Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30

Essau, Cecilia A.; Lewinsohn, Peter M.; Olaya, Beatriz; Seeley, John R.

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.033

Cited by 384Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and Access

Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30

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Essau, Cecilia A., Lewinsohn, Peter M., Olaya, Beatriz, Seeley, John R.·2014·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.033PMC PMC4028371

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Abstract

Background Anxiety disorders are associated with adverse psychosocial functioning, and are predictive of a wide range of psychiatric disorders in adulthood.Objective The present study examined the associations between anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence and psychosocial outcomes at age 30, and sought to address the extent to which psychopathology after age 19 mediated these relations.Method Eight hundred and sixteen participants from a large community sample were interviewed twice during adolescence, at age 24, and at age 30. They completed self-report measures of psychosocial functioning and semi-structured diagnostic interviews during adolescence and young adulthood.Results Adolescent anxiety predicted poor total adjustment, poor adjustment at work, poor family relationships, problems with the family unit, less life satisfaction, poor coping skills, and more chronic stress. Adolescent anxiety predicted, substance (SUD), alcohol abuse/dependence (AUD), and anxiety in adulthood. No adult psychopathology mediated the relationship between childhood anxiety disorders and psychosocial outcomes at age 30. Adult, SUD, AUD and anxiety mediated the association between adolescent anxiety and most domains of psychosocial functioning at age 30.Limitations The participants are ethically and geographically homogenous, and changes in the diagnostic criteria and the interview schedules across the assessment periods.Conclusion Adolescent anxiety, compared to childhood anxiety, is associated with more adverse psychosocial outcomes at age 30. Adolescent anxiety affects negative outcomes at age 30 directly and through adult anxiety, SUD and AUD.

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Untreated anxiety disorders in adolescence are associated with poorer psychosocial functioning in adulthood, including income and unemployment, maladjustment, chronic stress, poor coping skills, and depression.
“Untreated anxiety disorders in adolescence are associated with poorer psychosocial functioning in terms of, for example, income and unemployment, maladjustment, chronic stress and poor coping skills, and other forms of psychopathology, including depression in adulthood (Essau et al., 2014).”
From Effectiveness of and processes related to internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as Essau et al., 2014
The Discussion (page not supplied) links adolescent-onset anxiety with income, unemployment, maladjustment, poor coping skills, and chronic stress at age 30; it also reports an association with adult major depressive disorder. The cited paper does not establish that these findings apply specifically to untreated anxiety disorders, so that qualifier is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Adolescent anxiety disorders are linked to significant short- and long-term impairments across a broad spectrum of life domains.
“Adolescent ADs have also been linked to significant short and long-term impairments across a broad spectrum of life domains [13–16].”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy as a transdiagnostic approach to adolescents with different anxiety disorders: study protocol. (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Anxiety disorders often persist into adulthood with significant effects on functioning and quality of life.
“often persist into adulthood with significant effects on functioning and quality of life [24]”
From Towards a youth mental health paradigm: a perspective and roadmap (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents cause significant interference with relationships, academic performance, school attendance, and daily functioning.
“The long-term impact of anxiety and depression on children and adolescents includes significant interference with relationships, academic performance, school attendance, and daily functioning, making early intervention vital [3-8].”
From eMental Healthcare Technologies for Anxiety and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: Systematic Review of Studies Reporting Implementation Outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [3]

