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Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Open accessAbstract
Background The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a threat to societies' mental health. This study examined the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and identified the factors contributing to psychological impact in the Philippines.Methods A total of 1879 completed online surveys were gathered from March 28-April 12, 2020. Collected data included socio-demographics, health status, contact history, COVID-19 knowledge and concerns, precautionary measures, information needs, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) ratings.Results The IES-R mean score was 19.57 (SD=13.12) while the DASS-21 mean score was 25.94 (SD=20.59). In total, 16.3% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate-to-severe; 16.9% reported moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% had moderate-to-severe anxiety levels; and 13.4% had moderate-to-severe stress levels. Female gender; youth age; single status; students; specific symptoms; recent imposed quarantine; prolonged home-stay; and reports of poor health status, unnecessary worry, concerns for family members, and discrimination were significantly associated with greater psychological impact of the pandemic and higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05). Adequate health information, having grown-up children, perception of good health status and confidence in doctors' abilities were significantly associated with lesser psychological impact of the pandemic and lower levels of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05).Limitations An English online survey was used.Conclusion During the early phase of the pandemic in the Philippines, one-fourth of respondents reported moderate-to-severe anxiety and one-sixth reported moderate-to-severe depression and psychological impact. The factors identified can be used to devise effective psychological support strategies.
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“COVID-19 survivors in other countries have similar psychological status [11–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Evidence suggests that this disease has psychological consequences on healthcare workers, students, psychiatric patients and general workers, especially for COVID-19 patients [4–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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“In addition, 22.6% and 16.3% of respondents reported clinically concerning levels of psychological impact in Vietnam and the Philippines, the Asian countries with similar cultural context as China [12, 13].”
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“COVID-19 pandemic was reported to have a psychological impact on the students [51–53].”
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Cites
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The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
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Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed
Xiang, Y.-T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30046-8 · Cited by 3,598
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“In severe instances where presence of symptoms cause social discrimination and avoidance, or lack of basic needs cause hopelessness, the more vulnerable individuals commit suicide (Garger, 2020; Mamun and Griffiths, 2020; Rajkumar, 2020a; Sher, 2020).”
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Self-citationThe mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus.
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Garger, 2020, Illinois couple dead in murder-suicide after man feared they had coronavirus, N. Y. Post
- Miller, 2020, British teen dies after suicide attempt due to coronavirus fears, N. Y. Post
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Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health in Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Jones, E. A. K., Mitra, A. K., & Bhuiyan, A. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052470 · Cited by 857
“Of the 16 studies reviewed, 7 were conducted in China, 2 in the United States, 2 in Canada, and 1 each in Denmark, Germany, Japan, the Philippines, and the United Kingdom.”
BackgroundInfluentialSocial support and mental health: the mediating role of perceived stress
Acoba, E. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330720 · Cited by 684
Wang, C., Tee, M., Roy, A. E., Fardin, M. A., Srichokchatchawan, W., Habib, H. A., Tran, B. X., Hussain, S., Hoang, M. T., Le, X. T., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246824 · Cited by 460
Self-citationCOVID-19 and mental health in Brazil: Psychiatric symptoms in the general population
Goularte, J. F., Serafim, S. D., Colombo, R., Hogg, B., Caldieraro, M. A., & Rosa, A. R. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.021 · Cited by 282
“8% with moderate to severe stress (Tee et al., 2020), and lower than in the study of Wang et al.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tee, M. L., Tee, C. A., Anlacan, J. P., Aligam, K. J. G., Reyes, P. W. C., Kuruchittham, V., & Ho, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of the Philippines Manila (PH)
- University of the Philippines Diliman (PH)
- Southeast Asia One Health University Network (TH)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Tee, Michael L.
- Tee, Cherica A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 277
- Pages
- 379-391
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7444468
- OpenAlex
- W3080207218
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 185 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 22
- FWCI
- 51.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological impact, depression, anxiety, stress, psychiatric symptoms, quarantine, home confinement, health information, perceived discrimination, psychological support, Philippines
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Child, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Philippines, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Single Person, Stress, Psychological, Students, Prevalence, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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