A randomized controlled trial: attachment-based family and nondirective supportive treatments for youth who are suicidal
Open accessAbstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) compared with a family-enhanced nondirective supportive therapy (FE-NST) for decreasing adolescents' suicide ideation and depressive symptoms.Method A randomized controlled trial of 129 adolescents who are suicidal ages 12- to 18-years-old (49% were African American) were randomized to ABFT (n = 66) or FE-NST (n = 63) for 16 weeks of treatment. Assessments occurred at baseline and 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Trajectory of change and clinical recovery were calculated for suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms.Results There was no significant between-group difference in the rate of change in self-reported ideation (Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-Jr; F 1,127 = 181, p = .18). Similar results were found for depressive symptoms. However, adolescents receiving ABFT showed a significant decrease in suicide ideation (t 127 = 12.61, p < .0001; effect size, d = 2.24). Adolescents receiving FE-NST showed a similar significant decrease (t 127 = 10.88, p < .0001; effect size, d = 1.93). Response rates (ie, ≥50% decrease in suicide ideation symptoms from baseline) at post-treatment were 69.1% for ABFT versus 62.3% for FE-NST.Conclusion Contrary to expectations, ABFT did not perform better than FE-NST. The 2 treatments produced substantial decreases in suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms that were comparable to or better than those reported in other more intensive, multicomponent treatments. The equivalent outcomes could be attributed to common treatment elements, different active mechanisms, or regression to the mean. Future studies will explore long-term follow up, secondary outcomes, and potential moderators and mediators.Clinical trial registration information Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Suicidal Adolescents; http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01537419.
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Based on previous trials, the estimated dropout rate is 35%.
“Based on previous trials [21, 23], we estimate a 35% dropout rate.”
From The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of attachment-based family therapy for young adults with high suicidal ideation: protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
The Results (Treatment Retention; page unavailable) report dropout rates of 18.2% and 17.5%, not 35%. The Discussion repeats those rates and describes them as comparable to similar studies, so this trial does not substantiate a 35% estimate based on previous trials. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ABFT for adolescents and young adults at risk for suicide.
“Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ABFT for adolescents and young adults at risk for suicide [26–28].”
From Evaluating attachment-based family therapy in residential treatment in the United States: does adolescents' increased attachment security to caregivers lead to decreases in depressive symptoms? (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
The Introduction says prior studies found ABFT more effective than wait-list control or treatment as usual, supporting the claim for adolescents. This trial studied ages 12–18, not young adults, and its Discussion reports improvement in both treatment groups without showing ABFT was superior to the active comparison treatment. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEffectiveness studies of ABFT have shown mixed results on suicidal ideation.
“However, effectiveness studies have shown mixed results on suicidal ideation [21, 23, 28, 29].”
Two randomized controlled clinical trials in the United States were conducted with samples in which a large percentage of teens (74% in the first trial and 49% in the second trial) identified as Black/African American.
“For example, two randomized controlled clinical trials in the United States were conducted with samples in which a large percentage of teens (74% in the first trial and 49% in the second trial) identified as Black/African American (48, 62, 63), a group in the United States that has been historically marginalized and very likely to contend with race/ethnicity-related stress and trauma.”
From Combining attachment-based family therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy to improve outcomes for adolescents with anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
Including ABFT in the treatment of adolescent anxiety may be particularly beneficial for adolescents from historically marginalized communities, as ABFT was originally developed with these populations in mind.
“Including ABFT in the treatment of adolescent anxiety may be particularly beneficial for adolescents from historically marginalized communities, as ABFT was originally developed with these populations in mind (48–50).”
From Combining attachment-based family therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy to improve outcomes for adolescents with anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says the trial included a racially and ethnically diverse sample, and the Methods report that some participants had an anxiety disorder. But the paper evaluates suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms; the passages found do not say ABFT was originally developed for historically marginalized adolescents or that it is particularly beneficial for their anxiety treatment. Searched for ABFT’s original target population and anxiety outcomes by race or ethnicity. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“Additionally, research revealed that identifying attachment style helpeddetermine appropriate intervention, such as attachmentbased psychotherapy or suicide narrative interview (Diamond et al., 2019; Zisk et al., 2017).”
