Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 2,153

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

ResUNet-a: A deep learning framework for semantic segmentation of remotely sensed data

Open access
Diakogiannis, Foivos I., Waldner, François, Caccetta, Peter, Wu, Chen·2020·ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Abstract

Scene understanding of high resolution aerial images is of great importance for the task of automated monitoring in various remote sensing applications. Due to the large within-class and small between-class variance in pixel values of objects of interest, this remains a challenging task. In recent years, deep convolutional neural networks have started being used in remote sensing applications and demonstrate state of the art performance for pixel level classification of objects. Here we present a novel deep learning architecture, \resuneta, that combines ideas from various state of the art modules used in computer vision for semantic segmentation tasks. We analyse the performance of several flavours of the Generalized Dice loss for semantic segmentation, and we introduce a novel variant loss function for semantic segmentation of objects that has better convergence properties and behaves well even under the presence of highly imbalanced classes. The performance of our modeling framework is evaluated on the ISPRS 2D Potsdam dataset. Results show state-of-the-art performance with an average F1 score of 92.9% over all classes for our best model.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.01.013

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 31 references

Research works printed but not linked: 56

  1. Abraham, N., Khan, N.M., 2018. A novel focal tversky loss function with improved attention u-net for lesion segmentation. CoRR abs/1810.07842. http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.07842. · arXiv
  2. Audebert, 2018, Beyond rgb: Very high resolution urban remote sensing with multimodal deep networks, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 140, 20, 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.11.011 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Audebert, 2017, Segment-before-detect: vehicle detection and classification through semantic segmentation of aerial images, Remote Sens., 9, 10.3390/rs9040368 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Audebert, N., Saux, B.L., Lefèvre, S., 2016. Semantic segmentation of earth observation data using multimodal and multi-scale deep networks. CoRR abs/1609.06846. http://arxiv.org/abs/1609.06846. · arXiv
  5. Bertasius, G., Shi, J., Torresani, L., 2015. Semantic segmentation with boundary neural fields. CoRR abs/1511.02674. http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.02674. · arXiv
  6. Blaschke, 2014, Geographic object-based image analysis–towards a new paradigm, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 87, 180, 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.09.014 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Borgefors, 1986, Distance transformations in digital images, Comput. Vision Graph. Image Process., 34, 344, 10.1016/S0734-189X(86)80047-0 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Chen, L., Papandreou, G., Schroff, F., Adam, H., 2017. Rethinking atrous convolution for semantic image segmentation. CoRR abs/1706.05587. http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.05587. · arXiv
  9. Chen, T., Li, M., Li, Y., Lin, M., Wang, N., Wang, M., Xiao, T., Xu, B., Zhang, C., Zhang, Z., 2015. Mxnet: A flexible and efficient machine learning library for heterogeneous distributed systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1512.01274. · arXiv
  10. Cheng, 2017, Automatic road detection and centerline extraction via cascaded end-to-end convolutional neural network, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 55, 3322, 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2669341 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Comaniciu, 2002, Mean shift: a robust approach toward feature space analysis, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 24, 603, 10.1109/34.1000236 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Dice, L.R., 1945. Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species. Ecology 26, 297–302. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1932409. · DOI · Paper page
  13. Drozdzal, M., Vorontsov, E., Chartrand, G., Kadoury, S., Pal, C., 2016. The importance of skip connections in biomedical image segmentation. CoRR abs/1608.04117. http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.04117. · DOI · Paper page
