpre- tations; Family-AI comprise and authorship.”

May combine two claims.

Generative AI unconditionally accepted families' imagination and afforded endless variations.

“Unconditionally accepting families' imagination and affording endless varia- tions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After discussions with the therapist, a few parents noted they should learn to appreciate the rawness or genuineness of the stories, which align with their children's age and lived experiences.

“After discussions with the therapist, a few parents noted they should learn to appreciate the rawness or genuineness of the stories, which align with their children's age and lived experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

P3 was amazed by how AI interpreted highly abstract inputs.

“P3 was amazed by how AI had interpreted some highly abstract inputs: 'P2 made a pile of mud and put it there, and AI could even create specific characters, which was quite impressive.'”

May combine two claims.

Generative AI lowered the creative threshold and increased creation efficiency for families.

“Lowering the creative threshold and increasing creation efficiency”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

P17 reported that when AI-generated images deviated from expectations, they found the variation acceptable.

“P17 explained that: 'initially, we probably had a preconceived notion, but when AI-generated images deviated from our expectations, we found this variation to be acceptable. '”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Therapists have a substantial need to afford a playful space for family storymaking.

“Therapists have a substantial need to afford a playful space for family storymaking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

T1 encouraged the child to take on the role of the elephant mother created by his mother to act out what the angry elephant mother would say to the baby elephant using AI-image cutouts.

“T1 encouraged the child to take on the role of the elephant mother created by his mother to act out what the angry elephant mother would say to the baby elephant using AI-image cutouts during the activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Therapists commonly need to initiate perspective-taking plays to enhance mutual understanding among family members.

“Further, therapists commonly need to initiate perspective-taking plays to enhance mutual understanding among family members.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

T2 identified family interaction issues by observing a mother's frowning responses to the artifacts her child presented.

“T2 identified family interaction issues by observing a mother's frowning responses to the artifacts her child presented.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Therapists often need to facilitate communication through role-playing.

“First, therapists often need to facilitate communication through role-playing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Therapists try to gain insights into family interaction dynamics and their challenges in communication and relationship through the process and outcome artifacts of family joint storymaking.

“Therapists also try to gain insights into family interaction dynamics and their challenges in communication and relationship through the process and outcome artifacts of the family's joint storymaking [48].”

• cites [48] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

AI-generated images of characters were based upon the children's artifacts or toys, and they were strongly appreciated for enabling high-quality, coherent characters that were seamlessly blended into diverse story scenes with a harmonious presence.

“The AI-generated images of characters were based upon the children's artifacts or toys, and they were strongly appreciated for enabling high-quality, coherent characters that were seamlessly blended into diverse story scenes with a harmonious presence.”

May combine two claims.

These characters were found to be used as children's self-symbols or projections of family members, which can help children authentically reflect in the stories on the qualities inherent to their identities.

“These characters were found to be used as children's self-symbols or projections of family members, which can help children authentically reflect in the stories on the qualities inherent to their identities [38].”

• cites [38]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Therapists constantly try to observe the strengths of children via storymaking activities and utilize specific techniques to reveal these strengths to children and parents while steering the process.

“Therapists constantly try to observe the strengths of the children via storymaking activities, and utilize specific techniques to reveal these strengths to both children themselves and their parents while steering the process.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Our findings highlighted that emerging outcomes and process of storymaking-based expressive arts therapy combining generative AI and analog materials.

“Our findings highlighted that emerging outcomes and process of storymaking-based expressive arts therapy combining generative AI and analog materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

P5 noted that despite she bought clay for her child before, she had never used it herself; during the session, she was impressed by how relaxed she felt when interacting with it.

“P5 noted that despite she bought clay for her child before, she had never used it herself; and during the session, she was impressed by how relaxed she felt when interacting with it.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

T1 encouraged family members to name the characters and play the story characters created by themselves to express their inner thoughts.

“During the activity, T1 encouraged the family members to name the characters and play the story characters created by themselves to express their inner thoughts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

P13 explicitly projected himself, his mother, and his father to a purple fish, a seahorse, and a jellyfish.

“P13 explicitly projected himself, his mother, and his father to a purple fish, a seahorse, and a jellyfish.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the study, a safe space was interpreted as a loving environment where a child can feel accepted and encouraged to express himself freely without concerns.

