A systematic review of growth curve mixture modelling literature investigating trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms and associated risk factors

Baron, Emily; Bass, Judith; Murray, Sarah M.; Schneider, Marguerite; Lund, Crick

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.046

Cited by 147Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Neonatal HealthcarePersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

A systematic review of growth curve mixture modelling literature investigating trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms and associated risk factors

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Baron, Emily, Bass, Judith, Murray, Sarah M., Schneider, Marguerite, Lund, Crick·2017·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.046PMC PMC5592733

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Abstract

Background The aim of this study was to review the growth curve mixture modelling (GCMM) literature investigating trajectories of perinatal maternal depressive symptoms and associated risk factors.Methods A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles published until November 2015 was conducted in seven databases. Articles using GCMM to identify trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms were considered. Symptoms had to be assessed at least three times, anytime from pregnancy to two years postpartum (PROSPERO; 2016:CRD42016032600).Results Eleven studies met inclusion criteria. All reported a low risk trajectory, characterised by stable low depressive symptoms throughout the perinatal period. A stable moderate-high or high symptom trajectory was reported in eight of 11 studies, suggesting a high-risk group with persistent depressive symptoms. Six studies also reported transient trajectories, with either increasing, decreasing or episodic depressive symptoms. None of the demographic, personality or clinical characteristics investigated systematically differentiated groups of women with different symptom trajectories, within or across studies. Thus, it is difficult to differentiate women at high or low risk of specific perinatal depression trajectories.Limitations A meta-analysis was not possible. The studies' settings and inclusion criteria limit the generalisability of the findings to low-risk, middle- to high-income women.Conclusions Relatively similar trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms were identified across studies. Evidence on factors differentiating women assigned to different trajectories was inconsistent. Research with larger samples and in more diverse settings is needed to inform services and policies on how and when to effectively identify subgroups of women at high risk of perinatal depression.

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Maternal internalizing problems manifested in two profiles: a low-symptom profile characterized by symptoms that slowly decreased over time and a clinical profile characterized by clinically significant elevations that persisted up to 2 years postpartum.
“Consistent with extant research on maternal depression [14], maternal internalizing problems manifested in two ways in the present study: a low-symptom profile characterized by symptoms that slowly decreased over time and a clinical profile characterized by clinically significant elevations in internalizing problems that, notably, persisted up to 2 years postpartum.”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
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Baron et al. concluded in a systematic review that none of the demographic, personality or clinical characteristics systematically differentiated groups of women with different symptom trajectories, within or across studies.
“Baron et al. [14] concluded in a systematic review that “none of the demographic, personality or clinical characteristics… systematically differentiated groups of women with different symptom trajectories, within or across studies” (p. 194).”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [14]

