Patterns of pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms: Latent class trajectories and predictors.
Open accessAbstract
Depressive symptoms among pregnant and postpartum women are common. However, recent studies indicate that depressive symptoms in the perinatal period do not follow a uniform course, and investigations of the heterogeneity of time courses and associated factors are needed. The aim of this study was to explore whether depressive symptoms in the perinatal period could be categorized into several distinct trajectories of symptom development among subgroups of perinatal women, and to identify predictors of these trajectory groups. The study used data from 1,036 Norwegian women participating in a community-based prospective study from midpregnancy until 12-months postpartum. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 7 time points (4 during pregnancy). Partner-related attachment, stress, childhood adversities, pregnancy-related anxiety, previous psychopathology, and socioeconomic conditions were assessed at enrollment. By means of growth mixture modeling based on piecewise growth curves, 4 classes of depressive symptom trajectories were identified, including (a) pregnancy only (4.4%); (b) postpartum only (2.2%); (c) moderate-persistent (10.5%); and (d) minimum symptoms (82.9%) classes. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that membership in the pregnancy only and postpartum only classes primarily was associated with pregnancy-related anxiety and previous psychopathology, respectively, whereas the moderate-persistent class was associated with diverse psychosocial adversity factors. Findings suggest heterogeneity in temporal patterns of elevated depressive mood, relating specific trajectories of time courses with distinct adversity factors. Researchers and clinicians should be aware of possible multiple courses of elevated perinatal depressive mood, and inquire about possible diverse adversity factors, aberrant pathways, and prognoses. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Stress is a robust predictor of maternal and paternal depression.
“stress is a robust predictor of maternal and paternal depression [34, 37, 38, 39, 40] and, to a lesser extent, maternal anxiety [15].”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
Concerns related to pregnancy and childbirth are associated with elevated maternal depressive symptoms.
“Concerns related to pregnancy and childbirth have been associated with elevated maternal depressive symptoms [38].”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
A history of psychiatric problems is a predictor of maternal perinatal depression and anxiety.
“a history of psychiatric problems (e.g., depression) has consistently been identified as a predictor of maternal perinatal depression and anxiety [13, 15, 37, 38, 40], as well as paternal postpartum depression [34].”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
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- Authors
- Fredriksen, E., von Soest, T., Smith, L., & Moe, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Fredriksen, Eivor
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 173-183
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2559647615
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 10.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Research Council of Norway (196156)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy-related medical research
- Keywords
- perinatal depression, pregnancy, postpartum period, depressive symptom trajectories, latent class analysis, growth mixture modeling, pregnancy-related anxiety, childhood adversity, partner attachment, socioeconomic conditions, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological, Depression, Postpartum, Young Adult
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