Enhanced memory for negative social information in borderline personality disorder.
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Abstract
Biased social cognition toward an enhanced processing of negative social information might contribute to instability in interpersonal relationships. Such interpersonal dysfunctions are important for the understanding of several mental disorders, among them borderline personality disorder (BPD). To experimentally test enhanced memory retrieval of negative social information, using a newly developed variant of a looking-at-nothing paradigm, 45 BPD patients and 36 healthy women learned positive and negative personality traits of different target persons. In a translational memory test, participants were asked to use the learned information to evaluate statements about the target person. In addition to behavioral measures of memory performance, we investigated eye gaze patterns to decompose memory retrieval processes. We hypothesized that BPD patients would retrieve negative as compared to positive person information more accurately than healthy controls, and show increased eye gaze toward spatial locations where negative information was provided during the learning phase. Results pointed to a more accurate retrieval of negative person attributes in the patient group as compared with healthy controls, thereby corroborating a negativity bias in social cognition in an exemplary sample of patients with interpersonal problems. Interestingly, the observed negativity bias for person memory was associated with BPD severity, stronger expectancies to be rejected by others, and social detachment. No group differences regarding eye fixation behavior were found. We propose that enhanced retrieval of negative person information might be associated with dysfunctional cognitive schemas as well as reduced behavioral trust, and be of relevance for mental disorders characterized by interpersonal difficulties. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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BPD is characterized by impulsive, intrusive, and angry enmeshment in, rather than only detachment from, primary relationships in reaction to a combination of a terror of abandonment and a fragmented and unstable sense of self, which is acted out as hostile and impulsive demands in relationships.
“BPD, by contrast, is characterized by impulsive, intrusive, and angry enmeshment in, rather than only detachment from, primary relationships in reaction to a combination of a terror of abandonment and a fragmented and unstable sense of self, which is acted out as hostile and impulsive demands in relationships [30, 108, 127, 144].”
From Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [127]
BPD involves emotion dysregulation associated with deficits in social cognition related to dichotomous thinking, paranoia, aggressive attributions, and increased attention to, but impaired recognition, understanding, and empathy for, the emotions, thoughts, and intentions of others.
“BPD also involves emotion dysregulation associated with deficits in social cognition related to dichotomous thinking, paranoia, aggressive attributions, and increased attention to, but impaired recognition, understanding, and empathy for, the emotions, thoughts, and intentions of others [30, 108, 127, 144].”
From Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [127]
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Exploring power-law behavior in human gaze shifts across tasks and populations
Fabian, T. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106079 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In our dataset collection, participants have to look at faces and remember previously learned features (Niedtfeld et al., 2020), look at faces with emotional facial expressions (Bruchmann et al., 2021), look at everyday objects and remember the temporal order of their appearance (Clewett et al.,…”
Felsenheimer, A. K., Kieckhäfer, C., & Rapp, A. M. (2022) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-022-00194-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kwan, Y., Choi, S., Eom, T. R., & Kim, T. H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052316 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For instance, researches examining the memory of patients with Borderline personality disorder (BPD) have discovered that patients frequently recall SDM for failed trust by family members or romantic partners [49], and that they recall negative social information much better [50,51].”
BackgroundPabst, A., D’Argembeau, A., Longueville, X. D., de Timary, P., & Maurage, P. (2024) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15344 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Konegen, K., Halbeisen, G., & Paslakis, G. (2024) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-024-00259-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For example, individuals with BPD tend to form negative impressions when first encountering others [12, 13] and show increased memory for negative person-related attributes [14].”
BackgroundEstimating and learning personality traits of and from women with borderline personality disorder
Doppelhofer, L. M., Perla, R., Frolichs, K., Rosenblau, G., Herpertz, S. C., & Korn, C. W. (2026) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-025-00320-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Baseline dynamics in human visual behaviour
Fabian, T. (2026) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2026.108828 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kirchner, L., Kloft, M., Berg, M., & Rief, W. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/e5qyu
Howard, K. P., Lazarus, S. A., & Cheavens, J. S. (2025) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2025.39.4.302
Eye-Tracking and Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review
Bianchi, M. L., & Nvo-Fernández, M. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16070712
“Spatial and preference indices include dwell time, proportion of fixations within the area of interest, number of fixation changes and initial allocation or capture [20,22,23,25,26,33].”
InfluentialVonderlin, R., Senyüz, B., Claus, C., Mahalingam, S., Schulze, A., Koch, S., Voderholzer, U., Schmahl, C. G., Margraf, J., Teismann, T., et al. (2026) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-026-00356-0
Self-citation
- Authors
- Niedtfeld, I., Renkewitz, F., Mädebach, A., Hillmann, K., Kleindienst, N., Schmahl, C., & Schulze, L.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Erfurt (DE)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2020-07
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 480-491
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W3027610947
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (NI 1591/1–1, SCHU 2961/2–1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, negativity bias, gaze patterns, interpersonal problems, social detachment, cognitive schemas, trust
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Memory, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Trust, Young Adult
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