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Frequency and patterns of mental health services utilization among adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders
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Background
Dimensionality of coping and its relation to depression.
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How accurate is recall of key symptoms of depression? A comparison of recall and longitudinal reports
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Background
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Result
The symptomatic expression of major depressive disorder in adolescents and young adults.
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MethodSelf-citation
Dimensionality of coping and its relation to depression.
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Result
Co-morbidity between major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders: shared etiology or direct causation?
Mathew, A. R., Pettit, J. W., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Roberts, R. E. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000407 · Cited by 159 · cited 5× · see citing works
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The Relationship of Early Risk and Current Mediators to Depressive Symptomatology in Adolescence
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BackgroundResult
Mental Health Disorders from Age 15 to Age 18 Years
Feehan, M., McGee, R. O., & Williams, S. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199311000-00003 · Cited by 138 · cited 4× · see citing works
“According to several follow-up studies, anxiety disorders that begin early in life can become chronic (Feehan et al., 1993; Ferdinand and Verhulst, 1995; Keller et al., 1992; Letcher et al., 2012; Pine et al., 1998) and are associated with a high probability of recurrence (Bruce et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Comorbidity of anxiety disorders in adolescents
Essau, C. A. (2003) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10107 · Cited by 132 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Recent studies have documented similarity in psychosocial impairments experienced by adolescents with anxiety, MDD, and SUD (Angold et al. 1999; Essau, 2003, 2008; Karlsson et al., 2006; Nottelmann and Jensen, 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Is Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder a Predictor of Adult Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia? A Seven-Year Longitudinal Study
Aschenbrand, S. G., Kendall, P. C., Webb, A., Safford, S. M., & Flannery-Schroeder, E. C. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200312000-00015 · Cited by 123 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2008), whereas other studies failed to replicate this association (Aschenbrand et al., 2003; Haywood et al., 2000; Silove et al., 1996).”
Result
Frequency, Comorbidity, and Psychosocial Impairment of Depressive Disorders in Adolescents
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (2000) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558400154003 · Cited by 99 · cited 6× · see citing works
“The most common comorbid pattern was that of anxiety and depressive disorders (Essau et al., 2000; Lewinsohn et al., 1997), with comorbidity rates ranging from 50 to 72%.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Psychosocial functioning of adults who experienced substance use disorders as adolescents.
Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., Klein, D. N., Andrews, J. A., & Small, J. W. (2007) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.21.2.155 · Cited by 97 · cited 4× · see citing works
“, 1993), a longitudinal study of a large cohort of high school students who were randomly selected from nine high schools in western Oregon as previously described (Rohde et al., 2007) (Figure 1).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Is early separation anxiety a risk factor for adult panic disorder?: A critical review
Silove, D. M., Manicavasagar, V. L., Curtis, J., & Blaszczynski, A. P. (1996) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(96)90033-4 · Cited by 96 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In some studies, SAD was reported to increase the risk of other disorders (e.g., panic disorder, MDD) (Bittner et al., 2004; Bruckl et al., 2007: Lewinsohn et al., 2008), whereas other studies failed to replicate this association (Aschenbrand et al., 2003; Haywood et al., 2000; Silove et al., 1996).”
Result
Precursors and Correlates of Anxiety Trajectories From Late Childhood to Late Adolescence
Letcher, P., Sanson, A., Smart, D., & Toumbourou, J. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.680189 · Cited by 81 · cited 3× · see citing works
“According to several follow-up studies, anxiety disorders that begin early in life can become chronic (Feehan et al., 1993; Ferdinand and Verhulst, 1995; Keller et al., 1992; Letcher et al., 2012; Pine et al., 1998) and are associated with a high probability of recurrence (Bruce et al.”
BackgroundResult
Current comorbidity among consecutive adolescent psychiatric outpatients with DSM-IV mood disorders
Karlsson, L., Pelkonen, M. U. I., Ruuttu, T., Kiviruusu, O. H., Heilä, H., Holi, M. M., Kettunen, K., Tuisku, V., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., Törrönen, J., et al. (2006) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-006-0526-7 · Cited by 67 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recent studies have documented similarity in psychosocial impairments experienced by adolescents with anxiety, MDD, and SUD (Angold et al. 1999; Essau, 2003, 2008; Karlsson et al., 2006; Nottelmann and Jensen, 1999).”
Background
Depressive disorders in children and adolescents : epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment
Essau, C. A., & Petermann, F. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation

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First MB Gibbon M Spitzer RL Williams JBW Structured Clinical Interview for DSMIV Axis I disorders: Nonpatient edition (SCID-I, Version 2.0) 1996 Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute New York
Judd CM Kenny DA Process Analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review 1981 5 602 619