  14. Goldblatt, 2018, Using landsat and nighttime lights for supervised pixel-based image classification of urban land cover, Remote Sens. Environ., 205, 253, 10.1016/j.rse.2017.11.026 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Goodfellow, I., Pouget-Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Warde-Farley, D., Ozair, S., Courville, A., Bengio, Y., 2014. Generative adversarial nets. In: Ghahramani, Z., Welling, M., Cortes, C., Lawrence, N.D., Weinberger, K.Q. (Eds.), Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 27. Curran Associates, Inc., pp. 2672–2680. http://papers.nips.cc/paper/5423-generative-adversarial-nets.pdf.
  16. Gu, 2019, A survey on deep learning-driven remote sensing image scene understanding: Scene classification, scene retrieval and scene-guided object detection, Appl. Sci., 9, 10.3390/app9102110 · DOI
  17. He, K., Girshick, R.B., Dollár, P., 2018. Rethinking imagenet pre-training. CoRR abs/1811.08883. http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08883. · arXiv
  18. He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J., 2014. Spatial pyramid pooling in deep convolutional networks for visual recognition. CoRR abs/1406.4729. http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.4729. · arXiv
  19. Jaderberg, M., Simonyan, K., Zisserman, A., Kavukcuoglu, K., 2015. Spatial transformer networks. CoRR abs/1506.02025. http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.02025. · arXiv
  20. Kervadec, H., Bouchtiba, J., Desrosiers, C., Ric Granger, Dolz, J., Ayed, I.B., 2018. Boundary loss for highly unbalanced segmentation arXiv:1812.07032. · arXiv
  21. Lambert, 2016, Cropland mapping over sahelian and sudanian agrosystems: a knowledge-based approach using proba-v time series at 100-m, Remote Sens., 8, 232, 10.3390/rs8030232 · DOI
  22. Längkvist, 2016, Classification and segmentation of satellite orthoimagery using convolutional neural networks, Remote Sens., 8, 329, 10.3390/rs8040329 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Li, 2015, Robust rooftop extraction from visible band images using higher order crf, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 53, 4483, 10.1109/TGRS.2015.2400462 · DOI
  24. Li, S., Jiao, J., Han, Y., Weissman, T., 2016. Demystifying resnet. CoRR abs/1611.01186. http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.01186. · arXiv
  25. Li, 2014, Object-based land-cover mapping with high resolution aerial photography at a county scale in midwestern usa, Remote Sens., 6, 11372, 10.3390/rs61111372 · doi:10.3390/rs61111372
  26. Liu, 2018, Semantic labeling in very high resolution images via a self-cascaded convolutional neural network, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 145, 78, 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.12.007 · DOI · Paper page
  27. Liu, 2017, Hourglass-shapenetwork based semantic segmentation for high resolution aerial imagery, Remote Sens., 9
  28. Liu, Y., Piramanayagam, S., Monteiro, S.T., Saber, E., 2017b. Dense semantic labeling of very-high-resolution aerial imagery and lidar with fully-convolutional neural networks and higher-order crfs. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, Honolulu, USA. · DOI
  29. Lu, 2017, Joint dictionary learning for multispectral change detection, IEEE Trans. Cybernetics, 47, 884, 10.1109/TCYB.2016.2531179 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Marmanis, 2018, Classification with an edge: Improving semantic image segmentation with boundary detection, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 135, 158, 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.11.009 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Marmanis, D., Wegner, J.D., Galliani, S., Schindler, K., Datcu, M., Stilla, U., 2016. Semantic segmentation of aerial images with an ensemble of cnns. · DOI · Paper page
  32. Matikainen, 2011, Segment-based land cover mapping of a suburban areacomparison of high-resolution remotely sensed datasets using classification trees and test field points, Remote Sens., 3, 1777, 10.3390/rs3081777 · DOI
  33. Myint, 2011, Per-pixel vs. object-based classification of urban land cover extraction using high spatial resolution imagery, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 1145, 10.1016/j.rse.2010.12.017 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Novikov, A.A., Major, D., Lenis, D., Hladuvka, J., Wimmer, M., Bühler, K., 2017. Fully convolutional architectures for multi-class segmentation in chest radiographs. CoRR abs/1701.08816. http://arxiv.org/abs/1701.08816. · arXiv
  35. Odena, 2016, Deconvolution and checkerboard artifacts, Distill, 10.23915/distill.00003 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Paisitkriangkrai, 2016, Semantic labeling of aerial and satellite imagery, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens., 9, 2868, 10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2582921 · DOI
