The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chitin Activates Parallel Immune Modules that Direct Distinct Inflammatory Responses via Innate Lymphoid Type 2 and γδ T Cells
Open accessAbstract
Chitin, a polysaccharide constituent of many allergens and parasites, initiates innate type 2 lung inflammation through incompletely defined pathways. We show that inhaled chitin induced expression of three epithelial cytokines, interleukin-25 (IL-25), IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which nonredundantly activated resident innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2s) to express IL-5 and IL-13 necessary for accumulation of eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). In the absence of all three epithelial cytokines, ILC2s normally populated the lung but failed to increase IL-5 and IL-13. Although eosinophils and AAMs were attenuated, neutrophil influx remained normal without these epithelial cytokines. Genetic ablation of ILC2s, however, enhanced IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-23 expression, increased activation of IL-17A-producing γδ T cells, and prolonged neutrophil influx. Thus, chitin elicited patterns of innate cytokines that targeted distinct populations of resident lymphoid cells, revealing divergent but interacting pathways underlying the tissue accumulation of specific types of inflammatory myeloid cells.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“chitin, a long-chain polysaccharide that is a potent type 2 response inducer”
From Modulation of Host Immunity by Helminths: The Expanding Repertoire of Parasite Effector Molecules (2018) · cites this paper as Van Dyken et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Schmitz, J., Owyang, A. M., Oldham, E. R., Song, Y., Murphy, E., McClanahan, T. K., Zurawski, G., Moshrefi, M., Qin, J., Li, X., et al. (2005) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.09.015 · Cited by 3,773
Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity
Neill, D. R., Wong, S. H., Bellosi, A., Flynn, R. J., Daly, M. G., Langford, T. K. A., Bucks, C. M., Kane, C. M., Fallon, P. G., Pannell, R., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08900 · Cited by 2,079
Self-citationRothenberg, M. E., & Hogan, S. P. (2006) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090720 · Cited by 1,356
Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus
Monticelli, L. A., Sonnenberg, G. F., Abt, M. C., Alenghat, T., Ziegler, C. G. K., Doering, T. A., Angelosanto, J., Laidlaw, B. J., Yang, C. Y., Sathaliyawala, T., et al. (2011) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2131 · Cited by 1,327
Innate lymphoid cells promote lung-tissue homeostasis after infection with influenza virus
Monticelli (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.1031/ni.2131 · Cited by 1,286
IL-25 Induces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th2-Associated Pathologies In Vivo
Fort, M. M., Cheung, J., Yen, D., Li, J., Zurawski, S. M., Lo, S., Menon, S., Clifford, T., Hunte, B., Lesley, R., et al. (2001) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00243-6 · Cited by 1,203
Systemically dispersed innate IL-13–expressing cells in type 2 immunity
Price, A. E., Liang, H.-E., Sullivan, B. M., Reinhardt, R. L., Eisley, C. J., Erle, D. J., & Locksley, R. M. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1003988107 · Cited by 1,134
Self-citationType 2 innate lymphoid cells control eosinophil homeostasis
Nussbaum, J. C., Dyken, S. J. V., von Moltke, J., Cheng, L. E., Mohapatra, A., Molofsky, A. B., Thornton, E. E., Krummel, M. F., Chawla, A., Liang, H.-E., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12526 · Cited by 1,069
Self-citationA mechanism for the initiation of allergen-induced T helper type 2 responses
Sokol, C. L., Barton, G. M., Farr, A. G., & Medzhitov, R. M. (2007) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1558 · Cited by 977
Molofsky, A. B., Nussbaum, J. C., Liang, H.-E., Dyken, S. J. V., Cheng, L. E., Mohapatra, A., Chawla, A., & Locksley, R. M. (2013) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20121964 · Cited by 867
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–251 of 251
Innate lymphoid type 2 cells in chronic rhinosinusitis
Vreugde, S., & Wormald, P. (2015) · Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1097/aci.0000000000000229 · Cited by 6
Immunomodulatory activities of chitin and chitosan microparticles
Hoseini, M. H. M., Sadeghi, S., Azizi, M., & Pouriran, R. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817966-6.00019-4 · Cited by 7
The fungal pathogen Candida auris exposes chitin to trigger IFNγ and persist in hair follicles
Merrill, E. D., Prudent, V., Basso, P., Rapp, E., Moghadam, P., Rodriguez, A., Hung, E., Hurabielle, C., Cheng, J., Cho, R. J., et al. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adu6688 · Cited by 5