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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Group‐based trajectory modelling for BMI trajectories in childhood: A systematic review
Mattsson, M., Maher, G. M., Boland, F., Fitzgerald, T., Murray, D. M., & Biesma, R. G. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12842 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Characteristics of women with different perinatal depression trajectories
Wikman, A., Axfors, C., Iliadis, S. I., Cox, J., Fransson, E., & Skalkidou, A. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24390 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“In line with previous studies, the healthy trajectory in the present study was most common, suggesting this trajectory may be normative (Baron et al., 2017; Santos et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodResult
Task-sharing of psychological treatment for antenatal depression in Khayelitsha, South Africa: Effects on antenatal and postnatal outcomes in an individual randomised controlled trial
Lund, C., Schneider, M., Garman, E. C., Davies, T., Munodawafa, M., Honikman, S., Bhana, A., Bass, J., Bolton, P. A., Dewey, M. E., et al. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103466 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citation
Trajectories of antenatal depression and adverse pregnancy outcomes
Miller, E. S., Saade, G. R., Simhan, H. N., Monk, C. E., Haas, D. M., Silver, R. M., Mercer, B. M., Parry, S. I., Wing, D. A., Reddy, U. M., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.07.007 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Maternal personality, social support, and changes in depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms during pregnancy and after delivery: A prospective-longitudinal study
Asselmann, E., Kunas, S. L., Wïttchen, H., & Martini, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237609 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Depression and Anxiety Trajectories in Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Scott, A. J., Correa, A. B., Bisby, M. A., & Dear, B. F. (2023) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000533263 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The courses of maternal and paternal depressive and anxiety symptoms during the prenatal period in the FinnBrain Birth Cohort study
Korja, R., Nolvi, S., Kataja, E., Scheinin, N. M., Junttila, N., Lahtinen, H., Saarni, S. E., Karlsson, L., & Karlsson, H. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207856 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Perinatal depression among mothers in a South African birth cohort study: trajectories from pregnancy to 18 months postpartum
Pellowski, J. A., Bengtson, A. M., Barnett, W., DiClemente, K., Koen, N., Zar, H. J., & Stein, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.052 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The association of unplanned pregnancy with perinatal depression: a longitudinal cohort study
Muskens, L., Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., Kop, W. J., van den Heuvel, M. I., Pop, V. J. M., & Beerthuizen, A. (2022) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-022-01225-9 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Longitudinal assessments seem of great importance to gain a better understanding of the role of an unplanned pregnancy in the occurrence of perinatal depressive symptoms, since perinatal depressive symptoms tend to be variable over time (Baron et al. 2017).”
Background
Prenatal stress perception and coping strategies: Insights from a longitudinal prospective pregnancy cohort
Goletzke, J., Kocalevent, R.-D., Hansen, G., Rose, M., Becher, H., Hecher, K., Arck, P., & Diemert, A. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.09.002 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms from early pregnancy to six weeks postpartum and their risk factors—a longitudinal study
Yu, M., Li, H., Xu, D. R., Wu, Y., Liu, H., & Gong, W. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Pain Trajectories in Knee Osteoarthritis—A Systematic Review and Best Evidence Synthesis on Pain Predictors
Previtali, D., Andriolo, L., Frattura, G. D. L., Boffa, A., Candrian, C., Zaffagnini, S., & Filardo, G. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9092828 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Perinatal depressive symptoms among low-income South African women at risk of depression: trajectories and predictors
Garman, E. C., Schneider, M., & Lund, C. (2019) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2355-y · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
Exploring Heterogeneity in perinatal depression: a comprehensive review
Waqas, A., Nadeem, M., & Rahman, A. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05121-z · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“According to the PACT consortium [19, 20] and Baron et al. [21], there are three sources of heterogeneity in PND, which were considered for review: 1.”
BackgroundMethod
The longitudinal course of depressive symptoms during the perinatal period: A systematic review
Vanwetswinkel, F., Bruffaerts, R., Arif, U., & Hompes, T. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.087 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Different trajectories of depressive symptoms during pregnancy
Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., Beerthuizen, A., Endendijk, J. J., van Broekhoven, K. E. M., van Baar, A. L., Bergink, V., & Pop, V. J. M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.01.021 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The association of different presentations of maternal depression with children’s socio-emotional development: A systematic review
Morales, M. F., Girard, L., Raouna, A., & MacBeth, A. M. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001649 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Our results mirror existing systematic reviews of perinatal depressive symptoms [70, 71] demonstrating”
Result
Maternal depressive symptom trajectories from preconception through postpartum: Associations with offspring developmental outcomes in early childhood