  37. Pan, 2018, Semantic labeling of high resolution aerial imagery and lidar data with fine segmentation network, Remote Sens., 10, 10.3390/rs10050743 · DOI
  38. Pan, 2018, High-resolution aerial imagery semantic labeling with dense pyramid network, Sensors, 18
  39. Penatti, O.A., Nogueira, K., dos Santos, J.A., 2015. Do deep features generalize from everyday objects to remote sensing and aerial scenes domains? In: 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), pp. 44–51. doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/CVPRW.2015.7301382, doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPRW.2015.7301382. · DOI · Paper page
  40. Piramanayagam, 2018, Supervised classification of multisensor remotely sensed images using a deep learning framework, Remote Sens., 10
  41. Ruder, S., 2017. An overview of multi-task learning in deep neural networks. CoRR abs/1706.05098. http://arxiv.org/abs/1706.05098. · arXiv
  42. Sergeev, A., Balso, M.D., 2018. Horovod: fast and easy distributed deep learning in TensorFlow. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.05799. · arXiv
  43. Sherrah, J., 2016. Fully convolutional networks for dense semantic labelling of high-resolution aerial imagery. CoRR abs/1606.02585. http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.02585. · arXiv
  44. Sørensen, 1948, A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons, Biol. Skr., 5, 1
  45. Taghanaki, S.A., Abhishek, K., Cohen, J.P., Cohen-Adad, J., Hamarneh, G., 2019. Deep semantic segmentation of natural and medical images: a review arXiv:1910.07655. · arXiv
  46. Vadivel, A., Sural, Shamik, Majumdar, A.K., 2005. Human color perception in the hsv space and its application in histogram generation for image retrieval. doi:https://doi.org/10.1117/12.586823. · doi:10.1117/12.586823
  47. Vincent, 1991, Watersheds in digital spaces: an efficient algorithm based on immersion simulations, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 583, 10.1109/34.87344 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Volpi, 2017, Dense semantic labeling of subdecimeter resolution images with convolutional neural networks, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 55, 881, 10.1109/TGRS.2016.2616585 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Waldner, 2017, National-scale cropland mapping based on spectral-temporal features and outdated land cover information, PloS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0181911 · DOI
  50. Wen, 2017, Semantic classification of urban trees using very high resolution satellite imagery, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens., 10, 1413, 10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2645798 · DOI
  51. Xie, S.M., Jean, N., Burke, M., Lobell, D.B., Ermon, S., 2015. Transfer learning from deep features for remote sensing and poverty mapping. CoRR abs/1510.00098. http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.00098. · arXiv
  52. Yang, 2018, Building extraction in very high resolution imagery by dense-attention networks, Remote Sens., 10, 10.3390/rs10111768 · DOI
  53. Zhang, H., Dana, K., Shi, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Tyagi, A., Agrawal, A., 2018. Context encoding for semantic segmentation. In: The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). · DOI · Paper page
  54. Zhang, 2011, Mapping urbanization dynamics at regional and global scales using multi-temporal dmsp/ols nighttime light data, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 2320, 10.1016/j.rse.2011.04.032 · DOI · Paper page
  55. Zhao, H., Shi, J., Qi, X., Wang, X., Jia, J., 2017a. Pyramid scene parsing network. In: CVPR. · DOI · Paper page
  56. Zhao, 2017, Contextually guided very-high-resolution imagery classification with semantic segments, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 132, 48, 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.08.011 · DOI

Cited by

See all 2,153

Metadata

Authors
Diakogiannis, F. I., Waldner, F., Caccetta, P., & Wu, C.
Venue
ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-04
Volume
162
Pages
94-114
ISSN
0924-2716 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3007268491
Cited by
2,153
References
31
FWCI
98.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green
Licence
  • www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
  • www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: ResUNet-a: A deep learning framework for semantic segmentation of remotely sensed data. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.01.013
The paper
Diakogiannis, F. I., Waldner, F., Caccetta, P., & Wu, C. (2020). ResUNet-a: A deep learning framework for semantic segmentation of remotely sensed data. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.01.013

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.