Vitamin D, Calcium Supplements, and Implications for Cardiovascular Health
Open accessAbstract
Vitamin D and calcium supplements are commonly used, often together, to optimize bone health. Multiple observational studies have linked low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with increased cardiovascular risk. However, subsequent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) failed to demonstrate cardiovascular benefit with vitamin D supplementation. Although vitamin D supplements do not appear to be harmful for cardiovascular health, the lack of benefit in RCTs should discourage their use for this purpose, favoring optimizing vitamin D status through healthy lifestyles such as specific foods and modest sunlight exposure. Furthermore, some (but not all) observational and RCT studies of calcium supplementation have suggested potential for cardiovascular harm. Therefore, calcium supplementation should be used cautiously, striving for recommended intake of calcium predominantly from food sources. In this review, the authors examine the currently available evidence investigating whether vitamin D and calcium supplements are helpful, harmful, or neutral for cardiovascular health.
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Micronutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin D, n-3 fatty acids, magnesium, and phytochemicals benefit cardiometabolic health physiologically by eliminating free radicals and reducing inflammatory and platelet activity, while maintaining the homeostasis of endothelial cells and cardiac function.
“Mechanistically, micronutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin D, n-3 fatty acids, magnesium, and phytochemicals benefit cardiometabolic health physiologically by eliminating free radicals and reducing inflammatory and platelet activity, while maintaining the homeostasis of endothelial cells and cardiac function.”
From Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
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Sunlight in Small Doses: Balancing Health Benefits and Dermatologic Risks
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- Authors
- Michos, E. D., Cainzos-Achirica, M., Heravi, A. S., & Appel, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Michos, Erin D.
- Venue
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 437-449
- ISSN
- 0735-1097 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3121735441
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American College of Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- vitamin D supplementation, calcium supplementation, cardiovascular risk, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, bone health, sun exposure, dietary calcium, randomized controlled trials, observational studies
- MeSH terms
- Calcium, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Dietary Supplements
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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