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The Interleukin-1 Family: Back to the Future
Open accessAbstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a central mediator of innate immunity and inflammation. The IL-1 family includes seven ligands with agonist activity (IL-1α and IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ), three receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra, IL-36Ra, IL-38), and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-37). Members of the IL-1 Receptor (IL-1R) family include six receptor chains forming four signaling receptor complexes, two decoy receptors (IL-1R2, IL-18BP), and two negative regulators (TIR8 or SIGIRR, IL-1RAcPb). A tight regulation via receptor antagonists, decoy receptors, and signaling inhibitors ensures a balance between amplification of innate immunity and uncontrolled inflammation. All cells of the innate immune system express and/or are affected by IL-1 family members. Moreover, IL-1 family members play a key role in the differentiation and function of polarized innate and adaptive lymphoid cells. Here we will review the key properties of IL-1 family members, with emphasis on pathways of negative regulation and orchestration of innate and adaptive immunity.
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“In addition, NLRP3 inflammasome activation reduces phagocytosis of Aβ by microglial cells, thus increasing the Aβ depositions and contributing to the pathogenesis of AD (Garlanda et al., 2013; Gold and El Khoury, 2015).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Garlanda et al., 2013
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“Interleukin-18 is a member of the large interleukin-1 family40 that has recently been associated with cytokine storm disorders.”
From Cytokine storm (2020) · cites this paper as [40]
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BackgroundInfluentialAn Antiviral Branch of the IL-1 Signaling Pathway Restricts Immune-Evasive Virus Replication
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“The best-defined cytokines of this family are IL-1a and IL-1b, both of which signal via the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) to promote inflammatory chemokine and cytokine expression (Garlanda et al., 2013; Sims and Smith, 2010).”
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“The IL-1 family includes eight cytokines with inflammatory or anti-inflammatory activity (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, IL-37), and three receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra, IL-36Ra, IL-38) [14,15].”
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“Besides the potential “boosting” of effectormemory cells, an increase of Th2 cytokines like IL-13 was identified as another potential effect of IL-33.(8,10) Indeed, patients with high IL-13(1) cell infiltration in tumor and distant liver tissue showed a trend to prolonged survival.”
BackgroundInfluentialOverview of Traumatic Brain Injury: An Immunological Context
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“IL1-β binds to IL1-receptors, primarily localized on microglia and astrocytes in the brain, but also to other cell types, including infiltrating immune cells [80,81].”
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“IL-1ra is a member of the IL-1 family that binds to the IL-1 receptor but cannot activate signaling, thus acting as an inhibitor of IL-1 in vivo (Garlanda et al., 2013).”
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“IL-1 α and IL-1 β are non-homologous protein members of the IL-1 family cytokines with pleiotropic roles in host immunity, inflammation, and homeostasis (Dinarello, 2009; Garlanda et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInnate immunity, inflammation and tumour progression: double‐edged swords
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IL-1 Signaling in Tumor Microenvironment
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Cytokine-producing microglia have an altered beta-amyloid load in aged APP/PS1 Tg mice
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DDX19A Senses Viral RNA and Mediates NLRP3-Dependent Inflammasome Activation
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“IL-33, a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, has gained prominence in type 2 immunity by virtue of the genetic association of both IL33 and its receptor, IL1RL1 (ST2), with asthma(10,116) and by its functional effects on ILC2 cells, TH2 cells, mast cells, basophils, and alternatively activated macrophages.(117) IL-33…”
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Cytokines and inflammation in adipogenesis: an updated review
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ILC‐poiesis: Ensuring tissue ILC differentiation at the right place and time
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The Pro-tumorigenic IL-33 Involved in Antitumor Immunity: A Yin and Yang Cytokine
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Yalçınkaya, M., Liu, W., Thomas, L.-A., Olszewska, M., Xiao, T., Abramowicz, S., Papapetrou, E. P., Westerterp, M., Wang, N., Tabas, I. A., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.123.065344 · Cited by 106
Inhibition of B Lymphopoiesis by Adipocytes and IL-1–Producing Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
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“Production of active IL-1b is typically generated downstream of inflammasome activation (61), after caspase-1 cleaves pro–IL-1b.”
BackgroundCytokine Regulation of Metastasis and Tumorigenicity
Yao, M., Brummer, G., Acevedo, D. S., & Cheng, N. (2016) · Advances in cancer research · doi:10.1016/bs.acr.2016.05.005 · Cited by 100
Yan, C., Gao, N., Sun, H., Yin, J., Lee, P. S. Y., Zhou, L., Fan, X., & Yu, F. X. (2016) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.01.019 · Cited by 96
Young, H. L., Rowling, E. J., Bugatti, M., Giurisato, E., Luheshi, N., Arozarena, I., Acosta, J. C., Kamarashev, J. A., Frederick, D. T., Cooper, Z. A., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20160855 · Cited by 95
“Confirming previous observations (Gehrke et al., 2014), we observed intense staining within discrete cells dispersed throughout tumors (Fig.”
