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Aggressive Risk Factor Reduction Study for Atrial Fibrillation and Implications for the Outcome of Ablation
Open accessAbstract
Background The long-term outcome of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation demonstrates attrition. This outcome may be due to failure to attenuate the progressive substrate promoted by cardiovascular risk factors.Objectives The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of risk factor and weight management on AF ablation outcomes.Methods Of 281 consecutive patients undergoing AF ablation, 149 with a body mass index ≥27 kg/m(2) and ≥1 cardiac risk factor were offered risk factor management (RFM) according to American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines. After AF ablation, all 61 patients who opted for RFM and 88 control subjects were assessed every 3 to 6 months by clinic review and 7-day Holter monitoring. Changes in the Atrial Fibrillation Severity Scale scores were determined.Results There were no differences in baseline characteristics, number of procedures, or follow-up duration between the groups (p = NS). RFM resulted in greater reductions in weight (p = 0.002) and blood pressure (p = 0.006), and better glycemic control (p = 0.001) and lipid profiles (p = 0.01). At follow-up, AF frequency, duration, symptoms, and symptom severity decreased more in the RFM group compared with the control group (all p < 0.001). Single-procedure drug-unassisted arrhythmia-free survival was greater in RFM patients compared with control subjects (p < 0.001). Multiple-procedure arrhythmia-free survival was markedly better in RFM patients compared with control subjects (p < 0.001), with 16% and 42.4%, respectively, using antiarrhythmic drugs (p = 0.004). On multivariate analysis, type of AF (p < 0.001) and RFM (hazard ratio 4.8 [95% confidence interval: 2.04 to 11.4]; p < 0.001) were independent predictors of arrhythmia-free survival.Conclusions Aggressive RFM improved the long-term success of AF ablation. This study underscores the importance of therapy directed at the primary promoters of the AF substrate to facilitate rhythm control strategies.
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“Moderate or severe OSA (AHI ≥ 15) is reported in 20%–62%.330,704,706,710–715”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [330]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In studies, such as the ARREST-AF cohort study or the ACTIVE-AF trial, regular exercise programs exhibited a reduction in AF-related symptoms, AF incidence, and AF recurrence rates [76,77].”
From Atrial Fibrillation in Elite Athletes: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature (2024) · cites this paper as [76]
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“Other groups have studied the relationship between subjective (grade) or objective (volume/weight) tonsil evaluation and AHI and reported a trend toward significance328 or a significant association.318,329–334”
From International Consensus Statement on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2023) · cites this paper as [330]
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“Given the high incidence of AF after CTI ablation for typical AFL”
From European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulacion Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLAECE) (2017) · cites this paper as [166]
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“Intensive weight-reduction management in addition to management of other cardiovascular risk factors (in the range of 10-15 kg weight loss achieved) led to fewer AF recurrences and symptoms compared with an approach based on general advice in obese patients with AF.”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [203]
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“Risk Factors in Obese Patients Obesity is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in our collective as in the general population, and most of these risk factors are generally associated with reduced ablation success [13].”
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“In addition, long-term control of AF requires modification of risk factors and management of associated comorbidities.[8], [9] Identifying predictors of AF recurrence after catheter ablation could help focus the management of these potential risk factors and better select patients who would likely have favorable outco…”
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“The ARREST-AF study [110] demonstrated increased post-ablation AF-free periods and greater weight loss with aggressive risk factor modification to address obesity.”
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Weight Loss in Older Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
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“However, in contrast with other studies [6,26,27] that have shown that weight loss has beneficial effects on atrial fibrillation symptoms, the reduction in symptoms in our study was not associated with weight loss, suggesting that other physiological mechanisms, such as improvement of traditional cardiovascular risk f…”
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“Risk factor management aimed primarily at weight reduction led not only to a decrease in blood pressure, an improvement in the lipogram but also to a reduction in AF recurrences by 24 % (Pathak et al. 2014).”
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“36 reported that an intensive risk factor management programme, including weight and glycaemic control, resulted in a significant improvement in long-term ablation outcomes in the ARREST-AF Cohort Study.”
