Cited by 175Immune cells in cancerCancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersImmunotherapy and Immune Responses

Mitochondrial DNA released by senescent tumor cells enhances PMN-MDSC-driven immunosuppression through the cGAS-STING pathway

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Lai, Ping, Liu, Lei, Bancaro, Nicolò, Troiani, Martina, Calì, Bianca, Li, Yuxin, Chen, Jingjing, Singh, Prafull Kumar +17 more·2025·Immunity

Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cellular senescence. Here, we investigated whether senescent cells release mitochondrial (mt)DNA into the extracellular space and its impact on innate immunity. We found that both primary senescent cells and tumor cells undergoing therapy-induced senescence actively released mtDNA into the extracellular environment. mtDNA released by senescent cells was packaged within extracellular vesicles and selectively transferred to polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment. Upon uptake, extracellular mtDNA enhanced the immunosuppressive activity of PMN-MDSCs via cGAS-STING-NF-κB signaling, thereby promoting tumor progression. While STING activation directly induced NF-κB signaling, it also activated PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), which further amplified NF-κB activity, in PMN-MDSCs. mtDNA release from senescent cells was mediated by voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), and pharmacological inhibition of VDAC reduced extracellular mtDNA levels, reversed PMN-MDSC-driven immunosuppression, and enhanced chemotherapy efficacy in prostate cancer mouse models. These findings suggest that targeting mtDNA release could reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, improving therapeutic outcomes for chemotherapy-treated patients.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.03.005

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  • The cGAS-STING pathway recognizes mitochondrial DNA released during liver injury, leading to its activation and triggering inflammation with production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, which exacerbates liver inflammation and hepatocyte damage.

    “It can recognize mtDNA released during liver injury, leading to its activation and the triggering of inflammation with the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines, which exacerbates liver inflammation and hepatocyte damage (20–22).”

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Authors
Lai, P., Liu, L., Bancaro, N., Troiani, M., Calì, B., Li, Y., Chen, J., Singh, P. K., Arzola, R. A., Attanasio, G., Pernigoni, N., Pasquini, E., Mosole, S., Rinaldi, A., Sgrignani, J., Qiu, S., Song, P., Li, Y., Desbats, M. A., Ángel, A. R., Mestre, R. P., Cavalli, A., Barile, L., de Bono, J., & Alimonti, A.
Affiliations
  • Institute of Oncology Research (CH)
  • Institute for Research in Biomedicine (CH)
  • West China Hospital of Sichuan University (CN)
  • Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (CH)
  • Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino (CH)
  • University of Padua (IT)
Corresponding author
Alimonti, Andrea
Venue
Immunity
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2025-04
Volume
58
Issue
4
Pages
811-825.e7
ISSN
1074-7613 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4409254393
Cited by
174
References
65
Citations by year
2026: 139 · 2025: 35
FWCI
64.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Immunity (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • IRIS (submittedVersion)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • ETH Zürich Research Collection
Funders
  • European Research Council (CoG 683136)
  • Cancer Research Foundation Switzerland (KFS-5262-02-2021, KFS-4267-08-2017, RWP-4813-06-2019)
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (201274, 176045, 202302, 216062)
  • Fondazione AIRC per la ricerca sul cancro ETS (IG 22030)
  • ISREC Foundation
  • Prostate Cancer Foundation (19CHAL08)
  • Novartis Foundation for Medical-Biological Research (21A009)
  • Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro
  • Portland Community Fund
  • Novartis Foundation
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Keywords
mitochondrial DNA release, cellular senescence, therapy-induced senescence, polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells, cGAS-STING pathway, NF-κB signaling, PERK signaling, extracellular vesicles, voltage-dependent anion channel, tumor immunosuppression, tumor microenvironment, prostate cancer, chemotherapy efficacy, innate immunity
MeSH terms
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, STING Protein, Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate Synthase, Animals, DNA, Mitochondrial, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Male, Membrane Proteins, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mitochondria, Neutrophils, Nucleotidyltransferases, Prostatic Neoplasms, Signal Transduction, NF-kappa B, Cellular Senescence, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Tumor Microenvironment

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