Rinne, G. R., Davis, E. P., Mahrer, N. E., Guardino, C. M., Charalel, J. M., Shalowitz, M. U., Ramey, S. L., & Schetter, C. D. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.116 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Perinatal depression: Heterogeneity of disease and in animal models
Qiu, W., Hodges, T. E., Clark, E. L., Blankers, S. A., & Galea, L. A. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100854 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Course of perinatal depressive symptoms among South African women: associations with child outcomes at 18 and 36 months
Garman, E. C., Cois, A., Tomlinson, M., Rotheram‐Borus, M. J., & Lund, C. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01665-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
The peripartum human brain: Current understanding and future perspectives
Sacher, J., Chechko, N., Dannlowski, U., Walter, M., & Derntl, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100859 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Early‐ and late‐onset postpartum depression exhibit distinct associated factors: the IGEDEPP prospective cohort study
Tebeka, S., Strat, Y. L., Mandelbrot, L., Benachi, A., Dommergues, M., Kayem, G., Lepercq, J. A., Luton, D., Ville, Y. G., Ramoz, N., et al. (2021) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16688 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Does One Treatment Fit All? Effectiveness of a Multicomponent Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program in Data-Driven Subtypes of Perinatal Depression
Waqas, A., & Rahman, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.736790 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Antenatal predictors of incident and persistent postnatal depressive symptoms in rural Ethiopia: a population-based prospective study
Fenta, T. B., Hanlon, C., Medhin, G., & Fekadu, A. (2019) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-019-0690-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Depression during pregnancy has been found to be the strongest predictor of postnatal depression [29–31] in a number of prospective studies and reviews examining the trajectory of perinatal depression [31, 32].”
Background
Stakeholder perspectives on antenatal depression and the potential for psychological intervention in rural Ethiopia: a qualitative study
Fenta, T. B., Keynejad, R. C., Honikman, S., Sorsdahl, K. R., MYERS, B. J., Fekadu, A., & Hanlon, C. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-03069-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Gustafsson, H., Young, A. S., Doyle, O. J., Nagel, B. J., Seghete, K. L. M., Nigg, J. T., Sullivan, E. L., & Graham, A. M. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13656 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…typically increase across gestation and then decrease for most women over the first year of the child's life, though there are individual differences in these trajectories that have unique implications for both maternal functioning and child development (Baron et al., 2017; Santos et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Measuring resilience to major life events
Étilé, F., Frijters, P., Johnston, D. W., & Shields, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.09.004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms from pregnancy to 11 years postpartum: Findings from Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort
Mughal, M. K., Giallo, R., Arshad, M., Arnold, P. D., Bright, K. S., Charrois, E. M., Rai, B., Wajid, A., & Kingston, D. E. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.023 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Trajectories and predictors of perinatal depressive symptoms among Kenyan women: a prospective cohort study
Larsen, A., Pintye, J. C., Marwa, M. M., Watoyi, S., Kinuthia, J., Abuna, F., Richardson, B. A., Gómez, L., Dettinger, J. C., & John-Stewart, G. C. (2022) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00110-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Trajectories of maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms and child's socio-emotional outcome during early childhood
Korja, R., Nolvi, S., Scheinin, N. M., Tervahartiala, K., Carter, A. S., Karlsson, H., Kataja, E., & Karlsson, L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.076 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Advancing research on perinatal depression trajectories: Evidence from a longitudinal study of low-income women
Choi, C., Mersky, J. P., Janczewski, C. E., & Goyal, D. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.026 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Identifying trajectories of antenatal depression in women and their associations with gestational age and neonatal anthropometry: A prospective cohort study
Lim, H. A., Chua, T.-E., Malhotra, R., Allen, J. C., Teo, I., Chern, B. S. M., Tan, K. H., & Chen, H. (2019) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.09.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Efficacy of a culturally adapted, cognitive behavioural therapy-based intervention for postnatal depression in British south Asian women (ROSHNI 2): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial
Husain, N., Lunat, F., Lovell, K., Miah, J., Chew-Graham, C. A., Bee, P., Waqas, A., Pierce, M., Sharma, D., Atif, N., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01612-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stress and mental health symptoms in early pregnancy are associated with the oral microbiome
Alex, A. M., Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., Muzik, M., Nuttall, A. K., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Lonstein, J. S. (2024) · BMJ Mental Health · doi:10.1136/bmjment-2024-301100 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“We studied this time of pregnancy because for many women their earlier pregnancy stress and poor mental health persist throughout pregnancy and post partum 21 and predict more severe symptoms post partum.”
Increases in maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy and infant cortisol reactivity: Mediation by placental corticotropin-releasing hormone