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Itzhaky, L., Davaasambuu, S., Ellis, S. P., Cisneros-Trujillo, S., Hannett, K., Scolaro, K., Stanley, B. H., Mann, J. J., Wainberg, M. L., Oquendo, M. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.094 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Review of family‐based treatments from 2010 to 2019 for suicidal ideation and behavior
Frey, L. M., Hunt, Q. A., Russon, J. M., & Diamond, G. (2022) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12568 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological Treatments for Depression in Adolescents: More Than Three Decades Later
Méndez, X., Sánchez-Hernández, Ó., Garber, J., Espada, J. P., & Orgilés, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094600 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“[104] FT Attachment-Based ST Nondirective Indicated prevention: BDI-II > 20 41.”
BackgroundTreatments for Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors in Youth: Progress and Challenges
Bettis, A. H., Liu, R. T., Walsh, B., & Klonsky, E. (2020) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2020.1806759 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…DBT-A, CBT, and ABFT approaches highlighted above, studies recruited relatively diverse samples, but did not report whether there were differences in treatment response by LGBTQ+ status or by racial/ethnic minority status (e.g., Asarnow et al., 2017; Diamond et al., 2019; McCauley et al., 2018).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPredicting Patterns of Treatment Response and Outcome for Adolescents Who Are Suicidal and Depressed
Abbott, C. H., Zisk, A., Bounoua, N., Diamond, G. S., & Kobak, R. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.12.013 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationSaving Lives: Recognizing and Intervening with Youth at Risk for Suicide
Arango, A., Gipson, P. Y., Votta, J. G., & King, C. A. (2021) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-103740 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Evidence-Base Update of Psychosocial and Combination Treatments for Child and Adolescent Depression
Weersing, V. R., Goger, P., Schwartz, K. T. G., Baca, S. A., Angulo, F., & Kado-Walton, M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2024.2384022 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lengvenytė, A., Olié, É., Strumila, R., Navickas, A., González-Pinto, A. M., & Courtet, P. (2021) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2021.1907712 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Only six studies justified their sample size by performing power calculations to detect meaningful differences in SI (Yovell et al. 2016; Grunebaum et al. 2018; Diamond et al. 2019; McCall et al. 2019; Fu et al. 2020; Ionescu et al. 2020), and one study performed power calculations to detect differences in SA within s…”
BackgroundInfluentialTreatment Recommendations and Barriers to Care for Suicidal LGBTQ Youth: A Quality Improvement Study
Zullo, L., van Dyk, I. S., Ollen, E. W., Ramos, N., Asarnow, J. R., & Miranda, J. M. (2021) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2021.1950079 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“ABFT has previously been studied with a general population of youth and has shown promise for reducing suicidal ideation (Diamond et al., 2019, 2010).”
BackgroundAttachment‐based family therapy in the age of telehealth and COVID‐19
Levy, S. A., Mason, S., Russon, J., & Diamond, G. S. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12509 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationWittenborn, A. K., Woods, S., Priest, J. B., Morgan, P. C., Tseng, C., Huerta, P. L., & Edwards, C. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12569 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Waraan, L., Rognli, E. W., Czajkowski, N. O., Aalberg, M., & Mehlum, L. I. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00361-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Psychotherapie nach einem Suizidversuch – Evidenzlage und Bewertung
Teismann, T., & Gysin-Maillart, A. (2021) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-021-03466-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Overall goal of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Major Psychiatric Disorders and Suicidality
Serafini, G., Costanza, A., Aguglia, A., Amerio, A., Placenti, V., Magnani, L., Escelsior, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2022) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2022.05.006 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Establishment and validation of a nomogram for suicidality in Chinese secondary school students
Yan, J., Liu, Y., Yu, J., Liao, L., & Wang, H. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.062 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chen, M., Yang, Z., Luo, D., Yan, S., Liu, M., Wang, M., Li, X., Yang, B. X., Li, Y., & Liu, L. Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1164999 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Furthermore, family therapy has been considered a recommended approach for decreasing suicide, especially among children and adolescents (48, 49).”
