Apples to oranges?: A direct comparison between suicide attempters and suicide completers

DeJong, Timothy M.; Overholser, James C.; Stockmeier, Craig A.

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.020

Cited by 198Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesHomicide, Infanticide, and Child AbuseGrief, Bereavement, and Mental Health

Apples to oranges?: A direct comparison between suicide attempters and suicide completers

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DeJong, Timothy M., Overholser, James C., Stockmeier, Craig A.·2010·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.020PMC PMC2875283

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Abstract

Background Suicide attempters and completers may represent different but overlapping groups of distressed individuals. Although depression is related to an increased risk of suicide, the presence of depression may not discriminate suicide attempters from completers. The present study compared suicide attempters and suicide completers on symptoms of depression, the presence of suicide-related variables and stressful life events.Aims The present study sought to identify the key differences between 50 suicide attempters and 50 completers, all diagnosed with a Major Depressive Disorder at the time of their suicidal act.Methods Suicide attempters and family member informants of suicide completers participated in a thorough psychosocial evaluation. To maximize comparisons with completers, suicide attempters were subclassified based on the lethality of their attempt.Results Suicide attempters and completers were similar on most measures of depressive symptoms. However, suicide completers were significantly more likely to use alcohol or drugs prior to their suicidal act and they were more likely to leave a suicide note. Suicide completers were significantly more likely to have encountered significant job stress and financial problems.Conclusions The present findings have documented several similarities and differences between suicide attempters and suicide completers. Future research may help to clarify the key warning signs that reflect the risk of completed suicide in adults who have been diagnosed with a Major Depressive Disorder.

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Financial- and employment-related stress may be most relevant for predicting suicide in middle adulthood, while health-related events and difficulties may play a more central role in suicide for older adults.
“In contrast, financial- and employment-related stress may be most relevant for predicting suicide in middle adulthood (DeJong et al. 2010; Innamorati et al. 2008), while health-related events and difficulties may play a more central role in suicide for older adults, particularly through their effects on cognitive-affective states like perceived burdensomeness (e.g., Cukrowicz et al. 2011).”
From Life stress and suicide in adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as DeJong et al. 2010

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Development of an early-warning system for high-risk patients for suicide attempt using deep learning and electronic health records
Zheng, L., Wang, O., Hao, S., Ye, C., Liu, M., Xia, M., Sabo, A. N., Markovic, L., Stearns, F., Kanov, L., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0684-2 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Understanding suicide risk: identification of high‐risk groups during high‐risk times
Overholser, J. C., Braden, A. L., & Dieter, L. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20859 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citation
Depression and suicide risk among nursing professionals: an integrative review
Silva, D. D. S. D., Tavares, N. V. D. S., Alexandre, A. R. G., Freitas, D. A., Brêda, M. Z., de Albuquerque, M. C. D. S., & Neto, V. L. D. M. (2015) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/s0080-623420150000600020 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Suicide risk factors across suicidal ideators, single suicide attempters, and multiple suicide attempters
Park, C. H. K., Lee, J. W., Lee, S.-Y., Moon, J., Jeon, D.-W., Shim, S.-H., Cho, S., Kim, S. G., Lee, J., Paik, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.08.018 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Attempted and completed suicide: Not what we expected?
Parra, I., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., García–Parés, G., Batalla, M. G., Llorens, M., Meca, A. C., de León-Martínez, V., Pérez, V., & Palao, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.013 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Personality disorders and health problems distinguish suicide attempters from completers in a direct comparison
Giner, L., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Pérez-Rodríguez, M. M., Nieto, R. G., Giner, J., Guija, J. A., Rico, A. R., Barrero, E., Luna, M. A., de León, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.029 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…more likely to be women (Conner et al., 2003a; DeJong et al., 2010; Fushimi et al., 2006; Iribarren et al., 2000), younger (Conner et al., 2003a; DeJong et al., 2010; Fushimi et al., 2006; Iribarren et al., 2000), socially isolated (Beautrais, 2001), show low intent to die (Michel, 1987), have…”
Influential
Aggression–impulsivity, mental pain, and communication difficulties in medically serious and medically non-serious suicide attempters
Gvion, Y., Horresh, N., Levi-Belz, Y., Fischel, T., Treves, I., Weiser, M., David, H. S., Stein-Reizer, O., & Apter, A. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.09.003 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“This finding is interesting and emphasizes evenmore the already evolving knowledge that theMNSSA is a different population than is the MSSA [76–78].”