Rinne, G. R., Somers, J. A., Ramos, I. F., Ross, K. M., Coussons‐Read, M. E., & Schetter, C. D. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000621 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effects of single and combined exposure to lead and stress during pregnancy on offspring neurodevelopment
Guo, X., Jiang, S., Xu, J., Tian, Y., Ouyang, F., Yu, X., Liu, J., Yan, C., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101124 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Burden of postpartum depression in sub-Saharan Africa: An updated systematic review
Nweke, M., Ukwuoma, M., Adiuku-Brown, A. C., Okemuo, A. J., Ugwu, P. I., & Nseka, E. (2024) · South African Journal of Science · doi:10.17159/sajs.2024/14197 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“86 There are no mental health services in sub-Saharan communities where over 60% of the African populace lives.”
Background
Association between perinatal depressive symptoms and suicidal risk among low-income South African women: a longitudinal study
Garman, E. C., Cois, A., Schneider, M., & Lund, C. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01730-w · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Latent modelling techniques have shown that trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms are heterogeneous [23, 24].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Trajectory Modeling with Latent Groups: Potentials and Pitfalls
Hetherington, E., Plamondon, A., & Williamson, T. S. (2020) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-020-00242-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of perinatal depression and the risk role of cognitive fusion and perceived stress on postpartum depression
Liu, W., Wu, X., Gao, Y., Xiao, C., Xiao, J., Fang, F., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16338 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Perinatal depression trajectories and child development at one year: a study in China
Zhu, Y., Li, X., Chen, J., & Gong, W. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06330-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The existing studies had described three-six trajectory groups [8, 9], but they have some limitations.”
Background
Reciprocal Influence of Depressive Symptoms Between Mothers and Fathers During the First Postpartum Year: A Comparison Among Full-Term, Very Low, and Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants
Neri, E., Giovagnoli, S., Genova, F., Benassi, M., Stella, M., & Agostini, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578264 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Taken together, these results could open up the possibility of identifying sub-groups of mothers and fathers with a higher risk of chronicity since the first postpartum trimester, in line with recent literature (26, 70, 71), enhancing the possibility to promptly implement screening programs as well as therapeutic supp…”
Result
Perinatal Depression in the Spanish Context: Consensus Report from the General Council of Psychology of Spain
Muñoz, M. D. L. F. R., Motrico, E., Míguez, M. C., Chaves, C., Suso‐Ribera, C., Duque, A., Salinas, M. G., Caparrós-González, R. A., Martín-Agudiez, N., Kovacheva, K. I., et al. (2023) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2023a15 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Distinct trajectories of perinatal depression in Chinese women: application of latent growth mixture modelling
Hong, L., Le, T. T., Lu, Y., Shi, X., Xiang, L., Liu, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, M., Wang, J., Xu, D., et al. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04316-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Variation in the progression or trajectory of symptoms is assessed, and potential subgroups are identified; these can explain the different characteristics of depression symptoms in the different potential groups [24].”
Background
Maternal Mental Health Care Matters: The Impact of Prenatal Depressive and Anxious Symptoms on Child Emotional and Behavioural Trajectories in the French EDEN Cohort
Kallas, K.-A., Marr, K., Moirangthem, S., Heude, B., Koehl, M., van der Waerden, J. E. B., & Downes, N. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12031120 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“If left unaddressed, increased levels of anxiety and depressive symptomatology during pregnancy have previously been shown to stay highly stable throughout pregnancy and the postpartum [71] as well as being associated with adverse developmental outcomes, including lower receptive language and motor skills [11] and a h…”
Background
Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among Demographically Diverse American Pregnant Women
Herbell, K., Zauszniewski, J. A., & Williams, E. M. (2019) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2019.1662145 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Trait mindfulness scores are related to trajectories of depressive symptoms during pregnancy
Hulsbosch, L. P., Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., Endendijk, J. J., Nyklı́ček, I., Potharst, E. S., & Pop, V. J. M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.023 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Changes in psychopathological symptoms during pregnancy and after delivery: A prospective-longitudinal study in women with and without anxiety and depressive disorders prior to pregnancy
Asselmann, E., Kunas, S. L., Wïttchen, H., & Martini, J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.112 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lifetime prevalence and correlates of perinatal depression in a case-cohort study of depression
Kiewa, J., Meltzer-Brody, S. E., Milgrom, J., Bennett, E., Mackle, T., Guintivano, J., Hickie, I. B., Colodro‐Conde, L., Medland, S. E., Martin, N., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059300 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Physical and mental health changes in the five years before and five years after childbirth: A population-based panel study in first-time mothers and fathers from Germany