BackgroundImplementing Evidence-Based Suicide Prevention Strategies for Greatest Impact
Melhem, N., Moutier, C. Y., & Brent, D. A. (2023) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20220078 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Goodman, M., Sullivan, S. R., Spears, A. P., Crasta, D., Mitchell, E. L., Stanley, B., Dixon, L., Hazlett, E. A., & Glynn, S. (2022) · Couple and Family Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cfp0000206 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Waraan, L., Rognli, E. W., Czajkowski, N. O., Mehlum, L., & Aalberg, M. (2021) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104520980776 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The lack of differences between ABFT and TAU is consistent with findings by Diamond et al. (2018).”
BackgroundResultChildhood maltreatment and suicide ideation: A possible mediation of social support
Donald, A. R., Chang, W., Ran, H., Fang, D., Che, Y., Deng, W.-H., Wang, S., Peng, J., Chen, L., & Xiao, Y. (2022) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i3.483 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gaynor, K., Dwan-O'Reilly, M., Redmond, D., Nealon, C., Twomey, C. D., & Hennessy, E. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152374 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hunt, Q. A., Weiler, L. M., McGuire, J. K., Mendenhall, T. J., Kobak, R., & Diamond, G. S. (2019) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12594 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationRusson, J., Morrissey, J., Dellinger, J., Jin, B., & Diamond, G. (2022) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000821 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationHunt, Q. A., Ewing, E. S. K., Weiler, L. M., Ogbaselase, F. A., Mendenhall, T. J., McGuire, J. K., Monet, M., Kobak, R., & Diamond, G. S. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12549 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, X., Dong, Y., Ye, M., Wang, X., Yan, J., Yao, Y., Zhou, Q., Qian, C., & Liu, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06735-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
S3-Leitlinie Depressive Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter: Wo geht es hin?
Schulte‐Körne, G., Klingele, C., Zsigo, C., & Kloek, M. (2023) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-023-03721-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tsvieli, N., Nir‐Gottlieb, O., Lifshitz, C. C., Diamond, G. S., Kobak, R., & Diamond, G. M. (2019) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12445 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationCourtney, D., Watson, P., Chan, B. W. C., BENNETT, K. J., Krause, K. R., Offringa, M., Butcher, N. J., Monga, S., Neprily, K., Zentner, T., et al. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23200 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“R, Hamilton depression rating scale‐revised; IPT, interpersonal therapy; KSADS, Kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia; MADRS, Montgomery Asberg depression rating scale; MINI, mini international neuropsychiatric interview; OMI, outcome measurement instrument; PHQ‐9, patient health questionnaire–9 it…”
BackgroundInfluentialAdrian, M. C., Blossom, J. B., Chu, P. V., Jobes, D. A., & McCauley, E. (2021) · Practice Innovations · doi:10.1037/pri0000156 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
van Aswegen, T., Samartzi, E., Morris, L. D., van der Spek, N., de Vries, R., Seedat, S., & van Straten, A. (2023) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12926 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Individual studies compared family therapy to CBT and nondirective supportive treatment (Brent et al., 1997); family therapy to family enhanced nondirective supportive therapy (FE-NST) (Diamond et al., 2019); family therapy to individual psychody-namic therapy (Trowell et al., 2007); family therapy to child-centred th…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCourtney, D. B., Iseyas, N., Monga, S., Butcher, N. J., Krause, K., Besa, R., & Szatmari, P. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.10.013 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Schulte-Frankenfeld, P. M., Breedvelt, J., Brouwer, M. E., van der Spek, N., Bosmans, G., & Bockting, C. (2024) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.13717 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Out of 370 records identified, seven articles met the inclusion criteria ( n = 332), of which four were included in the meta-analysis ( n = 287) (G. M. Diamond et al., 2012; G. S. Diamond et al., 2002, 2010, 2019; Russon et al., 2022; van der Spek et al., 2024; Waraan et al., 2021).”