Sorted by citations

Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
James, A. C., James, G., Cowdrey, F. A., Soler, A., & Choke, A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004690.pub4 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
The Age of Onset of Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-analysis
Lijster, J. M. D., Dierckx, B., Utens, E. M. W. J., Verhulst, F. C., Zieldorff, C., Dieleman, G. C., & Legerstee, J. S. (2017) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716640757 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence
Pfeifer, J. H., & Allen, N. B. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.002 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
James, A. C., Reardon, T., Soler, A., James, G., & Creswell, C. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013162.pub2 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis.
Groenman, A. P., Janssen, T. W. P., & Oosterlaan, J. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.004 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Towards a youth mental health paradigm: a perspective and roadmap
Uhlhaas, P. J., Davey, C. G., Mehta, U. M., Shah, J., Torous, J., Allen, N. B., Avenevoli, S., Bella-Awusah, T., Chanen, A., Chen, E. Y. H., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02202-z · Cited by 318 · see citing works
“Importantly, anxiety disorders emerge during the ﬁ rst decade, peak around 15 years of age [9], and often persist into adulthood with signi ﬁ cant effects on functioning and quality of life [24].”
Background
Offspring of Depressed Parents: 30 Years Later
Weissman, M. M., WICKRAMARATNE, P. J., Gameroff, M. J., Warner, V., Pilowsky, D. J., Kohad, R. G., Verdeli, H., Skipper, J., & Talati, A. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15101327 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Fear and missing out: Youth anxiety and functional outcomes.
Swan, A. J., & Kendall, P. C. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12169 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Incidence, recurrence and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in four major developmental stages
Essau, C. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Lim, J. X., Ho, M.-H. R., & Rohde, P. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.014 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Fourth, the presence of an anxiety disorder at one developmental disorder will increase the risk of having an anxiety disorder in the subsequent developmental period (Essau et al., 2014; Pine et al., 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Identifying children with anxiety disorders using brief versions of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale for children, parents, and teachers.
Reardon, T. C., Spence, S. H., Hesse, J., Shakir, A., & Creswell, C. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000570 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Research Review: Recommendations for reporting on treatment trials for child and adolescent anxiety disorders – an international consensus statement
Creswell, C., Nauta, M. H., Hudson, J. L., March, S., Reardon, T. C., Arendt, K. B., Bodden, D. H. M., Cobham, V. E., Donovan, C. L., Halldorsson, B., et al. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13283 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citation
Time trends and disparities in anxiety among adolescents, 2012–2018
Parodi, K. B., Holt, M. K., Green, J. G., Porche, M. V. M., Koenig, B. W., & Xuan, Z. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02122-9 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: An expanded account of information‐processing mechanisms in risk for child and adolescent anxiety and depression
Lau, J. Y. F., & Waters, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12653 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Sociodemographic, clinical, and functional long‐term outcomes in adolescents and young adults with mental disorders
Asselmann, E., Wittchen, H. ‐., Lieb, R., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2018) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12792 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“, conduct problems/disorder (20, 22, 30), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (23, 28, 29), anxiety (13, 15, 16, 26), depressive (17, 21, 27), substance use (18, 24, 31), somatoform (32), or eating (33, 34) disorders), and additional studies are needed to prospectively examine associations between different types…”
Background
Adverse childhood experiences and the associations with depression and anxiety in adolescents
Lee, H. Y., Kim, I., Nam, S., & Jeong, J. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104850 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Internet Gaming Disorder Behaviors in Emergent Adulthood: a Pilot Study Examining the Interplay Between Anxiety and Family Cohesion
Adams, B. L. M., Stavropoulos, V., Burleigh, T. L., Liew, L. W. L., Beard, C. L., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9873-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Eficacia de la terapia cognitivo conductual transdiagnóstica en el tratamiento de la ansiedad y la depresión en adultos, niños y adolescentes: Un meta-análisis
García-Escalera, J., Chorot, P., Valiente, R. M., Reales, J. M., & Sandín, B. (2017) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.21.num.3.2016.17811 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Investigation of the Online Game Addiction Level, Sociodemographic Characteristics and Social Anxiety as Risk Factors for Online Game Addiction in Middle School Students
Karaca, S., Karakoç, A., Gürkan, Ö. C., Onan, N., & Barlas, G. Ü. (2020) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-019-00544-z · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The Role of Peers in the Development of Social Anxiety in Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review