Self-citationThe role of FIBCD1 in response to Aspergillus fumigatus in lung epithelial cells
Bhattacharya, S., Maupin, A. J., Schlosser, A. G., Füchtbauer, E., Gloria, Y. C., Weber, A. N. R., Holmskov, U., Moeller, J. B., & Templeton, S. P. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282347 · Cited by 5
Update on the Role of Fungus in Allergy, Asthma, and the Unified Airway
Cameron, B. H., Gong, S. W., Corry, D. B., & Luong, A. (2023) · Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.otc.2023.09.005 · Cited by 5
New insights on chitinases immunologic activities
Rosa, M. D., Brundo, V. M., & Malaguarnera, L. (2016) · World Journal of Immunology · doi:10.5411/wji.v6.i2.96 · Cited by 7
Fahy, J. V., & Locksley, R. M. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcibr1908064 · Cited by 5
Self-citationThe context-dependent role of group 2 innate lymphoid cells in lung diseases
Chen, Y., Xi, J., Qiu, J., & Qiu, J. (2025) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.3724/abbs.2025243 · Cited by 4
Moniezia benedeni infection increases IgE+ cells in sheep (Ovis aries) small intestine
Pan, J., Yao, W., Liu, L.-P., Wang, B.-S., Chai, W., Huang, Z., Fan, X., He, W., Wang, W., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110169 · Cited by 4
Wu, S., Cai, B., Wang, T., Cao, Z., Hu, P., & Liu, H. (2023) · World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1002/wjo2.138 · Cited by 5
神前, 英. (2019) · Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho · doi:10.3950/jibiinkoka.123.189 · Cited by 4
Sbierski‐Kind, J., Cautivo, K. M., Wagner, J. C., Dahlgren, M. W., Nilsson, J., Krasilnikov, M., Mroz, N. M., Lizama, C. O., Gan, A. L., Matatia, P. R., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.26.537913 · Cited by 5
Self-citationTani‐ichi, S., Abe, S., Miyachi, H., Kitano, S., Shimba, A., Ejima, A., Hara, T., Cui, G., Kado, T., Hori, S., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1093/jimmun/vkae064 · Cited by 3
Sbierski‐Kind, J., Cautivo, K. M., Nilsson, J., Wagner, J., Dahlgren, M. W., Ewing-Crystal, N. A., Krasilnikov, M., Mroz, N. M., Ganslmeier, M., Lizama, C. O., et al. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aea6805 · Cited by 3
Self-citationFungal chitin is not an independent mediator of allergic fungal asthma severity
Ellis, D. A., Jones, M., Willems, H. M. E., Cheung, S., Makullah, M., Aimanianda, V., & Steele, C. H. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00041.2024 · Cited by 3
Breathing into allergic inflammation
Kugelberg, E. (2014) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3668 · Cited by 2
Non-canonical Activation of Human Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells by TLR4 SignalingPreprint
Li, S., Alanazi, H. H., Wang, J., Chupp, D. P., Xu, Y., Zan, H., Xu, Z., Sun, Y., Xiong, N., Zhang, N., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.29.361345 · Cited by 3
Finding a Niche: Tissue Immunity and Innate Lymphoid Cells
Jung, H., Kim, D., Wang, Y., & Dyken, S. J. V. (2022) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8387-9_5 · Cited by 1
IL-25 contributes to development of chronic contact dermatitis in C57BL/6 mice, but not BALB/c mice
Shimura, E., Suto, H., Numata, T., Yamaguchi, S., Harada, K., Okumura, K., Sudo, K., Ikutani, M., & Nakae, S. (2022) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.077 · Cited by 1
Chitin and chitinases – a new therapeutic target in lung immunity
Demenciuc, N., Grama, P., & Ureche, C. (2023) · Alergologia · doi:10.26416/aler.7.2.2023.8201 · Cited by 1
Hyperactivation of human acidic chitinase (Chia) for potential medical use
Okawa, K., Kijima, M., Ishii, M., Nanako, M., Yasumura, Y., Sakaguchi, M., Kimura, M., Uehara, M., Tabata, E., Bauer, P. O., et al. (2024) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2024.108100 · Cited by 2
Moosavi, M., Kjærup, R. B., Papanikolaou, K., Wattrang, E., & Dalgaard, T. S. (2025) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2025.05.008 · Cited by 1
Jia, T., Li, R., Liu, C., Xia, Y., Yi, M., Song, X., Zhou, T., Che, D., & Kong, N. (2025) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.70877 · Cited by 1
Epithelial‐Associated CD207 + DCs Link Allergen Sensing and IL ‐25‐Driven Th2 Inflammation in Asthma
Fu, H., Sun, P., Yuan, X., Yao, L., Hua, Q., Li, Y., Xuan, S., Zeng, X., Adcock, I. M., Yao, X., et al. (2026) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.70244 · Cited by 1
Molecular mechanisms of type 2 innate immune sensing
Chen, Z., & Xu, M. (2026) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2026.01.008 · Cited by 1
Innate lymphoid cells integrate sensing and plasticity to control fungal infections
Tsymala, I., Penninger, P., Nogueira, F., Jenull, S., Phan-Canh, T., Brezovec, H., Teufl, M., Miranda, S., Ellmeier, W., Boucheron, N., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117140 · Cited by 1