InfluentialSuicide among LGBTQIA+ youth: A review of the treatment literature
Russon, J., Washington, R., Machado, A., Smithee, L. C., & Dellinger, J. (2021) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2021.101578 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrective attachment episodes in attachment-based family therapy: the power of enactment
Tsvieli, N., Lifshitz, C. C., & Diamond, G. M. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2021.1913295 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“ABFT has been shown to be efficacious in three clinical trials for depressed and suicidal adolescents (G.S. Diamond et al., 2002, 2010, 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChang, C. J., Ohannessian, C. M., Ewing, E. S. K., Kobak, R., Diamond, G. S., & Herres, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01566-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Spek, N., Dekker, W., Peen, J., Santens, T., Cuijpers, P., Bosmans, G., & Dekker, J. (2024) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000916 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cloutier, P., Gray, C., Sheridan, N., Silverman, A. J., Cappelli, M., Zemek, R. L., Jabbour, M., Reid, S. M., & Kennedy, A. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12506 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Interventions for youth suicide and suicide-related behaviour: An update to a systematic review
Bailey, E., Robinson, J., & Witt, K. (2023) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562231187972 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Of these, two examined family therapy interventions but did not find compelling evidence in favour of the treatment.(19,20,31) Three trials evaluated CBT and/or DBT interventions, with all trials identifying some positive effects at post-treatment; however, in the two trials which included a follow-up assessment (eith…”
BackgroundAn Update on the Latest Treatment Approaches with Suicidal Adolescents
Spirito, A., Webb, M. A., Cheek, S. M., Wolff, J. C., & Esposito-Smythers, C. L. (2021) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-021-00239-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“these findings were not replicated in the second, larger study [26].”
MethodResultEmotional processing in attachment-based family therapy for suicidal adolescents
Lifshitz, C. C., Tsvieli, N., Bar‐Kalifa, E., Abbott, C. H., Diamond, G. S., Kobak, R., & Diamond, G. M. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1745315 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Participants were 39 suicidal and depressed adolescents who had received 16 weeks of attachment-based family in the context of a randomized clinical trial comparing ABFT to family enhanced non-directive supportive therapy (Diamond et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationFamily Treatments for Individuals at Risk for Suicide
Sullivan, S. R., Spears, A. P., Mitchell, E. L., Walsh, S., Love, C., & Goodman, M. S. (2021) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000828 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Near-Fatal Self-Harm Among Canadian Adolescents
Mitchell, R. H., Ani, C., Cyr, C., Irvine, J., Joffe, A. R., Skinner, R., Wong, S., Stang, A. S., Laffin, M., & Korczak, D. J. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437211058602 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Russon, J., Abbott, C. H., Jin, B., Rivers, A. S., Winston‐Lindeboom, P., Kobak, R., & Diamond, G. S. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12995 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationWright-Hughes, A. M., Farrin, A. J., Fonagy, P., Ougrin, D., Stahl, D. R., Wright, J. M., Irving, D., Mughal, F., Truscott, A., Diggins, E., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.01.017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationModerators of Treatment for Adolescent Depression
Meyer, A. E., & Curry, J. F. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1796683 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Psychological interventions for suicidal behavior in adolescents: a comprehensive systematic review
García-Fernández, A., Bobes-Bascarán, T., Martínez-Cao, C., González-Blanco, L., Fernández, J. F., Madera, P. Z., Zazo, E. S., Jiménez-Treviño, L., García‐Portilla, M. P., Bobes, J., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03132-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Based on prior positive results [35], Diamond et al. [36] conducted a second RCT to compare the ef fi cacy of attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) to family-enhanced nondirective supportive therapy (FE-NST) during 16 weeks.”
