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Using text message reminders in health care services: A narrative literature review
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Despite the extensive use of mHealth behavior change interventions, questions remain about the use of technology-based reminders in delivering health care services. Text messaging, or short message service (SMS), is one reminder method that has been extensively researched. Most SMS-reminder research is distributed across a range of health care outcomes. The aim of this article is to systematically review the aggregate impact of these reminders on overall health care outcomes. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted and yielded 2316 articles. Studies were included if they used SMS reminders to support patient health care outcomes. Study methodology was aligned with the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. RESULTS: Following screening, 162 articles met inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 93 investigated medical compliance reminders and 56 investigated appointment reminders. The review found that nearly all the SMS-reminder studies helped improve patient medical compliance and appointment reminders. Additionally, researchers reported numerous benefits from using SMS reminders, including ease of use, relative inexpensiveness, and rapid and automated message delivery. Minimal risks were reported and most participants found the reminders to be acceptable. DISCUSSION: Text messages appear to be an effective reminder mechanism to promote improved patient appointment and medical compliance. Reminders should continue to be evaluated and improved to determine the most effective timing and frequency of messages for improving outcomes.
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“As an example, some trials suggested that SMS text messaging reminders may improve behavior, clinic attendance, attention in care, and self-reported medication adherence [21].”
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“Several meta-analyses corroborate the effectiveness of SMS for medication adherence [18-20].”
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“To our knowledge, no other published study (other than the study by Brar Prayaga et al [21]) has reported a refill adherence solution with results at scale [20].”
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“automated texting to confirm/change appointment if needed [56] Reduces structural barriers”
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E-health solutions in primary health care
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“Bunlara randevuya gelmemeyi azaltmaya yardımcı olabilecek SMS randevu hatırlatıcıları ve birinci basamak sağlık ofislerinde yönetim süresini kısaltan check-in kioskları örnek olarak verilebilir.(23)”
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“According to Schwebel et al., 72 SMS has been shown to be a very effective tool for appointments ’ reminders, where it has been associated with higher rates of attendance, fewer missed appointments, and interest-ingly, higher number of in-advance cancellations which is more advantageous than not…”
Texting to Improve Colonoscopy Preparation and Adherence Needs More Study
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“52 Research has also shown that peer-written or self-written messages may be preferred over “expert” written messages.”
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Exploring two-way text messages for post-discharge follow-up and quality improvement in rural Uganda
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Little, J. A., Harwood, E., Pradhan, R., & Omere, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47994-7_24 · Cited by 2
“Despite this disparity, international trends suggest the use of internet-enabled mobile devices (e.g. smartphones and tablets) and internet penetrance in rural areas like Antioquia, is likely to continue to increase into the future (Schwebel & Larimer, 2018).”
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“The value of SMS interventions is well-documented; they improve patient compliance (Schwebel & Larimer, 2018; Thakkar et al., 2016), facilitate behavior change (Hall et al., 2015), and support self-management of chronic health conditions (Franklin, Waller, Pagliari, & Greene, 2006; Patrick et al.,…”
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“A systematic review showed that SMS reminders make better prospective memory and reinforce behavior change interventions by reminding recipients to involve with behaviors they wish to change [28].”
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“Past studies have demonstrated that SMSs can be used as effective health care reminders and as encouragement to change behaviors, namely for health promotion and disease prevention [25,26].”
BackgroundAssociation of service use with subjective oral health indicators in a freedom of choice pilot
Raittio, E. J., Torppa‐Saarinen, E., Sokka, T., Lahti, S. M., Suominen, A., Suominen, A. L., & Heikkinen, A. M. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Dental Research · doi:10.1002/cre2.680 · Cited by 2
“Our findings were in line with research (Guy et al., 2012; Kannisto et al., 2014; Schwebel & Larimer, 2018) and experiences from the field showing that reminders and other SMS‐messages increase the likelihood of (a) seeking of care or examination, like cancer screening or vaccination, and (b)…”
MethodResultde Jersey, S., Meloncelli, N. J. L., Guthrie, T. M., Powlesland, H., Callaway, L. K., Chang, A. T., Wilkinson, S. A., Comans, T. A., & Eakin, E. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1143454/v1 · Cited by 2
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“The wider literature suggests that SMS reminders can play a small but important role in improving access to care, 12–14 however there is much less research on the provision of verbal information at the point of referral.”