“In our study, a safe space was interpreted as 'a loving environment (P3)' , where a child can feel that 'everyone accepted him and encouraged him to express himself freely without concerns (P3)' .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The storybooks co-created by the families could become a meaningful part of their family memory archive.

“In our findings, we found that the storybooks co-created by the families could become a meaningful part of their family memory archive.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In our study, we emphasized the paramount importance of crafting story characters using AI that are intricately connected to the concept of self-symbols.

“In our study, we emphasized the paramount importance of crafting story characters using AI that are intricately connected to the concept of self-symbols (e.g, Figure 7 11 ).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

P3 was surprised to recognize the heroic valiant characteristic within P4.

“P3 was surprised to recognize the heroic valiant characteristic within P4 (see Figure 7 15 ).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Few studies have introduced digital materials, and little is known about how to leverage generative AI as expressive materials to support family expressive arts therapy.

“Few studies introduced digital materials, and little is known about how to leverage generative AI as expressive materials to support family expressive arts therapy.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Family communication plays a pivotal role in co-constructing and negotiating meanings, shaping identity, and influencing the dynamics of parent-child relationships.

“Family communication plays a pivotal role in co-constructing and negotiating meanings, shaping identity, and influencing the dynamics of parent-child relationships [11].”

• cites [11]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ETC serves as a valuable tool for categorizing and organizing how clients interact with expressive materials as they process information and form images.

“ETC serves as a valuable tool for categorizing and organizing how clients interact with expressive materials as they process information and form images [46].”

• cites [46] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is a lack of knowledge about the role of technology in family expressive arts therapy.

“However, there is a lack of knowledge about the role of technology in family expressive arts therapy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Family communication can support children's psychological well-being and overall development.

“It can also support children's psychological well-being and overall development [47].”

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May combine two claims.

Family communication can be hindered or disrupted by excessive technology use, parental work-family conflict, and undesirable communication patterns.

“However, family communications can be hindered or disrupted by many issues, such as excessive technology use [19], parental work-family conflict [77], and undesirable communication patterns [94].”

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Family expressive arts therapy engages family groups in integrative and multi-modal expressive and constructive tasks and can help break down communication barriers and develop a collaborative approach to explore family dynamics and strengthen family relationships.

“Family expressive arts therapy, facilitated by expressive art therapists, engages family groups in integrative and multi-modal expressive and constructive tasks—e.g., drawing, playing, storytelling, or collage-making—which can help break down barriers of communication and develop a collaborative approach to explore family dynamics and strengthen family relationships [54, 59, 67].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Current practices of expressive arts therapy mainly rely on traditional materials.

“The current practices of expressive arts therapy mainly rely on traditional materials.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Material interaction plays a pivotal role in expressive arts therapy, facilitating self-expression and therapeutic healing via creative expression.

“Material interaction plays a pivotal role in expressive arts therapy, facilitating self-expression and therapeutic healing via creative expression [38, 56].”

• cites [38]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Expressive arts therapy has been proven to be an effective intervention to understand family dynamics and foster family communication.

“Expressive arts therapy has been proven to be an effective intervention to understand family dynamics and foster family communication [37, 54, 55].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A large body of HCI research has explored technologies supporting children's or families' storytelling and storymaking outside the settings of expressive arts therapy.

“However, a large body of HCI research has explored technologies supporting children or families' storytelling and storymaking outside the settings of expressive arts therapy [3, 102, 103, 110, 132].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When developing story plots, therapists guide participants to build stories' tension by setting obstacles to encourage participants to solve problems.

“When developing story plots, therapists would guide participants to build stories' tension by setting obstacles to encourage participants to solve problems [87].”

• cites [87] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The Expressive Therapies Continuum (ETC) framework offers valuable insights for addressing how clients interact with expressive materials.

“The Expressive Therapies Continuum (ETC) framework offers valuable insights for addressing this aspect [38].”

• cites [38]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The concept of 'AI as a design material' has presented promising and novel prospects for designers or design-oriented research in HCI.

“In recent years, the concept of 'AI as a design material' has presented promising and novel prospects for designers or design-oriented research in HCI [26, 40].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Within expressive arts therapy, the focus lies on the process of creation rather than the product of creation.