BackgroundPeer Deviance, Social Networks, and Suicide Ideation Intensity in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents
Abbott, C. H., Zisk, A., Bounoua, N., Diamond, G. S., & Kobak, R. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-01320-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSuicide Interventions for Youths
Sim, L. A., Murad, M. H., Croarkin, P. E., McKean, A. J. S., Mohammed, K. S., Rajjo, T. I., Firwana, M., Simha, S., Fleti, F., Hegazi, M., et al. (2025) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.3485 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Safety Planning Intervention for Children (C-SPI): Rationale and Case Illustration
Itzhaky, L., & Stanley, B. (2022) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.10.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Waraan, L., Mehlum, L. I., Rognli, E. W., Czajkowski, N. O., & Aalberg, M. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2021-006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exploring the relations between interpersonal risk and adolescent suicidality during treatment.
Abbott, C. H., Zisk, A., Herres, J. L., Diamond, G. S., Ewing, E. S. K., & Kobak, R. (2021) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000656 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationStrengthening Attachment-Based Therapies: A Case for Cognitive Bias Modification?
Verhees, M. W. F. T., Ceulemans, E., & Bosmans, G. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.01.022 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A unique model of care for youth in crisis: A pilot open trial.
Adrian, M. C., Twohy, E., Babeva, K. N., Jenness, J. L., Gurtovenko, K., Blossom, J. B., King, S., McCartney, L., & McCauley, E. (2023) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000778 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pediatric suicide: Review of a preventable tragedy.
Greydanus, D., Nazeer, A., Qayyum, Z., Patel, D. R., Rausch, R., Hoang, L.-N., Miller, C. M., Chahin, S., Apple, R., Saha, G., et al. (2024) · Disease-a-month : DM · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2024.101725 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ibrahim, M., Levy, S. A., Gallop, B., Ewing, E. S. K., Hogue, A., Chou, J. L., & Diamond, G. S. (2021) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12660 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychotherapy for Suicide Prevention
Calati, R., Mansi, W., Rignanese, M., Pierro, R. D., López‐Castromán, J., Madeddu, F., & Courtet, P. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42003-1_70 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Herres, J., Krauthamer Ewing, E. S., Levy, S., Creed, T. A., & Diamond, G. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1096291 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For example, two randomized controlled clinical trials in the United States were conducted with samples in which a large percentage of teens (74% in the first trial and 49% in the second trial) identified as Black/African American (48, 62, 63), a group in the United States that has been historically marginalized and v…”
BackgroundSelf-citationKinder und Jugendliche mit suizidalem Erleben und Verhalten
In‐Albon, T., Schlau, S., & Friedrich, S. (2025) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-025-00771-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…et al. 2021), zur Risikoabschätzung (Czyz et al. 2021; Mehlum et al. 2014), zur Psychoedukati-on zu suizidalem Erleben und Verhalten (Asarnow et al. 2017;Diamond et al. 2019), zum Einbezug der Eltern (Czyz et al. 2021; Asarnow et al. 2017) und zum Emotions-regulationstraining (Mehlum et al. 2014).”