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Decoding immunogenic cell death from a dendritic cell perspective
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“Necroptotic DAMPs comprise polymerized actin, self-nucleic acids, the proinflammatory cytokine IL-33, which upon passive release binds to ST2 (IL1-R4 158 ), HMGB1, ATP, and in certain immunogenic chemotherapy settings also surface exposed CRT. 159,160 Of note, recent data using a FRET-based…”
BackgroundTargeting IL-33 in Autoimmunity and Inflammation
Theoharides, T. C., Petra, A. I., Taracanova, A., Panagiotidou, S., & Conti, P. (2015) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.114.222505 · Cited by 94
“Proteases such as calpain, cathepsin G, and elastase can cleave pro–IL-33 into more potent mature forms (Lefrançais et al., 2012; Garlanda et al., 2013) (Fig.”
BackgroundInterleukin-1 in cardiac injury, repair, and remodeling: pathophysiologic and translational concepts
Frangogiannis, N. G. (2015) · Discoveries · doi:10.15190/d.2015.33 · Cited by 97
Understanding Human Autoimmunity and Autoinflammation Through Transcriptomics
Banchereau, R., Cepika, A., Banchereau, J., & Pascual, V. (2017) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052225 · Cited by 98
“In addition to rare monogenic diseases, IL-1β is involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders (106) (Table 1).”
BackgroundThe NLRP3 inflammasome regulates adipose tissue metabolism
Barra, N. G., Henriksbo, B. D., Anhê, F. F., & Schertzer, J. D. (2020) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20190472 · Cited by 93
Small molecules to the rescue: Inhibition of cytokine signaling in immune-mediated diseases
Gadina, M., Gazaniga, N. R., Vian, L., & Furumoto, Y. (2017) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2017.06.006 · Cited by 92
“As mentioned above, IRAKs are crucial mediators of IL-1 but also for IL-18R and TLRs signaling.”
BackgroundInfluentialTaracanova, A., Tsilioni, I., Conti, P., Norwitz, E. R., Leeman, S. E., & Theoharides, T. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1810133115 · Cited by 92
Monteiro, S. B., Grandt, J., Uschner, F. E., Kimer, N., Madsen, J. L., Schierwagen, R., Klein, S., Welsch, C., Schaefer, L., Jansen, C., et al. (2020) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320170 · Cited by 95
Transcriptional landscape of psoriasis identifies the involvement of IL36 and IL36RN
Keermann, M., Kõks, S., Reimann, E., Prans, E., Abram, K., & Kingo, K. (2015) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1508-2 · Cited by 91
“IL-1 family members play a key role in the function of innate and adaptive immunity and are new promising targets for immunpathologies [41].”
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“Binding of IL-1 can initiate and strengthen the acute phase response by inducing fever that increases migration of leucocytes, by stimulating the acute phase proteins such as CRP, by activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with cortisol regulating innate inflammation, and by inducing adhesion molec…”
BackgroundCytokines and Interferons: Types and Functions
Ferreira, V. L., Borba, H. H. L., Bonetti, A. D. F., Leonart, L. P., & Pontarolo, R. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.74550 · Cited by 94
“The signaling that will culminate in a variety of inflammatory activities is initiated by the recruitment of the adaptor protein MyD88 to the toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR), which is followed by the phosphorylation of kinases, the translocation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) to the nucleus and the expression of infla…”
BackgroundInfluentialGalozzi, P., Bindoli, S., Doria, A., & Sfriso, P. (2021) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102785 · Cited by 91
Zhou, P., Li, Q., Su, S., Dong, W., Zong, S.-Y., Ma, Q., Yang, X., Zuo, D., Zheng, S., Meng, X., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00056 · Cited by 91
Lappano, R., Talia, M., Cirillo, F., Rigiracciolo, D. C., Scordamaglia, D., Guzzi, R., Miglietta, A., Francesco, E. M. D., Belfiore, A., Sims, A. H., et al. (2020) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-020-01667-y · Cited by 97
A Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles during Skin Regeneration in Mus and Acomys
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“range of effects, such as proliferation and differentiation, lymphocyte activation, angiogenesis and leukocyte attraction [29].”
BackgroundLapuente, D., Bonsmann, M. S. G., Maaske, A., Stab, V., Heinecke, V., Watzstedt, K., Heß, R., Westendorf, A. M., Bayer, W., Ehrhardt, C., et al. (2018) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-018-0017-4 · Cited by 86
Autophagy and Protein Secretion
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IL-10 Dampens an IL-17–Mediated Periodontitis-Associated Inflammatory Network
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“decided to focus on the modulatory effect of IL-10 on IL-17 signaling (28).”