BackgroundStout, K. M., Almerstani, M., Adomako, R., Shin, D., Aroudaky, A., Tandon, H. K., Alziadin, N., Schleifer, J. W., Payne, J., Easley, A., et al. (2023) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.04.024 · Cited by 8
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The heavy LEGACY: Should weight management be part of every atrial fibrillation clinic?
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“The CHRD investigators further studied the impact of risk factor management, including WL, in a cohort of obese AF patients undergoing catheter ablation.(9) The ARREST-AF study [Aggressive Risk Factor Reduction Study for Atrial Fibrillation] concluded that patients receiving risk factor management (n 1⁄4 61) fared muc…”
MethodChristensen, S. W., Berg, S. K., Rod, N. H., Zwisler, A., Thygesen, L. C., & Risom, S. S. (2020) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.04.020 · Cited by 7
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Extreme Obesity Is Associated With Low Success Rate Of Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation
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“It was shown that aggressive risk factor reduction led to less AF recurrence after ablation [19].”
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Ghoshouni, H., Shamloo, A. S., Mirjalili, S. R., Soltani, F., Bakhshandeh, H., Hindricks, G., & Dagres, N. (2025) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2025.04.050 · Cited by 6
Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence After Catheter Ablation: The Puzzle We Have and the Pieces We Need
Vlachakis, P. K., Apostolos, A., Theofilis, P., Karakasis, P., Koniari, I. C., Kordalis, A., Leventopoulos, G., Drakopoulou, M., Leontsinis, I., Tousoulis, D. M., et al. (2025) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/pace.15221 · Cited by 7
“The ARREST-AF cohort highlighted the benefits of a structured risk factor management program targeting hypertension, dyslipidemia, and sleep apnea [80].”
Li, M., Chen, Y., Chu, M., Zhang, S., Yang, S., Lip, G., & Chen, M. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.1385 · Cited by 5
Chen, Z., Zhang, R., Zhang, X., & Xu, W. (2024) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-024-03784-4 · Cited by 6
“Studies focusing on diabetic patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for AF have found a direct correlation between baseline glucose levels and recurrence of atrial arrhythmias [25].”
BackgroundChinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation
Chinese Society of Cardiology, C. M. A., & Heart Rhythm Committee of Chinese Society of Biomedical Engineering (2024) · Cardiology Discovery · doi:10.1097/cd9.0000000000000123 · Cited by 7
Kamioka, M., Narita, K., Watanabe, T., Watanabe, H., Makimoto, H., Okuyama, T., Yokota, A., Komori, T., Kabutoya, T., Imai, Y., et al. (2024) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-024-01796-3 · Cited by 6
Meng, X., & Xu, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.586183 · Cited by 6
Atrial cardiomyopathy — a new concept with a long history
Vaikhanskaya, T. G., Курушко, Т. В., Persianskikh, Y. A., & Sivitskaya, L. N. (2020) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/29/1560-4071-2020-3942 · Cited by 7
Nishikawa, T., Tanaka, Y., Tada, H., Tsuda, T., Kato, T., Usui, S., Sakata, K., Hayashi, K., Kawashiri, M., Hashiba, A., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13093201 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, a cohort study revealed that an intervention for CVH such as reduction in body weight improved arrhythmia-free survival after ablation of AF in the Australian population [10].”
