Effect of Lifestyle-Focused Text Messaging on Risk Factor Modification in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Cardiovascular disease prevention, including lifestyle modification, is important but underutilized. Mobile health strategies could address this gap but lack evidence of therapeutic benefit. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of a lifestyle-focused semipersonalized support program delivered by mobile phone text message on cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: The Tobacco, Exercise and Diet Messages (TEXT ME) trial was a parallel-group, single-blind, randomized clinical trial that recruited 710 patients (mean age, 58 [SD, 9.2] years; 82% men; 53% current smokers) with proven coronary heart disease (prior myocardial infarction or proven angiographically) between September 2011 and November 2013 from a large tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia. INTERVENTIONS: Patients in the intervention group (n = 352) received 4 text messages per week for 6 months in addition to usual care. Text messages provided advice, motivational reminders, and support to change lifestyle behaviors. Patients in the control group (n=358) received usual care. Messages for each participant were selected from a bank of messages according to baseline characteristics (eg, smoking) and delivered via an automated computerized message management system. The program was not interactive. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point was low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level at 6 months. Secondary end points included systolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and smoking status. RESULTS: At 6 months, levels of LDL-C were significantly lower in intervention participants, with concurrent reductions in systolic blood pressure and BMI, significant increases in physical activity, and a significant reduction in smoking. The majority reported the text messages to be useful (91%), easy to understand (97%), and appropriate in frequency (86%). [table: see text]. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients with coronary heart disease, the use of a lifestyle-focused text messaging service compared with usual care resulted in a modest improvement in LDL-C level and greater improvement in other cardiovascular disease risk factors. The duration of these effects and hence whether they result in improved clinical outcomes remain to be determined. TRIAL REGISTRATION: anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12611000161921.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Current evidence on digital health interventions is disproportionately concerned with high-income countries and hospital settings.
“Current evidence on digital health interventions is disproportionately concerned with high-income countries and hospital settings.”
From Digital health interventions for non-communicable disease management in primary health care in low-and middle-income countries (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
Most original studies and reviews on digital health interventions focused on high-income countries, hospital settings, or fields other than NCDs.
“However, most of these original studies and reviews focused on high-income countries, hospital settings, or fields other than NCDs15,16,19–22.”
From Digital health interventions for non-communicable disease management in primary health care in low-and middle-income countries (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
A lifestyle-focused text messaging service resulted in improvements in various CVD risk factors in CAD patients.
“Chow et al. 101 demonstrated that a lifestyle-focused text messaging service resulted in improvements in various CVD risk factors in CAD patients.”
Among the health issues in the current meta-analysis, only 4 studies focused on health-related quality of life.
“Among the health issues in the current meta-analysis, only 4 studies focused on health-related quality of life [47,61,72,112].”
From The Comparative Effectiveness of Mobile Phone Interventions in Improving Health Outcomes: Meta-Analytic Review (2019) · cites this paper as [61]
Social presentation engagement type has been applied in only 4 studies.
“both the social presentation [7,48,61,68] and social referencing [7,8,48,85] engagement types have been applied in only 4 studies.”