“Within expressive arts therapy, the focus lies on the process of creation rather than the product of creation .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

There is an unaddressed opportunity to explore the properties of generative AI when used as expressive materials in expressive arts therapy.

“These studies revealed the potential properties of generative AI as design materials to propel the creativity of (both amateur and professional) designers, suggesting an unaddressed opportunity to explore the properties of generative AI when used as expressive materials in expressive arts therapy.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

It is yet to be explored whether and how digital media, including generative AI techniques, could be utilized as materials for expressive arts therapy.

“While the properties of traditional physical art-making materials have been extensively examined in expressive therapy studies [46, 68], it is yet to be explored whether and how digital media, including the emerging generative AI techniques, could be utilized as materials for expressive arts therapy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During therapeutic narrative creating, the characters created serve as metaphors, projecting their own inner thoughts.

“in addition, during their therapeutic narrative creating process, the characters they created serve as metaphors, projecting theirs own inner thoughts [87].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A relatively smaller body of HCI research has focused on storymaking by family members.

“Moreover, a relatively smaller body of research has focused on the storymaking by family members.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Storymaking as expressive arts therapy remains scarcely studied in HCI.

“Storymaking as expressive arts therapy, remains scarcely studied in HCI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Storymaking, as a form of expressive arts therapy that combines various types of creative and expressive tasks, has been commonly leveraged with families.

“Notably, storymaking, as a form of expressive arts therapy that combines various types of creative and expressive tasks, has been commonly leveraged with families [14, 31, 36, 70, 75].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Therapeutic storymaking often incorporates art-making techniques (e.g., drawing, clay manipulation, collage-making) with storytelling.

“Such therapeutic storymaking often incorporates art-making techniques (e.g., drawing, clay manipulation, and collage-making) with storytelling [31, 78].”

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May combine two claims.

Disrupted family communication can result in increased family tension or conflict, children's mental health issues, and behavioral problems and at-risk behaviors of the family unit.

“This could result in significant and lasting negative effects, including increased family tension or conflict [107], mental health issues of children [8], and behavioral problems and at-risk behaviors of the family unit [122].”

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Materials occupy an essential presence in expressive arts therapy as they afford different expressive properties that can evoke specific experiences during art-creating.

“Materials occupy an essential presence in expressive arts therapy as they afford different expressive properties that can evoke specific experiences during the act of art-creating [56, 92].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In family members' art-making, therapists can provide a comfortable and safe space where parents and children utilize physical expressive materials as languages for social, physical, and spiritual wellness.

“In the process of family members' art-making, therapists can provide a comfortable and safe space where parents and children utilize physical expressive materials as languages for social, physical, and spiritual wellness [56];”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is a lack of research into the implications of supporting both the family (children and parents) and the therapists when using storymaking in the settings of expressive arts therapy.

“To the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of research into the implications of supporting both the family (children and parents) and the therapists when using storymaking in the settings of expressive arts therapy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

HCI research has accumulated little knowledge about how to support families and therapists in storymaking-based expressive arts therapy sessions.

“Despite these benefits for families, research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has accumulated little knowledge about how to support families and therapists in storymaking-based expressive arts therapy sessions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Expressive arts therapy is an integrative and multi-modal intervention incorporating multiple art-making forms to achieve personal growth and social transformation.

“It refers to an integrative and multi-modal intervention incorporating multiple art-making forms to achieve personal growth and social transformation [60, 66].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The benefits of expressive arts therapy have been evident across people of all ages.

“Its benefits have been evident across people of all ages [30, 100].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Storymaking has been one of the therapeutic activities frequently leveraged by therapists with family groups, especially children and parents.

“Storymaking has been one of such therapeutic activities frequently leveraged by therapists with family groups, especially children and parents [31, 75].”

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Self-symbols can help children and parents observe and reflect on their inner qualities.

“The therapist explained that self-symbols can help children and parents observe and reflect on their inner qualities:”

May combine two claims.

Such unconditional embracing of families' imaginations could foster their creative self-expression, and psychological self-healing and renewal.

“Such unconditional embracing of families' imaginations could foster their creative self-expression, and psychological self-healing and renewal [72].”

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Material interactions play a pivotal role in the therapeutic outcomes and the overall experience of the clients.

