Cited by 255Emotion and Mood RecognitionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesFace Recognition and Perception

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Nonverbal social withdrawal in depression: Evidence from manual and automatic analyses

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Girard, Jeffrey M., Cohn, Jeffrey F., Mahoor, Mohammad H., Mavadati, S. Mohammad, Hammal, Zakia, Rosenwald, Dean P.·2014·Image and Vision Computing

DOI 10.1016/j.imavis.2013.12.007PMC PMC4217695

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Abstract

The relationship between nonverbal behavior and severity of depression was investigated by following depressed participants over the course of treatment and video recording a series of clinical interviews. Facial expressions and head pose were analyzed from video using manual and automatic systems. Both systems were highly consistent for FACS action units (AUs) and showed similar effects for change over time in depression severity. When symptom severity was high, participants made fewer affiliative facial expressions (AUs 12 and 15) and more non-affiliative facial expressions (AU 14). Participants also exhibited diminished head motion (i.e., amplitude and velocity) when symptom severity was high. These results are consistent with the Social Withdrawal hypothesis: that depressed individuals use nonverbal behavior to maintain or increase interpersonal distance. As individuals recover, they send more signals indicating a willingness to affiliate. The finding that automatic facial expression analysis was both consistent with manual coding and revealed the same pattern of findings suggests that automatic facial expression analysis may be ready to relieve the burden of manual coding in behavioral and clinical science.

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Authors: Girard, J. M., Cohn, J. F., Mahoor, M. H., Mavadati, S. M., Hammal, Z., & Rosenwald, D. P.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
University of Denver (US)
Carnegie Mellon University (US)
Corresponding author: Girard, Jeffrey M.
ORCID: Girard, Jeffrey M.
Cohn, Jeffrey F.
Mahoor, Mohammad H.
Mavadati, S. Mohammad
Hammal, Zakia
Venue: Image and Vision Computing
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-10
Volume: 32
Issue: 10
Pages: 641-647
ISSN: 0262-8856 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.imavis.2013.12.007
PMC: PMC4217695
OpenAlex: W2096976598
Cited by: 255
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12
FWCI: 16.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Image and Vision Computing (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (MH61435, MH65376, MH096951)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Keywords: depression, nonverbal behavior, social withdrawal, facial expressions, head orientation, facial action units, manual coding, affiliative behavior, head movement, interpersonal distance, treatment response, video analysis

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Nonverbal social withdrawal in depression: Evidence from manual and automatic analyses

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