Asselmann, E., Garthus‐Niegel, S., Knappe, S., & Martini, J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.050 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Trajectories of sleep quality and depressive symptoms in women from pregnancy to 3 months postpartum: a prospective cohort study
Lin-Lewry, M., Tzeng, Y., Li, C., Lee, G. T., Lee, P., Chen, S., & Kuo, S. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13918 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Network Analysis of Perinatal Depression, Anxiety, and Temperaments in Women in the First, Second, and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy
Mazza, M., Brisi, C., Veneziani, G., Lisci, F. M., Sessa, I., Balocchi, M., Rossi, S., Stasio, E. D., Marano, G., Abate, F., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13133957 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Depression and anxiety during pregnancy were found to be risk factors for children’s neurological, cognitive, and emotional development [1,43–47].”
Background
One slope does not fit all: longitudinal trajectories of quality of life in older adulthood
Szabó, Á., Hyde, M., & Towers, A. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02827-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Trajectory of Perinatal Depressive Symptoms from the Second Trimester to Three Months Postpartum and Its Association with Sleep Quality
Wang, C., Hou, J., Li, A., & Kong, W. (2023) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s408347 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Trajectories of perinatal suicidal ideation from early pregnancy to six weeks postpartum and their influencing factors: A prospective longitudinal study
Xiao, M., Fu, B., Huang, S., Hu, Y., Tang, G., & Lei, J. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115467 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Differential Trajectories of Fathers’ Postpartum Depressed Mood: A Latent Class Growth Analysis Approach
Nieh, H., Chang, C.-J., & Chou, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031891 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Depression Symptom Trajectories Among Mothers Living with HIV in Rural Uganda
Familiar, I., Sikorskii, A. E., Murray, S. M., Ruiseñor-Escudero, H., Nakasujja, N., Korneffel, C., Boivin, M. J., & Bass, J. (2019) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-019-02465-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of individual or comorbid antenatal depression and anxiety on birth outcomes and moderation by maternal traumatic experiences and resilience
Deutsch, A. R., Vargas, M., Lucchini, M., Brink, L. T., Odendaal, H. J., & Elliott, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100365 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…be more important compared to NAMH status at a single time point, as studies indicate subgroups of NAMH trajectories (e.g., increasing, decreasing, persistent; Baron et al., 2017), and depression and anxiety as individual NAMH conditions may have different trajectory subgroups (Lee et al., 2021).”
Result
Probable perinatal depression and social support among women enrolled in Malawi's Option B+ Program: A longitudinal analysis
Bhushan, N. L., Stockton, M. A., Harrington, B. J., DiPrete, B. L., Maliwichi, M., Jumbe, A. N., Kulisewa, K., Chagomerana, M., Pence, B. W., Gaynes, B. N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.017 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The role of breastfeeding self-efficacy in the relationship between perinatal depressive symptoms and exclusive breastfeeding: a longitudinal mediation analysis
Liu, L., Feng, S., Zhang, Y., Xiao, G., Zhou, M.-J., Li, X., Li, Y., & Qin, C.-X. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07481-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Previous research also confirmed the necessity of considering both intraindividual and interindividual variations in studying the trajectories of PNDs [33, 34].”
Trajectories of reproductive transition phase mood disorder from pregnancy to postpartum: A Swiss longitudinal study
Johann, A., Đukić, J., Rothacher, Y., & Ehlert, U. (2023) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057221147391 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…mixture modeling focused mainly on socioeconomic and psychosocial risk factors, and generally yielded inconclusive findings.17 In their review, Baron et al.17 found that anxiety, stress, and a lower educational level were risk factors for a high or episodic depressive symptoms trajectory…”
Background
Trajectories of Depression Symptoms From Pregnancy Through 24 months Postpartum Among Kenyan Women Living With HIV
Larsen, A., Osborn, L., Ronen, K., Richardson, B. A., Jiang, W., Chohan, B. H., Matemo, D. N., Unger, J. A., Drake, A. L., Kinuthia, J., et al. (2022) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002998 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Longitudinal phenotyping of maternal antenatal depression in obese pregnant women supports multiple-hit hypothesis for fetal brain development, a secondary analysis of the UPBEAT study
Sigurðardottir, J. N., White, S. L., Flynn, A. C., Singh, C. M., Briley, A. L., Rutherford, M., & Poston, L. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101512 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Trajectories of depressive symptoms among mothers of preterm and full-term infants in a national sample
Roubinov, D. S., Musci, R. J., Hipwell, A. E., Wu, G., Junior, H. P. D. O. S., Felder, J. N., Faleschini, S., Conradt, E. D., McEvoy, C. T., Lester, B. M., et al. (2022) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-022-01245-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Interestingly, a recent systematic review found that sociodemographic factors did not consistently differentiate among depression trajectory groups, an effect at least partially attributed to the studies’ small sample sizes (Baron et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Trajectories of antenatal maternal psychological stress and their association with gestational age and neonatal anthropometry: A prospective cohort study of multi-ethnic Asian women in an urban setting