“Material interactions play a pivotal role in the therapeutic outcomes and the overall experience of the clients [56].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In HCI, there is a substantial body of research exploring how to design technologies to promote children's and families' AI literacy.

“In HCI, there is a substantial body of research exploring how to design technologies to promote children's and families' AI literacy [1, 28, 61].”

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The rich creative possibilities are deemed as empowerment to exploration.

“The rich creative possibilities are deemed as empowerment to exploration [12].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At the Kinesthetic/Sensory Level, the processing of information commences at a preverbal stage.

“At the Kinesthetic/Sensory Level, the processing of information commences at a preverbal stage [38].”

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The significance of a long-term therapeutic approach is underscored in research.

“While the significance of longterm therapeutic approach is underscored in research [33], it is infrequently accommodated in HCI studies.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Before participating, participants read and acknowledged the informed consent form by appending their signatures.

“Also, before participating in the activity, participants diligently read and acknowledged the informed consent form by appending their signatures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Incorporating toys as story characters echoes the idea of externalized metaphors.

“echoing the idea of externalized metaphors [87]”

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Families play a significant role in children's interaction with technology.

“Families as an essential factor of children's development, also play a significant role in children's interaction with technology [9, 16].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Long-term therapeutic approach is infrequently accommodated in HCI studies.

“While the significance of longterm therapeutic approach is underscored in research [33], it is infrequently accommodated in HCI studies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both therapists in the context study had over 5 years of expertise in practice.

“Both therapists came with over 5 years of expertise in practice.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The two context-study therapists' accounts are representative of family expressive arts therapy practice more broadly.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study's protocol received approval from the institutional research ethics board.

“Our protocol received approval from the institutional research ethics board, and all names mentioned in this paper have been replaced with pseudonyms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bodily performance has been deemed to facilitate embodied exploration, rehearsal, and demonstration of story ideas or creative solutions.

“which has been deemed to facilitate embodied exploration, rehearsal, and demonstration of story ideas or creative slotuions [45].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All names mentioned in the paper have been replaced with pseudonyms.

“Our protocol received approval from the institutional research ethics board, and all names mentioned in this paper have been replaced with pseudonyms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The recruitment flyer's aim of facilitating parent-child communication and strengthening relationship aligns with the predominant needs expressed by the therapist's clients and the overarching objective of family-centered expressive arts therapies.

“This aligns with the predominant needs expressed by the therapist's clients and the overarching objective of family-centered expressive arts therapies, as noted in [48].”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Relevant understanding is yet to be established on whether and how generative AI could be integrated as a form of expressive materials in family expressive arts therapy.

“And relevant understanding is yet to be established on whether and how generative AI could be integrated as a form of expressive materials in this context.”

May combine two claims.

Midjourney was selected as a research probe due to its customization and easy-to-use features and its speed and efficiency in generating diverse high-quality images without prolonged prompt setup.

“In addition to physical expressive materials, we introduced one of the most popular image-generative AI tools, Midjourney [74], as a research probe due to several advantages: (1) customization and easy-to-use: it provides a broad range of customization features and a highly user-friendly interface [88]. (2) speed and efficiency: it quickly generates diverse high-quality images without prolonged p”

• cites [88] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [74] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Prior work has rarely explored how Diffusion models can be employed as family co-creative support.

“However, prior work has rarely explored on how Diffusion models can be employed as family co-creative support.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Role-play with swapping roles offers potential benefits of perspective taking.

“offering potential benefits of perspective taking [2, 43]”

• cites [2] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [43] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Their arrangement and structuring of scenes could reflect their emotional experiences from those scenarios.

“As noted by related theory [38], their arrangement and structuring of scenes could reflect their emotional experiences from those scenarios.”

• cites [38]Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The incorporation of both verbal and non-verbal forms holds significant importance in the context of expressive arts therapy.

“The incorporation of both verbal and non-verbal forms holds significant importance in the context of expressive arts therapy [66].”

• cites [66]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Few studies focus on how Diffusion models incorporate into family expressive arts therapy.

“Further, few studies focus on how Diffusion models incorporate into family expressive arts therapy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Children might use personal toys to represent their inner world and external experiences symbolically.

“Children might use personal toys to represent their inner world and external experiences symbolically [37].”