BackgroundImpact of Digital Health Education among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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Maternal Recommender System Systematic Literature Review: State of the Art and Future Studies
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“Therefore, text reminders could improve medication adherence and appointment attendance (Schwebel & Larimer, 2018).”
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“In a narrative review paper of 162 studies in which daily or weekly SMS reminders of varying lengths were provided to participants, researchers determined that the reminders increased patient compliance and served as appointment reminders in nearly every trial [70].”
BackgroundUse of Text Messaging to Educate Family Caregivers of Children With Asthma
Wang, C., Foronda, C. L., Gattamorta, K. A., & Cárdenas, M. (2025) · Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jspn.70006 · Cited by 1
“Importantly, text messaging via short message service (SMS) ‐ enabled mobile devices is a timely, convenient, and cost ‐ effective approach to disseminating educational health information to caregivers (Schwebel and Larimer 2018).”
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“Third, given the low utilization of the booklet by the participants, an alternative, such as the use of digital recordings via mobile application, is recommended to record their goals and action plans to improve their engagement [59].”
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“Mass interventions aimed at the whole population are generally not cost-effective [56] since a significant proportion of patients are likely to attend with no intervention at all.”
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“Text message reminders have shown to be effective at increasing appointment attendance and improving immunization rates 22–24 ; however, they are yet to be consistently adopted in pediatric settings.”
BackgroundHansen, B. T., Klungsøyr, O., Labberton, A. S., Sääksvuori, L., Rydland, K. M., Ødeskaug, L. E., Wisløff, T. F., & Meijerink, H. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/63938 · Cited by 1
“Behavioral nudges may improve compliance with the use of primary health care services [22], including influenza vaccination uptake among older adults [23].”
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“13,14 For example, Arora 18 sent participants text message reminders at 7, 3, and 1 day before their follow-up appointments.”
Matoga, M., Hosseinipour, M. C., Jewett, S., & Chasela, C. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057507 · Cited by 2
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“Systematic reviews from 2011 [5], 2013 [6], 2016 [7], 2018 [8], and 2019 [9] have found that SMS and voice message reminders can improve clinic attendance by 50–100% depending on service, population and setting.”
BackgroundHow Spillovers from Appointment Reminders Improve Health Clinic EfficiencyPreprint
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Jolley, S., Carr, E., Nilsen, S., Shearer, J., Weaver, T. D., Duffy, J., & Metrebian, N. (2026) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342251406002 · Cited by 1
“25-27 Our goal is to ensure that both are delivered consistently and in line with best practice.”
El Miedany, Y., Lotfy, H. M., Mortada, M., Aroussy, N. E., Mekkawy, D., salah, W. I. M., Nasef, S. I., Eissa, M., Hassan, M., Farag, Y. M., et al. (2018) · Rheumatology and Orthopedic Medicine · doi:10.15761/rom.1000160
“If there has been a challenge with life style changes or engagement in activities, such approach of behavioural intervention was also reported to be effective at reducing daily sitting time by an average of more than two hours in arthritic patients, and also reduced their cholesterol levels [49].”
BackgroundUse of Predictive and Simulation Models to Develop Strategies for Better Access Specialists Care
Chua, S. L., & Chow, W. L. (2019) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-0047-7.ch007
Early identification of childhood overweight and obesity: The wicked problem in Australia
Davidson, K. (2020) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.206180
Bello, S. O., Chuma, R. J., Ogunkunle, T. O., Ibrahim, O. R., Afolabi, O. F., Issa, H., Anderson, I. C., & Chidi, A. M. (2020) · Annals of Clinical and Biomedical Research · doi:10.4081/acbr.2020.84
Utama, H. Y. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Research and Community Health Development · doi:10.20473/jphrecode.v4i2.21559
Mukami, V., Millham, R. C., Puckree, T., & Fong, S. J. (2021) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-4073-2_18
Somba, M., Kaaya, S., Siril, H. N., Oljemark, K., Ainebyona, D., McAdam, E., Todd, J., Andrew, I., McAdam, K. P. W. J., Simwinga, A., et al. (2021) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-021-01230-x
“…that using mobile phones either by making calls or sending text message reminders not only encouraged participants to arrive promptly to the sessions but also improved adherence to HIV care and treatment services (Albritton et al., 2014; Gurol-Urganci et al., 2013; Schwebel & Larimer, 2018).”