BackgroundLocal inflammatory reactions in patients with diabetes and periodontitis
Sonnenschein, S. K., & Meyle, J. (2015) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12089 · Cited by 89
“Interleukin-1b Proinflammatory cytokine; mainly secreted by activated macrophages but also by many other cells; induces production of many other cytokines, such as prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-6; induces production of chemokines, such as C–C chemokine ligands 2 and 3 and C-X-C chemokine ligand 8; induces adhesion…”
BackgroundProfound loss of esophageal tissue differentiation in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis
Rochman, M., Travers, J., Miracle, C. E., Bedard, M. C., Wen, T., Azouz, N. P., Caldwell, J. M., Kiran, K. C., Sherrill, J. D., Davis, B. P., et al. (2017) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.042 · Cited by 90
“Collectively, these data implicate IL-1–related genes in the pathogenesis of EoE, presumably through modulating a balance of inflammatory and allergic signals in the context of esophageal tissue.(40) A specific feature of the IL-1 family of cytokines is a requirement for N-terminal cleavage for enhanced biological act…”
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“kine with diverse biologic actions (1).”
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“1A), pro-IL-1β that is activated intracellularly by caspase 1 [8,11].”
BackgroundEarly cytokine signatures of ischemia/reperfusion injury in human orthotopic liver transplantation
Sosa, R. A., Zarrinpar, A., Rossetti, M. M., Lassman, C., Naini, B. V., Datta, N. N., Rao, P., Harre, N., Zheng, Y., Spreafico, R., et al. (2016) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.89679 · Cited by 87
The Immunological Impact of IL-1 Family Cytokines on the Epidermal Barrier
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“They increase protein levels of many key pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-23, IL-17C, TNFa, as well as other IL-1 family cytokines that will further amplify an inflammatory response (1, 61).”
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“is a key mediator of inflammation with circulating levels that are closely regulated to prevent aberrant activation of proinflammatory pathways [24,37,38].”
BackgroundMicroRNA Post-transcriptional Regulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Immunopathologies
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Toll-like receptor-induced cytokines as immunotherapeutic targets in cancers and autoimmune diseases
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A Brief History of IL-1 and IL-1 Ra in Rheumatology
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“Subsequently, it became clear that purified crystals alone could not induce IL-1but that an additional stimulus was needed in vitro to generate IL-1 (Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAn antitumorigenic role for the IL-33 receptor, ST2L, in colon cancer
O’Donnell, C., Mahmoud, A., Keane, J. M., Murphy, C., White, D., Carey, S., O‘Riordain, M., Bennett, M., Brint, E. K., & Houston, A. M. (2015) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2015.433 · Cited by 85
“Differential mRNA processing within the ST2 gene generates three isoforms of ST2 proteins: a transmembrane receptor (ST2L), a secreted soluble form (sST2) and a variant form (ST2V; Garlanda et al, 2013).”
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“This particular domain competes, in a decoy fashion, with the activated IL-1R or TLR complex, eventually leading to a decreased intracellular signaling [23].”
BackgroundHost conditioning with IL-1β improves the antitumor function of adoptively transferred T cells
Lee, P., Yamamoto, T. N., Gurusamy, D., Sukumar, M., Yu, Z., Hu‐Li, J., Kawabe, T., Gangaplara, A., Kishton, R. J., Henning, A. N., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20181218 · Cited by 88
“Administration of IL-1β directly and indirectly increases T cell numbers IL-1 is known to induce tissue inflammation by acting on a wide range of cell types in the tissue microenvironment (Garlanda et al., 2013).”
BackgroundTargeting IL-1β as an immunopreventive and therapeutic modality for K-ras–mutant lung cancer
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Beneficial effects of IL-37 after spinal cord injury in mice
Coll-Miró, M., Francos-Quijorna, I., Santos-Nogueira, E., Espin, A. T., Bufler, P., Dinarello, C. A., & López‐Vales, R. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1523212113 · Cited by 87
“Although several members of the IL-1 family are proinflammatory (9, 10), IL-37 has broad suppressive effects on innate inflammation and acquired immunity (11–14).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Garlanda, C., Dinarello, C. A., & Mantovani, A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Mantovani, Alberto
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1003-1018
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3933951
- OpenAlex
- W2145866317
- Cited by
- 1,945
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 118 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 172 · 2020: 202 · 2019: 165 · 2018: 194 · 2017: 192 · 2016: 171 · 2015: 156 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 11.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Research Council
- Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro
- National Institutes of Health (A115614, AR-45584)
- European Commission (FP7-HEALTH-2011- ADITEC 280873)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › IL-33, ST2, and ILC Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- interleukin-1 family, innate immunity, inflammation, IL-1 receptor family, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, decoy receptor, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, IL-38, IL1RAP, SIGIRR, negative regulation of cytokine signaling, lymphocyte differentiation, innate and adaptive immunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Interleukin-1, Interleukins, Ligands, Receptors, Interleukin-1, Adaptive Immunity
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