Ghazal, L., Cui, N., Fenglin, C., Froelicher, E. S., & Shimbrer, M. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1356816 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mughal, F., Young, P. J., Stahl, D. R., Asarnow, J. R., & Ougrin, D. (2025) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12302 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“16 RCTs included a family treatment component within interventions (Asarnow et al., 2011, 2017; Bjure-berg et al., 2023; Cottrell et al., 2020; Diamond et al., 2010, 2019; Esposito ‐ Smythers et al., 2011, 2019; Kennard et al., 2018; King et al., 2006, 2019;”
InfluentialDimidjian, S., Kaufman, J., Coleman, N., Lévy, J. J., Beck, A. L., Gallop, R., & Segal, Z. V. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.051 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychosocial Treatments for Ethnoculturally Diverse Youth with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors
Duarté‐Vélez, Y., Vélez‐Grau, C., & Álvarez, K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82465-5_19 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Systemic therapy for children and adolescents with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Huang, Y., Li, Y., Haun, M. W., Xie, R., Yang, L. J., Retzlaff, R., & Qian, Y. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04558-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“And high self-reported parent-child conflict was reported to be one of the most important predictors of persistent depression (Brent et al., 1997; Diamond et al., 2019; Diamond et al., 2002; Diamond et al., 2010; Israel & Dia-mond, 2013; Poole et al., 2018).”
Kaswan, Z. A. M., Bowers, C. A., Teplyakov, I., Sibtain, A., Munoz-Martin, J., Ahmed, S., Kaffman, L., Giuliano, L., Dietrich, M. O., & Kaffman, A. (2025) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0249-25.2025 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Attachment-based randomized controlled trials have been shown to increase rates of secure attachment and to improve psychiatric comorbidities in high-risk populations (Wright and Edginton, 2016; Diamond et al., 2019; Gregory et al., 2020; Hepworth et al., 2020).”
Fang, D., Lü, J., Ran, H., He, Y., Zheng, G., Liu, S., Xiang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, X., Xiao, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119946 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Repairing attachment in families with depressed adolescents: A task analysis
Stern, R. S., King, A. A., & Diamond, G. S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23399 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictors of outcome after a time-limited psychosocial intervention for adolescent depression
Parhiala, P., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Gergov, V., Torppa, M., & Ranta, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.955261 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“, 2006), and family therapy (Brent et al., 1998; Diamond et al., 2019) among depressed adolescents suggest that younger adolescents may have stronger response to psychotherapy than older adolescents.”
BackgroundInfluentialQuantifying the Representation of Black Adolescents in Suicide Intervention Research
Sumlin, E. D., Hill, R., Asim, N., Busby, D. R., Brown, J. L., & Sharp, C. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01113-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Utilizing the search criteria outlined by Robinson and colleagues, six additional studies were identified for analysis (i.e., Aalsma et al., 2020; Diamond et al., 2019; Goldman-Mellor et al., 2020; Hill et al., 2020; Rengasamy & Sparks, 2019; Zisk et al., 2019).”
Musculação para um aluno com síndrome de down e o aumento da resistência muscular localizada
da Silva, C. A., Tonello, M. G. M., Gorla, J. I., & Calegari, D. R. (2007) · Lecturas: Educación física y deportes · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Diamond, G., Rivers, A. S., Winston-Lindeboom, P., Russon, J., & Roeske, M. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00833-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationKennedy, A., Gray, C., Sheridan, N., Dunn, L. C., Stewart, J., Drouin, S., Elliott, H., Adeponle, A. B., Barrowman, N. J., Sucha, E., et al. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00941-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…Nondirective Support-ive Therapy which focused primarily on individual sessions with the adolescent in reducing SI and the authors concluded that ABFT could be fortified by integrating cognitive and emotional skills such as parent or adolescent psychoeducation, CBT, or DBT techniques [13].”