Result
Difference in suicide methods used between suicide attempters and suicide completers
Lim, M., Lee, S., & Park, J. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-8-54 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“finding is consistent with some previous studies [9-13].”
Result
Genetic contributions to suicidal thoughts and behaviors
DiBlasi, E., Kang, J., & Docherty, A. R. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001720 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Dimensions of Religion Associated with Suicide Attempt and Suicide Ideation in Depressed, Religiously Affiliated Patients
Jongkind, M., van den Brink, B., Schaap-Jonker, H., van der Velde, N., & Braam, A. (2019) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour · doi:10.1111/sltb.12456 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Why Might Men Be More at Risk of Suicide After a Relationship Breakdown? Sociological Insights
Scourfield, J., & Evans, R. (2014) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988314546395 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“The reasons for attempted and complete suicide are not necessarily the same (De Jong, Overholser and Stockmeier, 2010), reflecting in part the different gender profiles of the two groups.”
Do suicide attempts occur more frequently in the spring too? A systematic review and rhythmic analysis
Coimbra, D. G., Silva, A. C. P. E., de Sousa‐Rodrigues, C. F., Barbosa, F. T., Figueredo, D. D. S., Santos, J. L. A., Barbosa, M. R., Alves, V. D. M., Nardi, A. E., & de Andrade, T. G. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.036 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Despite sharing the main feature which is the choice of taking their own lives, some studies have described differences between individuals who committed suicide and those who attempted suicide (Dejong et al., 2010; Fushimi et al., 2006; Giner et al., 2013; Malone et al., 2007; Parra Uribe et al., 2013; Younes et al.,…”
Background
From the outside looking in: Sense of belonging, depression, and suicide risk
Fisher, L. B., Overholser, J. C., Ridley, J., Braden, A., & Rosoff, C. (2015) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2015.1015867 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citation
Lithium levels in the public drinking water supply and risk of suicide: A pilot study
Liaugaudaitė, V., Mickuvienė, N., Raškauskienė, N., Naginienė, R., & Sher, L. (2017) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.03.009 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Risk of Suicide Death Following Electroconvulsive Therapy Treatment in Depression: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Kaster, T. S., Blumberger, D. M., Gomes, T., Sutradhar, R., Wijeysundera, D. N., & Vigod, S. N. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00077-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Animal model and neurobiology of suicide
Preti, A. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.027 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Generally suicide completers were significantly more likely than attempters to have experienced significant job stress and financial problems (Dejong et al., 2010).”
Background
Theoretical models of suicidal behaviour: A systematic review and narrative synthesis
Díaz-Oliván, I., Porras-Segovia, A., Barrigón, M., Jiménez-Muñoz, L., & Baca-García, E. (2021) · European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2021.02.002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Traumas, such as neglect or physical and sexual abuse, have a great impact on the child’s mental health, causing emotional dysregulation, low self-esteem, and perceived burdensomeness, among others.”
A Population-Based Longitudinal Study of Recent Stressful Life Events as Risk Factors for Suicidal Behavior in Major Depressive Disorder
Wang, Y., Sareen, J., Afifi, T. O., Bolton, J. M., Johnson, E. A., & Bolton, J. M. (2015) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2014.957448 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Furthermore, all responses to the survey were based on self-reports, which are susceptible to recall biases (Ebner-Priemer et al., 2006).”
Background
Relations between suicide and traumatic brain injury, psychiatric diagnoses, and relationship problems, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2001-2009.
Skopp, N. A., Trofimovich, L., Grimes, J. B., Oetjen-Gerdes, L., & Gahm, G. A. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Risk of Depression and Suicidality among Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Elamoshy, R., Bird, Y., Thorpe, L. U., & Moraros, J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7110445 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Furthermore, it has been suggested in the literature that suicidal ideations and behaviors might have different predictors than completed suicide [92,93].”