• cites [37]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

These activities can facilitate individuals' release of energy, physical arousal, and tension, and promote relaxation for clients.

“According to related theories, these activities can facilitate individuals' release of energy, physical arousal, and tension [63]. It also promotes relaxation for clients [109].”

• cites [63] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [109]Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Transitional objects are believed to offer a sense of comfort, security, and emotional support to a child.

“which are believed to offer a sense of comfort, security, and emotional support to a child [120].”

• cites [120]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

These activities can enhance broader attention to the present moment, encourage self-soothing, and express inner sensation.

“According to related theories [65], these activities can enhance broader attention to the present moment, encourage self-soothing, and express inner sensation.”

• cites [65]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Such perceptual aspects in expressive making could increase structural awareness and foster a satisfying internal state.

“Such perceptual aspects in expressive making could increase structural awareness and foster a satisfying internal state [38, 113].”

• cites [38]Not checked yet

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• cites [113] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Such symbolic aspects help children realize personal meaning and enable parents to understand their children through personal symbols.

“Such symbolic aspects help children realize personal meaning and enable parents to understand their children through personal symbols [46].”

• cites [46] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

All sessions were audio- and video-recorded.

“All sessions were audioand video-recorded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Two researchers conducted collaborative inductive coding.

“two researchers conducted collaborative inductive coding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Family sharing enhances the sense of family togetherness and unity, benefiting children's growth and learning.

“Such family sharing enhances the sense of family togetherness and unity, benefiting children's growth and learning [20].”

• cites [20] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Such creative moments ignited along the process could sparkle the experience of innovating and self-actualizing.

“Such creative moments ignited along the process could sparkle the experience of innovating and self-actualizing [38].”

• cites [38]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All interview data were transcribed verbatim.

“All the interview data were transcribed verbatim.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

We employed the thematic analysis method to dissect the therapists' commentaries.

“we employed the thematic analysis method, as referenced in [13], to dissect the therapists' commentaries.”

• cites [13]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Providing more choices can help establish human-AI authorship.

“P5 explained that providing more choices can help establish human-AI authorship: 'AI provided several images and allowed them to choose one that closely mirrored their own creation. This may be considered as respecting their ideas' .”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Human-AI authorship is crucial within the context of expressive arts therapy.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Analog material interactions have significant therapeutic value and cannot be easily replaced by digital interaction.

“ETC argues for the significant therapeutic value of (analog) material interactions [38], which cannot be easily replaced by digital interaction.”

• cites [38]Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

We conducted a two-hour expert review session with four therapists.

“we conducted a two-hour expert review session with four therapists (T1-T4; T1 directed all storymaking sessions)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Transitional objects are typically considered as an item a child is strongly attached to in life.

“Transitional objects are typically considered as an item a child is strongly attached to in life [120].”

• cites [120]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

These characters are symbolic instruments for children to project inner emotional states and externalize inner conflicts through stories.

“These characters are the symbolic instruments for children to project inner emotional states and externalize inner conflicts through stories [43].”

• cites [43] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Generative AI, as agential materials, were not only used by families but also collaborated with them.

“We found that generative AI, as agential materials, were not only used by families but also 'collaborated' with them, as surfaced by two aspects:”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Generative AI by nature interprets human input (prompts) to generate outcomes.

May combine two claims.

Children might express their thoughts more comfortably through role-playing, leading to open and honest conversations.

“Children might express their thoughts more comfortably through role-playing, leading to open and honest conversations [2, 71].”

• cites [2] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [71]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Therapists value the importance of affording a safe space where participants feel comfortable while engaging in the creative process and expressing their thoughts.

“therapists value the importance of affording a safe space where participants feel comfortable while engaging in the creative process and expressing their thoughts [56].”

• cites [56] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to positive psychotherapy theory, a strength-based approach can enable therapists to identify and capitalize on children's strengths, granting resources for children to face challenges in life.

“According to positive psychotherapy theory [91], such a strength-based approach can enable therapists to identify and capitalize on children's strengths, granting resources for children to face the challenges in life.”

• cites [91]Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Storymaking can become a family ritual with potential value of promoting family interaction and sense of togetherness.

“This suggests the potential value of promoting family interaction [20] and the sense of togetherness [114] when storymaking can become a family ritual.”