From The Comparative Effectiveness of Mobile Phone Interventions in Improving Health Outcomes: Meta-Analytic Review (2019) · cites this paper as [61]
Cites
Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J., Adair, T., Aggarwal, R., Ahn, S. Y., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61728-0 · Cited by 14,070 · see citing works
Collaborators, C. T. T. (. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60367-5 · Cited by 2,833 · see citing works
Chow, C. K. (2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.184182 · Cited by 2,000 · see citing works
Self-citationLester, R. T., Ritvo, P., Mills, E. J., Kariri, A., Karanja, S., Chung, M. H., Jack, W., Habyarimana, J., Sadatsafavi, M., Najafzadeh, M., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61997-6 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
Behavior change interventions delivered by mobile telephone short message service
Fjeldsoe, B. S., Marshall, A. L., & Miller, Y. D. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.040 · Cited by 1,213 · see citing works
Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation
Whittaker, R., McRobbie, H., Bullen, C., Rodgers, A., & Gu, Y. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006611.pub4 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Self-citationMeta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease
Clark, A. M., Hartling, L., Vandermeer, B., & McAlister, F. A. (2005) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-9-200511010-00010 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Yusuf, S., Islam, S., Chow, C. K., Rangarajan, S., Dagenais, G., Diaz, R., Gupta, R., Kelishadi, R., Iqbal, R., Avezum, A., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61215-4 · Cited by 964 · see citing works
Self-citationFree, C., Knight, R., Robertson, S., Whittaker, R., Edwards, P., Zhou, W., Rodgers, A., Cairns, J., Kenward, M. G., & Roberts, I. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60701-0 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Self-citationChow, C. K., Jolly, S., Rao-Melacini, P., Fox, K. A. A., Anand, S. S., & Yusuf, S. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.891523 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Self-citationA Text Message–Based Intervention for Weight Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial
Patrick, K., Raab, F., Adams, M. A., Dillon, L., Zabinski, M., Rock, C. L., Griswold, W. G., & Norman, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1100 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Franklin, V. L., Waller, A., Pagliari, C., & Greene, S. A. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01989.x · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Hurling, R., Catt, M., De Boni, M., Fairley, B. W., Hurst, T., Murray, P., Richardson, A., & Sodhi, J. S. (2007) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9.2.e7 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Giannuzzi, P. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.20.2194 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Mobile phone-based interventions for smoking cessation
Whittaker, R., McRobbie, H. J., Bullen, C., Borland, R., Rodgers, A., & Gu, Y. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006611.pub3 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Self-citationCoaching patients On Achieving Cardiovascular Health (COACH)
Vale, M. J., Jelinek, M. V., Best, J. D., Dart, A. M., Grigg, L., Hare, D. L., Ho, B. P., Newman, R. W., & McNeil, J. J. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.22.2775 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Principles for National and Regional Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Smith, S. C., Jackson, R., Pearson, T. A., Fuster, V., Yusuf, S., Færgeman, O., Wood, D. A., Alderman, M. H., Horgan, J., Home, P., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000133427.35111.67 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Petrie, K. J., Perry, K., Broadbent, E., & Weinman, J. (2012) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02033.x · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Improved Adherence and Outcomes for Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients by Using Text Messaging
Miloh, T., Annunziato, R. A., Arnon, R., Warshaw, J. K., Parkar, S., Suchy, F. J., Iyer, K. R., & Kerkar, N. N. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0415 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand
Tonkin, A. M., Barter, P. J., Best, J. D., Boyden, A. N., Furler, J., Hossack, K., SULLIVAN, D. R., Thompson, P. L., Vale, M. J., Cooper, C., et al. (2005) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2005.10.010 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Redfern, J., Thiagalingam, A., Jan, S., Whittaker, R., Hackett, M. L., Mooney, J., de Keizer, L., Hillis, G. S., & Chow, C. K. (2012) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487312449416 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationMárquez Contreras, E., de la Figuera von Wichmann, M., Gil Guillén, V., Ylla-Catalá, A., Figueras, M., Balaña, M., & Naval, J. (2004) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/s0212-6567(04)78922-2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Breath analysis to detect recent exposure to carbon monoxide
Cunnington, A. J., & Hormbrey, P. (2002) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pmj.78.918.233 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Chow, C. K., Redfern, J., Thiagalingam, A., Jan, S., Whittaker, R., Hackett, M. L., Graves, N., Mooney, J., & Hillis, G. S. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000606 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationThe rise and fall of cardiac rehabilitation in the United Kingdom since 1998