Background
Exploring the psychiatric and social risk factors contributing to suicidal behaviors in religious young adults
Hamdan, S., & Peterseil-Yaul, T. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.024 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Suicide attempts and related factors in patients admitted to a general hospital: a ten-year cross-sectional study (1997-2007)
Sudupe, J. A., Pita‐Fernández, S., Gómez-Pardiñas, S., de Bernabé, F. I. G., Fernández, J. G., Martínez-Sande, G., Lantes-Louzao, S., & Pértega-Díaz, S. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-51 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“A recent paper [34] highlights the similarities and differences among heterogeneous groups of patients, some of whom committed suicide, and others who survived the attempt.”
Background
The androgen model of suicide completion
Lenz, B., Röther, M., Bouna-Pyrrou, P., Mühle, C., Tektas, O. Y., & Kornhuber, J. (2018) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The influence of gender on suicidality becomes clearer when differentiating low-lethality attempters, high-lethality attempters, and completers: the proportion of males continuously increases from low-lethality attempters to completers (DeJong et al., 2010).”
The influence of the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on suicidal behaviors: a meta-analysis
Fanelli, G., & Serretti, A. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.007 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Short self-reported sleep duration and suicidal behavior: A cross-sectional study
Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Alegría, A. A., López‐Castromán, J., Legido, T., Sáiz, P. A., de León, J., & Baca‐García, E. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The severity of suicidal behavior is usually associated with higher suicide intent,medical lethality, and the use of high-lethalitymethods (DeJong et al., 2010; Suominen et al., 2004).”
Background
Clinicians' conflicting emotional responses to high suicide-risk patients—Association with short-term suicide behaviors: A prospective pilot study
Yaseen, Z. S., GALYNKER, I. I., Cohen, L. J., & Briggs, J. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.03.013 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic
(2018) · doi:10.18653/v1/w18-06 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Attempted and completed suicide in primary care: Not what we expected?
Younes, N., Melchior, M., Turbelin, C., Blanchon, T., Hanslik, T., & Chee, C. C. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.037 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Factors associated with suicide completion: A comparison between suicide attempters and completers
Joo, S., Wang, S., Kim, T., Seo, H., Jeong, J., Han, J., & Hong, S. (2015) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12216 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“It is generally acknowledged that suicide completers are more likely to be males, older (Fushimi et al., 2006; DeJong et al., 2010; Giner et al., 2013; Parra Uribe et al., 2013), live alone (Parra Uribe et al., 2013), leave a suicide note, use alcohol or drugs before committing suicide (DeJong et…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
The Modular Assessment of Risk for Imminent Suicide (MARIS): A proof of concept for a multi-informant tool for evaluation of short-term suicide risk
Hawes, M., Yaseen, Z., Briggs, J., & Galynker, I. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.10.002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
From the Serotonin Model of Suicide to a Mental Pain Model of Suicide
de León, J., Baca‐García, E., & Blasco-Fontecilla, H. (2015) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000438510 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Risk-taking behaviors and stressors differentially predict suicidal preparation, non-fatal suicide attempts, and suicide deaths
Athey, A. J., Overholser, J. C., Bagge, C. L., Dieter, L., Vallender, E. J., & Stockmeier, C. A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.032 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Stressed suicide decedents are more likely than non-fatal to suicide attempters to leave a suicide note, perhaps indicating higher levels of suicidal intent (DeJong et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Alcohol Use and Suicidal Behaviors among Adults: A Synthesis and Theoretical Model.
Lamis, D. A., & Malone, P. S. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Differences between Impulsive and Non-Impulsive Suicide Attempts among Individuals Treated in Emergency Rooms of South Korea
Lim, M., Lee, S., & Park, J. (2016) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2016.13.4.389 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cultural versus classic risk and protective factors for suicide
Chu, J. P., Robinett, E. N., Johnson, K. L., Shadish, K., Goldblum, P. B., & Bongar, B. M. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1430085 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Nightmares and suicide: predicting risk in depression.