• cites [20] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [114] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prior research has shown that AI might wield significant influence at higher-level components, such as affective or cognitive components.

“Prior research has shown that AI might wield significant influence at higher-level components, such as affective [118] or cognitive components [35].”

• cites [118]Not checked yet

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• cites [35] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Facilitating perspective-taking can help families overcome egocentric tendencies, promote mutual understanding, and foster empathy.

“Facilitating perspective-taking can help families overcome egocentric tendencies, promote mutual understanding, and foster empathy [21].”

• cites [21]Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

We did not encounter unsuitable images, but there were occasional minor issues with counterfactual or unconventional elements in the AI-generated images.

“While we did not encounter unsuitable images, there were occasional minor issues with counterfactual or unconventional elements in the AI-generated images.”

May combine two claims.

Enabling physicalization or materialization of AI-generated contents could enrich the sensorial and kinesthetic qualities of family-AI interactions, aid children's motor-sensory skills, induce mental soothing effects, and promote positive parental involvement.

“it has been revealed that by enabling physicalization or materialization of AI-generated contents, we could enrich the sensorial and kinesthetic qualities of family-AI interactions, which could not only aid children's motor-sensory skills but also induce mental soothing effects [65] and positive parental involvement [128].”

• cites [65]Not checked yet

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• cites [128] sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Our study, applying ETC, revealed new insights into family-AI interaction design, applicable beyond therapy contexts.

“However, our study, applying Expressive Therapies Continuum (ETC), revealed new insights into family-AI interaction design, applicable beyond therapy contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

We surfaced the exciting possibilities of combining generative AI with embodied or physical interaction experiences.

“Additionally, we surfaced the exciting possibilities of combining generative AI with embodied or physical interaction experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

These objects can offer children continued companionship beyond the creative activity, holding potential to aid children's self-empowerment journey in everyday life.

“These objects can offer children continued companionship beyond the creative activity, holding the potential to aid children's self-empowerment journey in everyday life.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Engaging in role-playing and perspective-taking can help parents and children comfortably and empathically communicate via story characters, strengthening their understanding of each other's thoughts and feelings.

“Engaging in role-playing and perspective-taking can help parents and children comfortably and empathically communicate via story characters, strengthening their understanding of each other's thoughts and feelings [108].”

• cites [108] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Our study surfaced a relevant and concrete understanding of the needs and experiences of families using AI for creative expression.

“our study surfaced a relevant and concrete understanding of the needs and experiences of families using AI for creative expression.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Our work contributes to a nuanced understanding of desirable interaction qualities of children, parents and therapists, and provides design implications regarding supporting storymaking based expressive arts therapy.

“Our work contributes to a nuanced understanding of desirable interaction qualities of children, parents and therapists, and provides design implications regarding supporting storymaking based expressive arts therapy.”

May combine two claims.

Our study concretized the value of family storymaking not just for children's learning but for preserving family memories and jointly constructing family meaning over time.

“Our study also concretized the value of family storymaking not just for children's learning but for preserving family memories and jointly constructing family meaning over time [44].”

• cites [44] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

We afforded multiple cycles of generation and regeneration, allowing families to iteratively explore different outcomes.

“we afforded multiple cycles of generation and regeneration, allowing families to iteratively explore different outcomes.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Through the lens of ETC, we characterize the therapeutic meanings of generative AI as expressive materials.

“Through the lens of ETC, we characterize the therapeutic meanings of generative AI as expressive materials.”

May combine two claims.

T1 confirmed the child's strong attachment to the mother and the sense of disconnection of the father due to the father's limited availability for family.

“T1 thereby confirms the child's strong attachment to the mother and the sense of disconnection of the father due to the father's limited availability for family.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Storytelling is a powerful tool to help parents make sense of children's life experiences and identities.

“Storytelling is a powerful tool to help parents make sense of children's life experiences and identities [98].”

• cites [98]Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Three interaction qualities are desirable when supporting therapists.

“Three interaction qualities are desirable when supporting therapists:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Our study highlighted how family expressive arts therapy offers novel avenues for creating family-oriented technologies.

“Our study highlighted how family expressive arts therapy offers novel avenues for creating family-oriented technologies.”