BackgroundImpact of Obesity on Atrial Electrophysiological Substrate
Schram‐Serban, C., & de Groot, N. M. S. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd10080342 · Cited by 6
Sargent, S. R., Mladenovic, J., Liaw, J. J. T., Siller, J., Russell, P. L., Tung, M., & Holland, D. J. (2024) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2024.02.009 · Cited by 6
Dietary interventions in the management of atrial fibrillation
Nabil, M. A., Rychlik, L., Nicholson, A., Cheung, P. W., Olsovsky, G., Molden, J., Tripuraneni, A., Hajivandi, S.-S., & Banchs, J. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1418059 · Cited by 6
Atrial Fibrillation Ablation and its Impact on Stroke
Graves, K. G., Jacobs, V., May, H. T., Cutler, M. J., Day, J. D., & Bunch, T. J. (2018) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-018-0596-0 · Cited by 6
Bubnova, M. G., & Dm, A. (2020) · Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology · doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2020-10-21 · Cited by 6
Donnellan, E., Wazni, O. M., Chung, M. K., Elshazly, M. B., Chung, R., Taigen, T. L., Niebauer, M. J., Kochar, A., Hussain, M., Patel, D. R., et al. (2020) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euaa419 · Cited by 6
Chew, D. S., Li, Z., Steinberg, B. A., O'Brien, E. C., Pritchard, J. E., Bunch, T. J., Mark, D. B., Patel, M. R., Nabutovsky, Y., Greiner, M. A., et al. (2021) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2021.11.006 · Cited by 6
Fibrilación auricular: enfoque para el médico no cardiólogo
de Caldas, U., Forero, J., Moreno, J., del Bosque, U., Agudelo, C. A., Cayre, I. P. S., Rodríguez, E., de Manizales, I. D. C., & Sánchez, P. (2017) · IATREIA · doi:10.17533/udea.iatreia.v30n4a05 · Cited by 7
Exercise and atrial fibrillation: how health turns harm, and how to turn it back
Tirapu, L., Antonio, R. S., Tolosana, J. M., Roca‐Luque, I., Mont, L., & Guasch, E. (2019) · Minerva Cardioangiologica · doi:10.23736/s0026-4725.19.04998-3 · Cited by 6
Autonomic Tone and Atrial Fibrillation
Goldberger, J. J., & Mitrani, R. D. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.021 · Cited by 6
“Risk factor modification has been shown to be effective at reducing AF recurrence in groups of patients who have or have not had catheter ablation (19,20).”
BackgroundPrevention of cardiac conduction disease: a long way to go
Noubiap, J. J., & Middeldorp, M. E. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac752 · Cited by 6
Self-citationCardiovascular benefits of early rhythm control and healthy lifestyle in young atrial fibrillation
Lee, K., Lee, S., Choi, E., Choi, J., Ahn, H., Kwon, S., Han, K., Oh, S., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2025) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.70018 · Cited by 5
Martignani, C., Spadotto, A., Carelli, M., Massaro, G., Bartoli, L., Diemberger, I., Biffi, M., Corsi, C., & Zanuttigh, B. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14238363 · Cited by 5
“The core of this new paradigm is the proactive identification of Stage 2 AtCM, creating a therapeutic window for “upstream” interventions aimed at modifying the underlying substrate, thereby preventing or delaying the progression to clinical arrhythmia and its sequelae [16,17].”
Atrial fibrillation: an underappreciated complication of diabetes
Cai, L., Wan, H., Sun, Y., Middeldorp, M. E., Zhang, Y., Qi, L., Sanders, P., Wang, H., Shi, Y., Zhou, J., et al. (2026) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehag044 · Cited by 5
Self-citationYang, E., & Rashid, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1349584 · Cited by 5
Kadhim, K., Elliott, A. D., Middeldorp, M. E., Nalliah, C. J., McEvoy, R. D., Antic, N. A., Pathak, R. K., Emami, M., Lau, D. H., Kalman, J. M., et al. (2024) · JACC. Clinical electrophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2024.10.013 · Cited by 4
Self-citationDrapkina, O. M., Boytsov, S. A., Golukhova, E. Z., Davtyan, K. V., Drozdova, L. Y., Ipatov, P. V., Калинина, А. М., Martsevich, S. Y., Savchenko, E. D., Kharlap, M. S., et al. (2024) · Primary Health Care (Russian Federation) · doi:10.15829/3034-4123-2024-24 · Cited by 6
Phan, K. H., Pison, L., Wang, N., Kanagaratnam, A. L., Yan, T. D., Maesen, B. A. E., Maessen, J. G., Crijns, H. J. G. M., & Meir, M. L. (2017) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.08.102 · Cited by 5
“The converse has also been shown in landmark studies demonstrating that weight loss is associated with lower recurrence of AF and increased AF-free survival following ablation (34,36).”