Marinova, P., Koychev, I. G., Laleva, L. N., Kancheva, L., Tsvetkov, M., Bilyukov, R., Vandeva, D., Felthouse, A. R., & Koychev, G. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A Content Analysis of Online Suicide Notes: Attempted Suicide Versus Attempt Resulting in Suicide
Synnott, J., Ιωάννου, Μ., Coyne, A., & Hemingway, S. (2017) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12398 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Legacy of Minimum Legal Drinking Age Law Changes: Long‐Term Effects on Suicide and Homicide Deaths Among Women
Grucza, R. A., Hipp, P. R., Norberg, K. E., Rundell, L., Evanoff, A. B., Cavazos‐Rehg, P. A., & Bierut, L. J. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01608.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Suicide attempts that occur under the influence of alcohol are more lethal than those not occurring during alcohol use (DeJong et al., 2010; Sher, 2006; Sher et al., 2009).”
Background
Can Text Messages Identify Suicide Risk in Real Time? A Within-Subjects Pilot Examination of Temporally Sensitive Markers of Suicide Risk
Glenn, J. J., Nobles, A. L., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620906146 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Suicide bereavement in the UK : Descriptive findings from a national survey
Mcdonnell, S., Flynn, S., Shaw, J. J., Smith, S., McGale, B., & Hunt, I. M. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12874 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Unlike the typical gender gap where more women than men attempt suicide (De Jong et al., 2010), we found a similar proportion reported a suicide attempt post- bereavement.”
Background
Perceived job insecurity and risk of suicide and suicide attempts: a study of men and women in the Swedish working population
Blomqvist, S., Virtanen, M., LaMontagne, A. D., & Hanson, L. L. M. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.4015 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that the risk of suicide attempt is higher among women while the risk of suicide death appears to be higher among men (3, 17, 32, 35).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Suicide in forensic practice – an Australian perspective
Austin, A. E., van den Heuval, C., & Byard, R. W. (2010) · Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1080/00450618.2010.506197 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“83 , more than half of those who died by suicide had left a note, compared with just 20% of those who survived their attempt.”
Suicide Attempts During Heavy Drinking Episodes Among Individuals Entering Alcohol Treatment in Warsaw, Poland
Klimkiewicz, A., Ilgen, M. A., Bohnert, A. M., Jakubczyk, A., Wojnar, M., & Brower, K. J. (2012) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags069 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In a study of individuals with depression, alcohol and/or drugs were present at the time of the attempt for 25% of the individuals who attempted suicide using a method with low lethality, 36% of those who attempted suicide using a method with high lethality and 52% of those who died by suicide (DeJong et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethod
Suicide among college students in psychotherapy: Individual predictors and latent classes.
Hayes, J. A., Petrovich, J., Janis, R. A., Yang, Y., Castonguay, L. G., & Locke, B. D. (2019) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000384 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Suicide Attempts and Suicides in the General Population of Andalusia (Spain)
Mejías-Martín, Y., del Castillo, J. D. D. L., Rodríguez-Mejías, C., Martí‐García, C., Valencia-Quintero, J. P., & García‐Caro, M. P. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16224496 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“A history of suicide attempts is known to increase the risk of suicide [2,23–26], although many suicide victims have not made any previous attempt [9,13,18,19].”
BackgroundMethod
Are previous suicide attempts a risk factor for completed suicide?
Goñi-Sarriés, A., Blanco, M., Azcárate-Jiménez, L., Peinado, R., & López-Goñi, J. J. (2018) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.318 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Consequently, the prognostic value of the attempts is limited because the majority of suicides are completed on the fi rst attempt both in Spanish (Parra-Uribe et al., 2013) and international studies (Cavanagh et al., 2003; DeJong et al., 2010; Isometsa & Lonnqvist, 1998; Stenbacka & Jokinen, 2015).”