Pickering, L., Hadwin, J. A., & Kovshoff, H. (2019) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-019-00117-x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“For example, anxiety in adolescence was found to be strongly associated with adverse outcomes at age 30, with adolescent anxiety significantly predicting poorer adjustment in adulthood, lower life satisfaction, poor coping skills and high chronic stress (Essau et al. 2014).”
Background
Integrating video-feedback and cognitive preparation, social skills training and behavioural activation in a cognitive behavioural therapy in the treatment of childhood anxiety
Essau, C. A., Olaya, B., Sasagawa, S., Pithia, J., Bray, D. E., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.056 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Essau et al. / Journal of Affective Disorders 167 (2014) 261–267 262”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Associations of child and adolescent anxiety with later alcohol use and disorders: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies
Dyer, M. L., Easey, K., Heron, J., Hickman, M., & Munafo, M. R. (2019) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14575 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on reducing anxiety and/or depression in adults; A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Kelaiditis, C. F., Gibson, E. L., & Dyall, S. C. (2023) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102572 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Practitioner Review: Effectiveness of indicated school‐based interventions for adolescent depression and anxiety – a meta‐analytic review
Gee, B., Reynolds, S. A., Carroll, B., Orchard, F., Clarke, T., Martin, D., Wilson, J., & Pass, L. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13209 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Screening for anxiety in adolescents: Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 in a representative sample of adolescents
García, M. D. L. A. C., Díez-Gómez, A., Pérez‐Albéniz, A., Lucas‐Molina, B., & Fonseca‐Pedrero, E. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.047 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
affron®, a standardised extract from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for the treatment of youth anxiety and depressive symptoms: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Lopresti, A. L., Drummond, P. D., Inarejos-García, A. M., & Pródanov, M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.070 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“…performance (Sijtsema et al., 2014), higher risk of unemployment in adulthood (Egan et al., 2016), increased medical burden (Pape et al., 2012), socialisation difficulties (Zwierzynska et al., 2013), greater drug and alcohol use (Essau et al., 2014), and increased suicidality (Galaif et al., 2007).”
Background
Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Anxiety in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Tariq, A., Quayle, E., Lawrie, S. M., Reid, C. L., & Chan, S. W. Y. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.031 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The association between paternal psychopathology and adolescent depression and anxiety: A systematic review
Wickersham, A., Leightley, D., Archer, M., & Fear, N. T. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.007 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Predictors of the Course of Anxiety Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults
Asselmann, E., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0543-z · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Exploring how social networking sites impact youth with anxiety: A qualitative study of Facebook stressors among adolescents with an anxiety disorder diagnosis
Calancie, O. G., Ewing, L., Narducci, L. D., Horgan, S. A., & Khalid‐Khan, S. (2017) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2017-4-2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The multifaceted consequences and economic costs of child anxiety problems: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Pollard, J., Reardon, T. C., Williams, C., Creswell, C., Ford, T. J., Gray, A. M., Roberts, N. W., Stallard, P. N., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Violato, M. (2023) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12149 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Anxiety at age 15 predicts psychiatric diagnoses and suicidal ideation in late adolescence and young adulthood: results from two longitudinal studies
NTR, Doering, S., Lichtenstein, P., Gillberg, C., Middeldorp, C. M., Bartels, M., Kuja‐Halkola, R., & Lundström, S. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2349-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Quality of life in anxious adolescents
Raknes, S., Pallesen, S., Himle, J. A., Bjaastad, J. F., Wergeland, G. J., Hoffart, A., Dyregrov, K., Håland, Å. T., & Haugland, B. S. M. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-017-0173-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Elevated levels of anxiety symptoms during adolescence also predict subsequent depression, substance and alcohol abuse, and anxiety disorders in adulthood [5].”
Background
Results from the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Longitudinal Study (CAMELS): Functional outcomes
Swan, A. J., Kendall, P. C., Olino, T., Ginsburg, G., Keeton, C., Compton, S., Piacentini, J., Peris, T., Sakolsky, D., Birmaher, B., et al. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000334 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“However, research findings on highest grade completed are mixed, with some studies supporting a relationship between youth anxiety disorders and decreased university attendance (Wittchen, Nelson, & Lachner, 1998) and others not (Essau et al., 2014).”