BackgroundKacker, S., Macis, M., Gajwani, P., & Friedman, D. S. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29355
Kacker, S., Macis, M., Gajwani, P., & Friedman, D. S. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3940043
Bhashyam, A. R., Bansal, M., McGovern, M. M., van der Vliet, Q. M. J., & Heng, M. M. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.37148
The effects of an educational intervention on exercise advice behaviours of Thai oncology nurses
Witwaranukool, P. (2022) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.228685
Khadam, S., Chu, T., Deekes, N., FitzGerald, D., Preston, A., & Duncan, N. (2022) · Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/10781552221090904
“A recent systematic review investigated the effect of appointment reminders on healthcare outcomes and out of 56 included studies, 86% demonstrated appointment reminders to either increase attendance, increase cancellations well in advance or to decrease DNA (did not attend) rates.(53) Consequently, it would be expect…”
BackgroundObi‐Jeff, C., Garcia, C., Adewumi, F., Bamiduro, T., David, W., Labrique, A. B., & Wonodi, C. B. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1113957/v1
Şahin, Ç. Ç., Courtney, K. L., Naylor, P., & Rhodes, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-022-00250-w
“…been using text messaging mainly for patient appointments, reminders, and sending instructions, and there is a body of evidence for their positive effects on patient adherence to healthcare appointments and medication (Gurol-Urganci et al., 2013; Marcolino et al., 2018; Schwebel & Larimer, 2018).”
BackgroundGao, Y., Fu, X.-J., Lei, M., Yin, P.-B., Wang, Q., Meng, Y., & Pi, H. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.20947
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Bhashyam, A. R., Bansal, M., McGovern, M. M., van der Vliet, Q. M. J., & Heng, M. M. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.27776
Poureslami, I. M., Tregobov, N., & Bergeron, C. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1573456/v1
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Automated Text Messaging During COVID-19: Patient Feedback to Increase Adoption
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“…et al., 2019; Willcox et al., 2019), help patients feel connected with their healthcare providers (Berrouiguet et al., 2016), and increase patients’ health-related awareness and knowledge (Willcox et al., 2019) about a wide variety of issues (e.g., Sahin et al., 2020; Schwebel & Larimer, 2018).”
BackgroundHong, N., Root, A., & Handel, B. (2023) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/10775587231157800
“…patient portals are frequently used and have been effective in increasing cervical cancer screening (Tseng et al., 2001), medication adherence (Schwebel & Larimer, 2018), appointment attendance (Horvath et al., 2011; Schwebel & Larimer, 2018), and most recently, vaccine uptake (Dai et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodThe promise of patient-directed decision support
Ancker, J. S., & Turchioe, M. R. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91200-6.00004-8
Building a Cloud-Based, IoT - Based Thalassemia Management System E-Health System
Abdul-Rahaim, L. A., & Hussein, Z. S. (2023) · International Conference on Advanced Computer Applications (ACA) · doi:10.1109/aca57612.2023.10346783
“Patients with thalassemia major have a life-threatening anemia that often sets in within the first few months of life and worsens over time [21].”
BackgroundHarper, R., Armstrong, M., Sheppard, S., Stewart, C., & Clark, C. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3879015/v1
Design Specifications for an Automated System to Deliver Instructions About Preprocedure Fasting
Chang, K., Matthews, A., Alexandre, S., Vizza, J., & Conway, A. (2024) · Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2024.02.001
Stoll, K., Black, M., Hopf, B. M., Nunez, A., Smeltzer, K., Danek, R. L., Ireland, E., & Reyes, E. (2024) · Journal of Student-Run Clinics · doi:10.59586/jsrc.v10i1.416
Exploring artificial intelligence in dentistry
Chowdhury, M. (2024) · BDJ Student · doi:10.1038/s41406-024-1426-3
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwebel, F. J., & Larimer, M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schwebel, Frank J.
- Venue
- Internet Interventions
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 82-104
- ISSN
- 2214-7829 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6112101
- OpenAlex
- W2809176170
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 180
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Internet Interventions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (1F31AA025531-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Health, Technology, Consumer Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Keywords
- SMS reminders, short message service, mobile health, appointment reminders, medication adherence, health care outcomes
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