Background
Association Between Suicidal Ideation and Exposure to Suicide in Social Relationships Among Family, Friend, and Acquaintance Survivors in South Korea
Song, I. H., Kwon, S. W., & Kim, J. (2015) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12158 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Military Veterans' Experiences with Suicidal Ideation: Implications for Intervention and Prevention
Denneson, L. M., Teo, A. R., Ganzini, L. K., Helmer, D. A., Bair, M. J., & Dobscha, S. K. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12136 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Significant relationship between lifetime alcohol use disorders and suicide attempts in an Australian schizophrenia sample
McLean, D. E., Gladman, B., & Mowry, B. J. (2012) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867411433211 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Second, these findings can only inform us about suicide attempts, and cannot be generalised to all suicidal behaviour, as our sample consisted entirely of living individuals, and there have been identified differences in the characteristics of those who attempt suicide and those who complete suicide (DeJong et al., 20…”
Background
Mediating Effects of Stress, Weight-Related Issues, and Depression on Suicidality in College Students
Smith, S. S., Carter, J. S., Karczewski, S. A., Pivarunas, B., Suffoletto, S., & Munin, A. (2014) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.960420 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Suicidality After Burn Injuries: A Systematic Review
Lerman, S. F., Sylvester, S. A., Hultman, C. S., & Caffrey, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Burn Care & Research · doi:10.1093/jbcr/irab014 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Differences Between Suicide Victims Who Leave Notes and Those Who Do Not
Paraschakis, A., Michopoulos, I., Douzenis, A., Christodoulou, C., Koutsaftis, F., & Lykouras, L. (2012) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000150 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
National total Survey of German adolescent Suicide in Prison
Radeloff, D., Lempp, T., Herrmann, E. M., Kettner, M., Bennefeld-Kersten, K., & Freitag, C. M. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0568-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Assessment of Depression and Suicidal Actions: Agreement between Suicide Attempters and Informant Reports
DeJong, T. M., & Overholser, J. C. (2009) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.1.38 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social and Geographical Inequalities in Suicide in Japan from 1975 through 2005: A Census-Based Longitudinal Analysis
Suzuki, E., Kashima, S., Kawachi, I. I., & Subramanian, S. V. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063443 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“It is important to realize that despite some similarities [54], suicide attempters and completers in Japan would have significant demographic, personality, and clinical differences [55].”
Background
Differential effect of lithium on spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase expression in suicidal behaviour
Squassina, A., Manchia, M., Chillotti, C., Deiana, V., Congiu, D., Paribello, F., Roncada, P., Soggiù, A., Piras, C., Urbani, A., et al. (2013) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713000655 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Studies comparing suicide completers and attempters have shown that these two groups of subjects have not only many clinical and demographic similarities but also important differences (Linehan, 1986; Beautrais, 2001, 2002; Fushimi et al., 2006; DeJong et al., 2010).”
Background
Understanding Suicide in Socially Vulnerable Contexts: Psychological Autopsy in a Small Town in Mexico
Chávez‐Hernández, A., & García, L. F. M. (2015) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12166 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
An Examination of Suicide Attempts Among Incarcerated Sex Offenders
Jeglic, E. L., Spada, A. H., & Mercado, C. C. (2012) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/1079063212447201 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Alcohol use and suicide proneness in college students: a proposed model
Lamis, D. A., Malone, P. S., & Jahn, D. R. (2013) · Mental Health and Substance Use · doi:10.1080/17523281.2013.781535 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Investigating Correlates of Suicide Among Male Youth: Questioning the Close Affinity Between Suicide Attempts and Deaths
Feigelman, W. T., Joiner, T. E., Rosen, Z., & Silva, C. (2015) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12183 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…and depression from coroner’s records found that suicide decedents were more likely than other decedents to use alcohol or drugs prior to death, more likely to leave suicide notes, and more likely to have previously encountered significant job stress and financial problems (DeJong et al., 2010).”
Background
Suicide attempts in Chinese Han patients with schizophrenia: cognitive, demographic, and clinical variables
Dai, Q., Wang, D., Wang, J., Xu, H., Andriescue, E. C., Wu, H. E., Xiu, M., Chen, D., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0900 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Recovery From Depression—A 6-Month Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Study of Manual-Based Phenomenological Art Therapy for Persons With Depression
Blomdahl, C., Guregård, S., Rusner, M., & Wijk, H. (2021) · Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/07421656.2021.1922328 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Persons affected by depression have an enhanced risk of committing suicide (DeJong et al., 2010).”