Bethell, H. J. N., Evans, J., Turner, S. C., & Lewin, R. (2006) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdl091 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Personal health technology: A new era in cardiovascular disease prevention
Franklin, N. C., Lavie, C. J., & Arena, R. A. (2015) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2015.1015396 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Vale, M. J., Jelinek, M. V., & al, J. D. B. (2004) · ACC Current Journal Review · doi:10.1016/j.accreview.2004.02.022 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
de Keizer, L., Redfern, J., Thiagalingam, A., et al. (2013) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the american heart association
Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Delling, F. N., Deo, R., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000558 · Cited by 7,146 · see citing works
Garvey, W. T., Mechanick, J. I., Brett, E. M., Garber, A. J., Hurley, D. L., Jastreboff, A. M., Nadolsky, K., Pessah-Pollack, R., & Plodkowski, R. (2016) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep161365.gl · Cited by 1,914 · see citing works
Mobile Telephone Text Messaging for Medication Adherence in Chronic Disease: A Meta-analysis
Thakkar, J., Kurup, R., Laba, T.-L., Santo, K., Thiagalingam, A., Rodgers, A., Woodward, M., Redfern, J., & Chow, C. K. (2016) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7667 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Self-citationParticipation and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programs. A systematic review
Ruano-Ravina, A., Pena-Gil, C., Abu-Assi, E., Raposeiras, S., van 't Hof, A., Meindersma, E., Bossano Prescott, E. I., & González-Juanatey, J. R. (2016) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.120 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Using text message reminders in health care services: A narrative literature review
Schwebel, F. J., & Larimer, M. E. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.06.002 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
McConnell, M. V., Shcherbina, A., Pavlovic, A., Homburger, J. R., Goldfeder, R. L., Waggot, D., Cho, M. K., Rosenberger, M. E., Haskell, W. L., Myers, J., et al. (2017) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.4395 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Prevention of stroke: a strategic global imperative
Feigin, V. L., Norrving, B., George, M. G., Foltz, J. L., Roth, G. A., & Mensah, G. A. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.107 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Scherrenberg, M., Wilhelm, M., Hansen, D., Völler, H., Cornelissen, V., Frederix, I., Kemps, H., & Dendale, P. (2021) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487320939671 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Hwang, D., Chang, J. W., Benjafield, A. V., Crocker, M. E., Kelly, C., Becker, K. A., Kim, J. B., Woodrum, R. R., Liang, J., & Derose, S. F. (2018) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201703-0582oc · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Kelly, J. T., Reidlinger, D. P., Hoffmann, T. C., & Campbell, K. L. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.136333 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Palmer, M., Sutherland, J., Barnard, S., Wynne, A., Rezel, E., Doel, A., Grigsby-Duffy, L., Edwards, S., Russell, S., Hotopf, E., et al. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189801 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Xiong, S., Lu, H., Peoples, N., Duman, E. K., Najarro, A., Ni, Z., Gong, E., Yin, R., Ostbye, T., Palileo-Villanueva, L. M., et al. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00764-4 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Zangger, G., Bricca, A., Liaghat, B., Juhl, C. B., Mortensen, S. R., Andersen, R. M., Damsted, C., Hamborg, T. G., Ried-Larsen, M., Tang, L. H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/46439 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Yang, Q., & Van Stee, S. K. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/11244 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Redfern, J., Coorey, G., Mulley, J., Scaria, A., Neubeck, L., Hafiz, N., Pitt, C., Weir, K., Forbes, J., Parker, S., et al. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-020-00325-z · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationDigital health intervention in acute myocardial infarction
Marvel, F. A., Spaulding, E. M., Lee, M. A., Yang, W. E., Demo, R., Ding, J., Wang, J., Xun, H., Shah, L. M., Weng, D., et al. (2021) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.121.007741 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Abdalrada, A. S., Abawajy, J., Al-Quraishi, T., & Islam, S. M. S. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-021-00968-z · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Khoong, E. C., Olazo, K., Rivadeneira, N. A., Thatipelli, S., Barr-Walker, J., Fontil, V., Lyles, C. R., & Sarkar, U. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00486-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Varma, N., Cygankiewicz, I., Turakhia, M. P., Heidbuchel, H., Hu, Y.-F., Chen, L. Y., Couderc, J.-P., Cronin, E. M., Estep, J. D., Grieten, L., et al. (2021) · Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology · doi:10.1161/circep.120.009204 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Brørs, G., Pettersen, T. R., Hansen, T. B., Fridlund, B., Hølvold, L. B., Lund, H., & Norekvål, T. M. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4106-1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Oostingh, E. C., Koster, M. P. H., van Dijk, M. R., Willemsen, S. P., Broekmans, F. J. M., Hoek, A., Goddijn, M., Klijn, N. F., van Santbrink, E. J. P., Steegers, E. A. P., et al. (2020) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.051 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Bhandari, B., Narasimhan, P., Jayasuriya, R., Vaidya, A., & Schutte, A. E. (2022) · Global Heart · doi:10.5334/gh.1103 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sua, Y. S., Jiang, Y., Thompson, D. R., & Wang, W. (2020) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1177/1474515119895678 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Schoen, J., Mallett, J. W., Grossman-Kahn, R., Brentani, A., Kaselitz, E., & Heisler, M. (2017) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-017-0245-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cheung, N. W., Blumenthal, C., Smith, B. J., Hogan, R., Thiagalingam, A., Redfern, J., Barry, T., Cinnadaio, N., & Chow, C. K. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030590 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationElectronic Communication of Protected Health Information: Privacy, Security, and HIPAA Compliance
Drolet, B. C., Marwaha, J. S., Hyatt, B., Blazar, P. E., & Lifchez, S. D. (2017) · The Journal of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.03.023 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Nicholls, S. J., Nelson, M., Astley, C., Briffa, T., Brown, A., Clark, R., Colquhoun, D., Gallagher, R., Hare, D. L., Inglis, S., et al. (2020) · Heart, Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2020.04.007 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationRicci-Cabello, I., Bobrow, K., Islam, S. M. S., Chow, C. K., Maddison, R., Whittaker, R., & Farmer, A. J. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/12191 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationStogios, N., Kaur, B., Huszti, E., Vasanthan, J., & Nolan, R. P. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2019.11.010 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Zhou, H., Wang, X., Yang, Y., Chen, Z., Zhang, L., Zheng, C., Shao, L., Tian, Y., Cao, X., Hu, Z., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.45439 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mobile messaging and smartphone apps for patient communication and engagement in spine surgery
Goz, V., Spiker, W. R., & Brodke, D. (2019) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2019.08.10 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Thakkar, J., Barry, T., Thiagalingam, A., Redfern, J., McEwan, A. L., Rodgers, A., & Chow, C. K. (2016) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.5996 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMohan, B., Sharma, S., Sharma, S., Kaushal, D., Singh, B., Takkar, S., Aslam, N., Goyal, A., & Wander, G. S. (2017) · Indian Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2017.05.007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Khademian, F., Rezaee, R., & Pournik, O. (2020) · Community Dental Health · doi:10.1922/cdh_4642rezaee07 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
David, C. N., Iochpe, C., Harzheim, E., Sesin, G. P., Gonçalves, M. R., Moreira, L. B., Fuchs, F. D., & Fuchs, S. C. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11081069 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“A lifestyle-focused text messaging program promoted risk factor modification among patients with coronary heart disease [28].”
BackgroundArnautovska, U., Ritchie, G., Soole, R., Menon, A., Korman, N., Milton, A., Varnfield, M., Kelly, J., Jansen, P., Baker, A., et al. (2025) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s513272 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“44 Combined, these studies informed the delivery of the SMART text messages, including the length, language, and frequency of text messages, as well as their interactive and personalisation features.”
Fuchs, S. C., Harzheim, E., Iochpe, C., David, C. N. D., Gonçalves, M. R., Sesin, G. P., Costa, C. M., Moreira, L. B., & Fuchs, F. D. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.9619 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chow, C. K., Redfern, J., Hillis, G. S., Thakkar, J., Santo, K., Hackett, M. L., Jan, S., Graves, N., de Keizer, L., Barry, T., Bompoint, S., Stepien, S., Whittaker, R., Rodgers, A., & Thiagalingam, A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Hospital (AU)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2015-09-22
- Volume
- 314
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1255
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W1854618833
- Cited by
- 676
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 122.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (2014-17)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Mobile Learning in Education
- Keywords
- coronary artery disease, mobile health, text messaging, lifestyle modification, cardiovascular risk factors, LDL cholesterol, smoking cessation, physical activity, blood pressure, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Coronary Disease, Female, Humans, Life Style, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Smoking, Time Factors, Program Evaluation, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Single-Blind Method, Reminder Systems, Text Messaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