Lim, H. A., Chua, T.-E., Malhotra, R., Allen, J. C., Chern, B. S. M., Tan, K. H., & Chen, H. (2019) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101923 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Maternal depression trajectories and child BMI in a multi-ethnic sample: a latent growth modeling analysis
Farewell, C. V., Donohoe, R., Thayer, Z. M., Paulson, J. F., Nicklas, J. M., Walker, C. G., Waldie, K. E., & Leiferman, J. A. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04308-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Residential segregation and prenatal depression in a non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic cohort in North Carolina
Haight, S. C., Maselko, J., Ghastine, L., Hoyo, C., & Martin, C. L. (2023) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.04.015 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Positive affect improves a transdiagnostic model of perinatal depression symptoms
Pingeton, B. C., Cochran, A. L., Goodman, S. H., Laurent, H. K., Sbrilli, M. D., Knight, B. T., Newport, D. J., & Stowe, Z. N. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.031 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dual trajectory of insomnia and depressive symptoms in women from early pregnancy to 6 months postpartum: a prospective cohort study
Pan, X., Chen, Y., Chen, C., Chen, J., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, W., Wu, J., Liu, W., Zou, Z., et al. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07649-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This indicates that depressive symptoms in this group are significantly influenced by pregnancy, necessitating more attention, especially professional psychological support, to help them through this critical period [40].”
Group-Based Trajectory Analysis for Postpartum Depression Symptoms among Chinese Primiparous Women
Xiong, J., Fang, Q., Huang, L., Yan, X., & Zheng, X. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11216249 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“However, subgroups of individuals that share similar patterns of postpartum depression symptoms among Chinese women on the mainland are unknown in the existing literature [19].”
Background
Evidence-based psychotherapies for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders and their underlying mechanisms
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“Low,medium and chronic symptom trajectories for perinatal depression have been established (Santos et al., 2017) but these may not necessarily follow expected patterns and may be transient (Baron et al., 2017).”
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Remission or Persistence? A Prediction Tool to Identify Women at Risk for Long‐Term Depressive Symptoms Postpartum
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Influential
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“Nevertheless, the majority of studies have regarded all pregnant women as a homogeneous group, disregarding the potential differences that may contribute to a variety of depressive patterns [15].”
Influential
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“One systematic review study (Baron et al., 2017; 11 articles reviewed) found a minimum of 98 and maximum of 1,735.”
Risk factors of the antenatal depression in a sample of Italian pregnant women: a preliminary study
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Handelzalts, J. E., Ohayon, S., Levy, S., & Peled, Y. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02604-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Influential
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Associations between maternal adversity and health and children’s telomere length
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“Though some have found it difficult to differentiate women at high or low risk of specific perinatal depression trajectories [12], others have identified social and psychological risk factors as the most common predictors of a higher burden of depressive symptoms [13], with variations across…”
An umbrella review of psychological capacity and mental health trajectories across the life course
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“…heterogeneity, this can be accomplished through a latent growth mixture model (LGMM), which assesses variations in progression or trajectory of symptoms, and identifies heterogeneity subgroups in the trajectories of symptom clusters over time (Baron, Bass, Murray, Schneider, & Lund, 2017).”
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Distinct trajectories of perinatal depression in Chinese women: application of latent growth mixture modelling
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Original Contribution Distinct Trajectories of Perinatal Depressive Symptomatology: Evidence From Growth Mixture Modeling
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Maternal perinatal depression: heterogeneity and multiple trajectories across time
Agostini, F., & Neri, E. (2019) · Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna)

Authors: Baron, E., Bass, J., Murray, S. M., Schneider, M., & Lund, C.
Affiliations: Johns Hopkins University (US)
University of Cape Town (ZA)
ORCID: Bass, Judith
Murray, Sarah M.
Schneider, Marguerite
Lund, Crick
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-12
Volume: 223
Pages: 194-208
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.046
PMC: PMC5592733
OpenAlex: W2736865397
Cited by: 146
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 1.42
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH103210, U19MH095699)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: perinatal depression, depressive symptom trajectories, maternal depressive symptoms, risk factors, postpartum depression, pregnancy, high-risk subgroups
MeSH terms: Maternal Health, Female, Humans, Mothers, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Social Adjustment, Depression, Postpartum, Young Adult

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A systematic review of growth curve mixture modelling literature investigating trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms and associated risk factors

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