Background
What distinguishes high and low-lethality suicide attempts in older adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Barker, J., Oakes-Rogers, S., & Leddy, A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.048 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Prevalence of Anxiety Symptoms and Associated Clinical and Sociodemographic Factors in Mexican Adults Seeking Psychological Support for Grief During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Rodríguez, A. D., Herdoiza-Arroyo, P. E., Martínez-Arriaga, R. J., Valerio, E. B., Mollá, J. M., la Rosa-Gómez, A. D., Farfallini, L., Jiménez, M. J. H., Esquivel-Santoveña, E. E., Ramírez-Martínez, F. R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.749236 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Suicides and medically serious attempters are of the same population in Chinese rural young adults
Zhang, J., Sun, L., Conwell, Y., Qin, P., Jia, C.-X., Xiao, S., & Tu, X. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In illustrating the fact that suicide attempters and completers represented different but overlapping groups of distressed individuals, DeJong et al. (2010) identified several similarities and differences between suicide attempters and suicide completers from a US sample.”
Background
Trauma characteristics, post-traumatic symptoms, psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviours: results from the 2007 Australian national survey of mental health and wellbeing.
Afzali, M. H., Sunderland, M., Batterham, P. J., Carragher, N., & Slade, T. (2017) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867416683815 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Although non-fatal suicidal behaviours are reported as important risk factors of suicide deaths, some differences exist between fatal and non-fatal suicidal behaviours (DeJong et al., 2010).”
Background
Exploring the Relationship Between Domestic Violence Perpetration and Suicidal Behavior in Male Prisoners
Dewar, C., Heggs, D. A., & Davies, J. (2021) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2021.1939207 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dissociation et passage à l’acte violent : une revue de littérature
Vandevoorde, J., & Borgne, P. L. (2014) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2014.09.002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Switching Suicide Methods in Order to Achieve Lethality: A Study of Greek Suicide Victims
Paraschakis, A., Michopoulos, I., Douzenis, A., Christodoulou, C., Lykouras, L., & Koutsaftis, F. (2013) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.780111 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“already mentioned in the literature (DeJong et al., 2009; Runeson et al., 2010).”
Background
Predictors of Future Suicide Attempts Among Individuals Referred to Psychiatric Services in the Emergency Department
Wang, Y., Bhaskaran, J., Sareen, J., Wang, J., Spiwak, R. P., & Bolton, J. M. (2015) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000320 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Given that some past research has indicated that suicide attempters and suicide completers are two very distinct groups of people who exhibit differential characteristics (DeJong et al., 2010; Fischer et al., 2003; Harris and Barraclough, 1997), it is possible, for example, that the items that did not contribute to ou…”
Result
Characteristics of suicide completers and attempters in rural Chinese population
Liu, B.-P., Liu, X., & Jia, C.-X. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.07.005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Proteomic profiling of postmortem prefrontal cortex tissue of suicide completers
Kim, M. J., Do, M., Han, D., Son, M., Shin, D., Yeo, I., Yun, Y. H., Yoo, S. H., Choi, H. J., Shin, D., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01896-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“, suicide attempters or patients with mood disorders), whose characteristics may differ from those of suicide completers [16, 17].”
Background
Prefecture-level economic conditions and risk of suicide in Japan: a repeated cross-sectional analysis 1975–2010
Suzuki, E., Kashima, S., Kawachi, I. I., & Subramanian, S. V. (2014) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cku023 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Risk for suicide attempts among United States Air Force active duty members with suicide ideation: An ecological perspective.
Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J., Snarr, J. D., Slep, A. M. S., & Heyman, R. E. (2019) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000435 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A 2-Year Psychological Autopsy Study of Completed Suicides in the Athens Greater Area, Greece
Paraschakis, A., Michopoulos, I., Christodoulou, C., Koutsaftis, F., Lykouras, L., & Douzenis, A. (2015) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2015.12.2.212 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Comparison of Suicide Attempters and Decedents in the U.S. Army: A Latent Class Analysis
Skopp, N. A., Smolenski, D. J., Sheppard, S. C., Bush, N. E., & Luxton, D. D. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12227 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Improving suicide risk assessment in the emergency department through physician education and a suicide risk assessment prompt
Reshetukha, T., Alavi, N., Prost, E., Kirkpatrick, R. H., Sajid, S., Patel, C. B., & Groll, D. (2018) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.03.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Health-Care Workers’ Perception of Patients’ Suicide Intention and Factors Leading to It: A Qualitative Study
Wee, L.-H., Ibrahim, N., Wahab, S. B., Visvalingam, U., Yeoh, S. H., & Siau, C. S. (2018) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222818814331 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
An oversimplification of psychosis, its treatment, and its outcomes?
PETERS, E. R. (2014) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.205.2.159a · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rethinking suicides as mental accidents: towards a new paradigm
Ajdacic-Gross, V., Hepp, U., Seifritz, E., & Bopp, M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.022 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Prevalence and associated risk factors for suicidal ideation, non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempt among male construction workers in Ireland
O’Donnell, S., Egan, T., Clarke, N., & Richardson, N. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18483-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Indeed, work stress and financial problems were more associated with individuals diagnosed with depression who died by suicide compared to those who attempted suicide [64].”
Background
Symptoms of mania and anxiety do not contribute to suicidal ideation or behavior in the presence of bipolar depression
Persons, J. E., Lodder, P., Coryell, W. H., Nürnberger, J. I., & Fiedorowicz, J. G. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114296 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A systematic review of evidence-based aftercare for older adults following self-harm
Wand, A. P. F., Browne, R., Jessop, T., & Peisah, C. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211067165 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Although there may be important distinctions between people who die by suicide and those who attempt suicide and survive (DeJong et al., 2010), insights from those who have self-harmed may inform what is helpful in terms of aftercare.”
Background
Greater white matter hyperintensities and the association with executive function in suicide attempters with late-life depression
Lin, C., Huang, C., Karim, H. T., Liu, H., Lee, T. M.-C., Wu, C. W., Toh, C., Tsai, Y., Yen, T., & Lee, S. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.016 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

P.2.g.003 Aripiprazole for the treatment of involuntary movement symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder
Cho, A. R., Kang, W. S., Lee, S. M., Hong, M. H., & Park, J. K. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(12)70452-2
Attempted and completed suicide: Not what we expected?
Parra, I., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., García–Parés, G., Batalla, M. G., Llorens, M., Meca, A. C., de León-Martínez, V., Pérez, V., & Palao, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.013 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A “DIMENSIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIA”: THE “NEUROCOGNITIVE” ENDOPHENOTYPES
Estani, P. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(08)70360-8
AS07-01 - Completed suicide vs suicide atempt: similarities and differences ?
Giner, L., & Guija, J. A. (2012) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(12)73967-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Personality disorders and health problems distinguish suicide attempters from completers in a direct comparison
Giner, L., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Pérez-Rodríguez, M. M., Nieto, R. G., Giner, J., Guija, J. A., Rico, A. R., Barrero, E., Luna, M. A., de León, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.029 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Authors: DeJong, T. M., Overholser, J. C., & Stockmeier, C. A.
Affiliations: Case Western Reserve University (US)
University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Overholser, James C.
ORCID: Overholser, James C.
Stockmeier, Craig A.
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-07
Volume: 124
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 90-97
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.020
PMC: PMC2875283
OpenAlex: W2089168194
Cited by: 198
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 6.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p20rr017701-10)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH067996, MH67996)
National Center for Research Resources (P20-RR-017701)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Keywords: suicide attempters, suicide completers, major depressive disorder, depression, suicide risk, life events, occupational stress, financial problems, alcohol and drug use, suicide notes
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Cause of Death, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Risk, Suicide, Suicide, Attempted, Writing, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult

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Apples to oranges?: A direct comparison between suicide attempters and suicide completers

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