COVID-19 and mental health disorders in children and adolescents (Review)
Bai, M., Miao, C., Zhang, Y., Xue, Y., Jia, F., & Du, L. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114881 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Anxiety has a direct negative impact on individuals later in life (Essau et al., 2014).”
Background
A systematic review of parental involvement in cognitive Behavioural therapy for adolescent anxiety disorders
Cardy, J. L., Waite, P., Cocks, F., & Creswell, C. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-020-00324-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Design and Delivery Features That May Improve the Use of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Anxiety: A Realist Literature Synthesis With a Persuasive Systems Design Perspective
Radomski, A. D., Wozney, L., McGrath, P., Huguet, A., Hartling, L., Dyson, M. P., Bennett, K., & Newton, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/11128 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…demands of a population where anxiety is often undetected and untreated, but with whom early access to care can improve long-term outcomes [3,12-14]. iCBT uses technological features (ie, multimedia and email) to deliver treatment content through the Web or a software application to…”
Background
eMental Healthcare Technologies for Anxiety and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: Systematic Review of Studies Reporting Implementation Outcomes
Wozney, L., McGrath, P. J., Gehring, N. D., Bennett, K., Huguet, A., Hartling, L., Dyson, M. P., Soleimani, A., & Newton, A. S. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9655 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“The long-term impact of anxiety and depression on children and adolescents includes significant interference with relationships, academic performance, school attendance, and daily functioning, making early intervention vital [3-8].”
Background
The association between early life mental health and alcohol use behaviours in adulthood: A systematic review
Ning, K., Gondek, D., Patalay, P., & Ploubidis, G. B. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228667 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Some studies reported positive associations in which greater INT, depression, and anxiety are related to greater subsequent alcohol use [18,19], while others found opposite associations [20–23], or no links at all [24].”
Background
“Just keep pushing”: Parents' experiences of accessing child and adolescent mental health services for child anxiety problems
Crouch, L., Reardon, T. C., Farrington, A., Glover, F., & Creswell, C. (2019) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12672 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Anxiety Sensitivity and Its Factors in Relation to Generalized Anxiety Disorder among Adolescents
Knapp, A. A., Blumenthal, H., Mischel, E. R., Badour, C. L., & Leen‐Feldner, E. W. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9991-0 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Independent and cumulative impacts of adverse childhood experiences on adolescent subgroups of anxiety and depression
Kim, I., Galván, A., & Kim, N. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105885 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Adolescents' hypochondriacal fears and beliefs: Relationship with demographic features, psychological distress, well-being and health-related behaviors
Sirri, L., Ricci Garotti, M. G., Grandi, S., & Tossani, E. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.07.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-Compassion From the Adolescent Perspective: A Qualitative Study
Klingle, K. E., & Vliet, K. J. V. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558417722768 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Evaluating the real-world effectiveness of a cognitive behavior therapy-based transdiagnostic program for emotional problems in children in a regular school setting
Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S., Jones, G. L., Fernandes, B., & Ollendick, T. H. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.036 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation
Patterns, predictors, and outcome of the trajectories of depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood
Essau, C. A., de la Torre‐Luque, A., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Rohde, P. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23034 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“These findings are in agreement with studies that reported elevated emotional symptoms to be a predictor of anxiety and/or depression in adulthood (Balázs et al., 2013; Essau et al., 2014).”
ResultSelf-citation
Social, emotional and behavioural difficulties associated with persistent speech disorder in children: A prospective population study
Wren, Y. E., Pagnamenta, E., Orchard, F., Peters, T. J., Emond, A. M., Northstone, K., Miller, L. L., & Roulstone, S. (2023) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12126 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…have been associated with increased risk of educational underachievement, unemployment, substance abuse, teenage pregnancy, poor physical health, and future suicidal behaviour (Bridge et al., 2006; Clayborne et al., 2019; Essau et al., 2014; Keenan‐Miller et al., 2007; Woodward et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
The effects of art therapy interventions on anxiety in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis
Zhang, B., Wang, J., & Abdullah, A. B. (2024) · Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100404 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Anxiety mediated the relationship between bullying victimization and internet addiction in adolescents, and family support moderated the relationship