Braus, N., Flückiger, C., Wichmann, J., Frankman, C., Gräfenkämper, R., Zemp, M., & Hunger‐Schoppe, C. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2565236 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ibrahim, M., King, A. A., Levy, S. A., Russon, J., & Diamond, G. S. (2022) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-022-09539-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) is one promising treatment approach for adolescent depression and suicide (Diamond et al., 2010; 2019where specific treatment mechanisms have begun to be examined.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAdrian, M. C., McCauley, E., Gallop, R., Stevens, J. H., Jobes, D. A., Crumlish, J. A., Stanley, B., Brown, G. K., Green, K. L., Hughes, J. L., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074116 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationBrown, T. R., Lee, S. S., Schiff, S. J., Jansen, M. O., Bath, E. P. J., & Meza, J. I. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.08.007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Trajectories of parent criticism across treatment for youth self‐harm
Aitken, M., Perquier, F., Park, B., Carvalho, D., Wright-Hughes, A. M., Cottrell, D. J., & Szatmári, P. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14144 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…among adolescents (Brent et al., 2009; Wilkinson, Kelvin, Roberts, Dubicka, & Goodyer, 2011), leading to increasing interest in the effectiveness of family interventions for youth self-harm in recent years (Asarnow, Hughes, Babeva, & Sugar, 2017; Diamond et al., 2019; Korczak et al., 2020).”
Attachment quality in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury
Снегирева, Т. В., & Воликова, С. В. (2020) · Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology · doi:10.17759/jmfp.2020090406 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Один из подходов, показавший свою эффективность в лечении подростков с депрессивными состояниями и суицидальными проявлениями, — это семейная терапия, основанная на привязанности (ABFT, attachment-based family therapy ) [3; 13].”
InfluentialSuicide and Suicide Attempts During Adolescence
Esposito-Smythers, C. L., Whitmyre, E. D., Defayette, A. B., López, R., Maultsby, K. D., & Spirito, A. (2021) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00059-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rognli, E. W., Waraan, L., Czajkowski, N. O., & Aalberg, M. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.21307/sjcapp-2020-011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Still, in the largest randomised controlled trial conducted to date, ABFT was not found to be superior to family-enhanced non-directive supportive therapy for reducing adolescent suicidal ideation (19).”
InfluentialKweon, K. (2026) · Journal of korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.5765/jkacap.250050 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“ABFT has established strong evidence for reducing suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms in adolescents [51,52].”
Treatment Approaches with Suicidal Adolescents
Spirito, A., Webb, M. A., Wolff, J. C., & Esposito-Smythers, C. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42003-1_21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Aitken, M., Sagar, A., Courtney, D., & Szatmári, P. (2023) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12168 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Family therapy is also resource ‐ intensive (Goorden et al., 2016), and is less effective than other treatments for adolescent depression (Brent et al., 1997), with effects on adolescent depression and self ‐ harm comparable to usual care (Cottrell et al., 2018; Diamond et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSimes, D., Shochet, I. M., Murray, K. E., & Sands, I. G. (2024) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2415991 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…empirical research that found both ABFT and family-enhanced non-directive supportive therapy (parallel youth and parent therapy provided by the same therapist) to be Psychotherapy Research 1409 effective for relationship improvement and reduced suicidality (Diamond et al., 2019; Zisk et al., 2019).”
Figueira, J. A. V., Andrade, M. A. E. D. L. M., Santiesteban, R. V., Ramírez, A., Parra, I. D. C., Martín-Delgado, J., Martínez-Suárez, P. C., Vargas, L. P. B., Hidalgo, M. E. A., & Rodas, J. A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320381 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This is illustrated by a study of 75 adolescents who had attempted suicide, where 74.7% had no prior history of suicidal behaviour, 18.7% had attempted it once, and 6.7% had made two or more attempts [13,14].”
Influential
- Authors
- Diamond, G. S., Kobak, R. R., Krauthamer Ewing, E. S., Levy, S. A., Herres, J. L., Russon, J. M., & Gallop, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Drexel University (US)
- University of Delaware (US)
- The College of New Jersey (US)
- Virginia Tech (US)
- West Chester University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Diamond, Guy S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 721-731
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6491252
- OpenAlex
- W2898714608
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11
- FWCI
- 17.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (5R01MH091059-03)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- attachment-based family therapy, suicidal adolescents, suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, family therapy, treatment efficacy, regression to the mean, African American adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Depression, Family Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Object Attachment, Pennsylvania, Suicide, Attempted, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Self Report, Suicidal Ideation
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