ResultAddressing Extracardiac Risk Factors to Improve Atrial Fibrillation Treatment Outcomes
Andrade, J. G., & Macle, L. (2019) · Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management · doi:10.19102/icrm.2019.101103 · Cited by 5
“Specifically, these agents are reported to exert protective effects through (1) a prolongation in action- potential duration and the effective refractory period; (2) an attenuation in the downregulation of L-type calcium channel; (3) a suppression of pulmonary vein triggers; and (4) an attenuation in atrial electrical…”
BackgroundOsmancik, P. P., Havránek, Š., Bulková, V., Chovančík, J., Roubíček, T., Heřman, D., Čarná, Z., Tuka, V., Matoulek, M., Fiala, M., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056522 · Cited by 5
Impact of a dedicated atrial fibrillation clinic on diagnosis-to-ablation time
Robinson, A. K., Chopra, N., Badin, A. G., Billakanty, S. R., Cooper, K., Fu, E. Y., James, J., Murnane, V., Swinning, J., Stelzer, M., et al. (2022) · Heart Rhythm O2 · doi:10.1016/j.hroo.2022.08.007 · Cited by 5
Metabolisches Syndrom und Vorhofflimmern
Nowak, B., Schmidt, B., Chen, S., Urbanek, L., Bordignon, S., Schaack, D., Tohoku, S., & Chun, K. R. J. (2022) · Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie · doi:10.1007/s00399-022-00898-0 · Cited by 5
A new efficient and integrated pathway for patient evaluation prior to atrial fibrillation ablation
Verhaert, D. V. M., Linz, D., Wassink, G. F., Weijs, B., Philippens, S., LUERMANS, J. G. L. M., Westra, S. W., Schotten, U., Vernooy, K., & den Uijl, D. W. (2022) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvac095 · Cited by 5
Shatla, I. M., El-Zein, R. S., Ubaid, A., Elballat, A., Sammour, Y. M., Kennedy, K. F., Barta, K., Brand-Moody, T., Cordle, F., Williams, L., et al. (2023) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.01.028 · Cited by 5
Mboweni, N., Maseko, M. J., & Tsabedze, N. (2023) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.14332 · Cited by 5
“demonstrated that aggressive management of risk factors like OSA, weight, hypertension, and diabetes significantly reduced the AF burden after catheter ablation.(64,65) This study highlights optimal modifiable risk factor management’s potential benefits for upstream non-invasive therapy.”
BackgroundBrilliant, J., Yadav, R., Akhtar, T., Calkins, H. G., Trayanova, N. A., & SPRAGG, D. D. (2023) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573403x19666230331103153 · Cited by 6
“A second cohort study – ARREST -AF (Aggressive risk factor management for Atrial fibrillation and implication for the outcome of ablation) – investigated the impact of risk factor management specifically on AF ablation procedure outcomes [74].”
BackgroundRisk factors modification in atrial fibrillation: a brief review
Randhawa, S., Das, S., & Aronow, W. S. (2023) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1080/14779072.2023.2294728 · Cited by 5
“…Pathak et al. showed the positive effect of risk factor modification (blood pressure control, weight reduction, lipid management, glycemic control, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for patients with OSA) on arrhythmia-free survival one year after catheter ablative therapy for AF [19].”
BackgroundLee, Y., Yang, P., Jang, E., Kim, D., Yu, H. T., Kim, T., Uhm, J., Sung, J., Pak, H., Lee, M., et al. (2023) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2023.0264 · Cited by 6
Multidisciplinary management strategies for atrial fibrillation
Yue, X., Zhou, L., Li, Y., & Zhao, C. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102514 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Pathak, R. K., Middeldorp, M. E., Lau, D. H., Mehta, A. B., Mahajan, R., Twomey, D., Alasady, M., Hanley, L., Antic, N. A., McEvoy, R. D., Kalman, J. M., Abhayaratna, W. P., & Sanders, P.
- Affiliations
- Royal Adelaide Hospital (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Flinders University (AU)
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sanders, Prashanthan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 2222-2231
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W140098974
- Semantic Scholar
- f4c9c27c3ab3730d2c2ca09e8648704e91ba7fde
- Cited by
- 949
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 52.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- ResMed
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- atrial fibrillation, catheter ablation, cardiovascular risk management, obesity, weight loss, blood pressure reduction, glycemic control, lipid profile, arrhythmia-free survival, atrial fibrillation substrate, antiarrhythmic drugs, atrial fibrillation recurrence
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Atrial Fibrillation, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Life Style, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, Case-Control Studies, Smoking Cessation, Catheter Ablation, Sleep Apnea, Obstructive, Dyslipidemias, Weight Reduction Programs
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