Liu, Y., Peng, J., Ding, J., Wang, J., Jin, C., Xu, L., Zhang, T., & Liu, P. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05348-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Universal, school-based, interventions to improve emotional outcomes in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hayes, D., Deniz, E., Nisbet, K., Thompson, A., March, A., Mason, C., Santos, J., Mansfield, R., Ashworth, E., Moltrect, B., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2025.1526840 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Without input, dif ﬁ culties can have a signi ﬁ cant detrimental effect on physical, social and psychological outcomes in adulthood (5, 6).”
Effectiveness of the Super Skills for Life programme in enhancing the emotional wellbeing of children and adolescents in residential care institutions in a low- and middle-income country: A randomised waitlist-controlled trial
Ramdhonee‐Dowlot, K., Balloo, K., & Essau, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.053 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gender difference in anxiety and related factors among adolescents
Bao, C., & Han, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1410086 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
What steps to take? How to approach concerning anxiety in youth.
Kendall, P. C., Makover, H. B., Swan, A. J., Carper, M. M., Mercado, R., Kagan, E. R., & Crawford, E. A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12156 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Descriptive Phenotype of Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms in Males With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Lee, A., Buckingham, E. T., Kauer, A. J., & Mathews, K. D. (2018) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073818774439 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Childhood and adolescent anxiety and depression are risk factors for both disorders in adulthood.(17,18) Obsessive compulsive disorder has been characterized by the World Health Organization as one of the 10 most disabling conditions of all medical and psychiatric diagnoses in the industrialized world.”
Validation of the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety-Revised and school refusal across anxiety profiles
Fernández‐Sogorb, A., Inglés, C. J., Sanmartín, R., Gonzálvez, C., Vicent, M., & García-Fernández, Y. J. M. (2018) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2018.07.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Efficacy of stand-alone digital mental health applications for anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Seegan, P. L., Miller, M. J., Heliste, J. L., Fathi, L., & Mcguire, J. F. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.019 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Technology‐delivered cognitive‐behavioral therapy for pediatric anxiety disorders: a meta‐analysis of remission, posttreatment anxiety, and functioning
Cervin, M., & Lundgren, T. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13485 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The association between patient‐reported readiness for hospital discharge and outcomes in patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders: A prospective and observational study
Meng, N., Liu, R., Wong, M., Liao, J., Feng, C., & Li, X. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12592 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The p Factor Consistently Predicts Long-Term Psychiatric and Functional Outcomes in Anxiety-Disordered Youth
Cervin, M., Norris, L. A., Ginsburg, G. S., Gosch, E. A., Compton, S. N., Piacentini, J. C., Albano, A. M., Sakolsky, D. J., Birmaher, B. B., Keeton, C. P., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.440 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“First, associations between p and comorbidity were examined, with comorbidity being coded in 3 ways according to ADIS-IV ratings: (1) any comorbid disorder in addition to the principal anxiety disorder (yes/no); (2) any comorbid internalizing disorder (yes/no); and (3) any comorbid externalizing disorder (yes/no).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Age of Onset of Anxiety Disorders
Legerstee, J. S., Dierckx, B., Utens, E. M. W. J., Verhulst, F. C., Zieldorff, C., Dieleman, G. C., & de Lijster, J. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72619-9_7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Academic Stress and Anxiety among Portuguese Students: The Role of Perceived Social Support and Self-Management
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Self-citation

Authors: Essau, C. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Olaya, B., & Seeley, J. R.
Affiliations: University of Roehampton (GB)
Oregon Research Institute (US)
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (ES)
Corresponding author: Essau, Cecilia A.
ORCID: Essau, Cecilia A.
Olaya, Beatriz
Seeley, John R.
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-07
Volume: 163
Pages: 125-132
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.033
PMC: PMC4028371
OpenAlex: W2166294338
Cited by: 384
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 13.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH040501, R01MH050522)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: adolescent anxiety, childhood anxiety disorders, psychosocial functioning, life satisfaction, family relationships, work adjustment, coping strategies, chronic stress, substance use disorders, alcoholism, adult anxiety, mediation, long-term outcomes
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Alcoholism, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Social Adjustment, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult

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Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30

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