Alimohammadi, M., Yeganeh, F., & Hoseini, M. H. M. (2016) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-016-0342-2 · Cited by 1
Gamma-Delta T Cells in the Skin
Tan, S., Tay, S. S., Sumaria, N., Roediger, B., & Weninger, W. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29785-9_4 · Cited by 2
Group 2 ILC Functional Assays in Allergic Airway Inflammation
Entwistle, L. J., Puttur, F. K., Gregory, L. G., & Lloyd, C. M. (2020) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0338-3_10 · Cited by 1
Oczypok, E. A. (2015) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Diversity of the human memory T cell repertoire to pathogens and vaccines
Becattini, S. (2014) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-010271553
Innate Lymphoid Cells: An Emerging Population in Type 2 Inflammation
Wojno, E. D. T. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2911-5_2
کاهش بیان ژن CHID1 توسط میکروپارتیکلهای کیتین در کشت مختلط لکوسیتی
Alimohammadi, M., Yeganeh, F., & Hoseini, M. H. M. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Mechanisms regulating airway responses to the fungal allergen Alternaria alternata
Valladao, A. C. (2016) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington)
Regulation of Type 2 Immune Responses During Allergic Asthma
Liu, B. (2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
The airway epithelium as orchestrator of pollutant-aggravated airway diseases
Grove, K. C. D. (2018) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)
IL-33: A Cytokine that Acts as an Alarm Signal in Innate Immune Responses
Gao, J., Cao, H., Wang, C., & Yihu, F. (2019)
Interleukin-7Rα in the regulation of lymphoid anti-viral responses and homeostasis
Sheikh, A. (2021) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0402591
Ehrlich, H. (2019) · Biologically-inspired systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92483-0_24
Ehrlich, H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51282-7_24
Schmitt, P. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/910c14fdzc720z4a3fza364z6abf25ce9c20
Islam, S. M., Sørensen, M., Siddik, M. A. B., Siddik, M. A. B., Siriyappagouder, P., Willora, F. P., Brinchmann, M. F., Rbbani, G., Zatti, K., Thompson, K., et al. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6957150
Islam, S. M., Sørensen, M., Siddik, M. A. B., Siddik, M. A. B., Siriyappagouder, P., Willora, F. P., Brinchmann, M. F., Rbbani, G., Zatti, K., Thompson, K., et al. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6986676
Wang, Y., Jung, H., Kim, D.-H., Liu, E., Watza, D., Risma, S. I., Florczak, K. L., Kim, L. M., Reslan, Z. B., Gupta, A., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117833
Self-citationIslam, S. M., Sørensen, M., Siddik, M. A. B., Siddik, M. A. B., Siriyappagouder, P., Willora, F. P., Brinchmann, M. F., Rbbani, G., Zatti, K., Thompson, K. D., et al. (2026) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111729
Krasowska-Kunach, M., Sułek, M., & Szuster‐Ciesielska, A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27198639
Sugiyama, H., Tamari, M., Hayashi, Y., Nagano, N., Yamada, A., Orimo, K., Saito, K., Matsuoka, R., Motomura, K., Fujita, S., et al. (2026) · Allergology International · doi:10.1016/j.alit.2026.08.005
γδ T cells: bridging innate and adaptive immunity in development, tissue residency, and disease
Lou, J., & Zou, N. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1920627
Metadata
- Authors
- Van Dyken, S. J., Mohapatra, A., Nussbaum, J. C., Molofsky, A. B., Thornton, E. E., Ziegler, S. F., McKenzie, A. N. J., Krummel, M. F., Liang, H.-E., & Locksley, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Benaroya Research Institute (US)
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Locksley, Richard M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 414-424
- ISSN
- 1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4019510
- OpenAlex
- W2097384956
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 25
- FWCI
- 13.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AI030663, AI026918, HL107202)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › IL-33, ST2, and ILC Pathways
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Studies on Chitinases and Chitosanases
- Keywords
- chitin, γδ T cells, IL-25, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, epithelial cytokines, IL-5, IL-13, eosinophils, M2 macrophages, neutrophil influx, IL-17A, lung inflammation, innate immunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chitin, Eosinophils, Gene Expression Regulation, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Lung, Lymphocyte Activation, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Cytokines, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta, Mice, Knockout, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
