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Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Open accessAbstract
Background The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a threat to societies' mental health. This study examined the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and identified the factors contributing to psychological impact in the Philippines.Methods A total of 1879 completed online surveys were gathered from March 28-April 12, 2020. Collected data included socio-demographics, health status, contact history, COVID-19 knowledge and concerns, precautionary measures, information needs, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) ratings.Results The IES-R mean score was 19.57 (SD=13.12) while the DASS-21 mean score was 25.94 (SD=20.59). In total, 16.3% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate-to-severe; 16.9% reported moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% had moderate-to-severe anxiety levels; and 13.4% had moderate-to-severe stress levels. Female gender; youth age; single status; students; specific symptoms; recent imposed quarantine; prolonged home-stay; and reports of poor health status, unnecessary worry, concerns for family members, and discrimination were significantly associated with greater psychological impact of the pandemic and higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05). Adequate health information, having grown-up children, perception of good health status and confidence in doctors' abilities were significantly associated with lesser psychological impact of the pandemic and lower levels of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05).Limitations An English online survey was used.Conclusion During the early phase of the pandemic in the Philippines, one-fourth of respondents reported moderate-to-severe anxiety and one-sixth reported moderate-to-severe depression and psychological impact. The factors identified can be used to devise effective psychological support strategies.
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“COVID-19 survivors in other countries have similar psychological status [11–13].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Evidence suggests that this disease has psychological consequences on healthcare workers, students, psychiatric patients and general workers, especially for COVID-19 patients [4–13].”
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“In addition, 22.6% and 16.3% of respondents reported clinically concerning levels of psychological impact in Vietnam and the Philippines, the Asian countries with similar cultural context as China [12, 13].”
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“COVID-19 pandemic was reported to have a psychological impact on the students [51–53].”
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BackgroundGarre‐Olmo, J., Garriga, O. T., Martí‐Lluch, R., Zacarías‐Pons, L., Alves‐Cabratosa, L., Serrano-Sarbosa, D., Franch, J. V., Ramos, R., Manté, X. A., Casedevall, J. B., et al. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152214 · Cited by 48
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Lau, S. S. S., Ho, C. C. Y., Pang, R. C. K., Su, S., Kwok, H. H. M., Fung, S.-F., & Ho, R. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14148235 · Cited by 45
Self-citationCOVID 19: Psychological Effects and Associated Factors in Mexican Nurses
Cortés-Álvarez, N., & Vuelvas-Olmos, C. (2020) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.495 · Cited by 34
“The total EE subscale score was tabulated into 3 tiers: high (27-54), medium (19-26), and low (0-18).”
BackgroundMethodMental Health Impact of COVID-19 on Quarantine Hotel Employees in China
Teng, Y.-M., Wu, K., Lin, K.-L., & Xu, D. (2020) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s286171 · Cited by 51
Guillasper, J. N., Oducado, R. M., & Soriano, G. P. (2021) · Belitung Nursing Journal · doi:10.33546/bnj.1297 · Cited by 43
“Similarly, a moderate level of stress was noted among nursing students in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic (Aslan & Pekince, 2020), and students in the Philippines reported moderate to severe psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (Tee et al., 2020).”
BackgroundButnaru, G. I., Haller, A. P., Dragolea, L.-L., Anichiti, A., & Hârșan, G.-D. T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189665 · Cited by 56
“Conversely, perceptions of good health and trust in doctors have been significantly associated with a low psychological impact of the pandemic, and with reduced stress, anxiety, and depression [40].”
BackgroundZhang, L., Li, M., Yang, Y., Xia, L., Min, K., Liu, T., Liu, Y., Kaslow, N. J., Liu, D. Y., Tang, Y., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13052 · Cited by 50
“demic, and moderate symptom levels or above were considered clinically significant (Du et al. 2020; Tee et al. 2020).”
BackgroundParvar, S. Y., Ghamari, N., Pezeshkian, F., & Shahriarirad, R. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.460 · Cited by 52
“However, a Philippian study conflicts with the Chinese results in ways that it deduced that the female gender was significantly associated with the a greater psychological impact of the pandemic and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression.(39) This finding appears to be in correlation with another study, disc…”
ResultHan, L., Zhan, Y., Li, W., Xu, Y., Xu, Y., & Zhao, J. (2021) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/31052 · Cited by 46
Socio-ecological determinants of distress in Filipino adults during COVID-19 crisis
Aruta, J. J. B. R. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01322-x · Cited by 47
Turan, G. B., Özer, Z., & Çiftçi, B. (2021) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12766 · Cited by 43
Can Even a Small Amount of Greenery Be Helpful in Reducing Stress? A Systematic Review
Gu, J., Liu, H., & Lu, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19169778 · Cited by 41
“At the same time, unfortunately, worldwide COVID-19 control efforts have limited outdoor activities for the general public, as well as various recreational activities [15].”
BackgroundAftab, M., Alsaleem, M. A., Nahar, S., Ahmed, R. A., Mahmood, S. E., Madaan, M., & Ahmad, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115792 · Cited by 45
“Such association was shown in multiple studies among medical students and the general population before the pandemic [27] and also after the COVID-19 pandemic [19,23,28].”
ResultParel, D. S., Costuna, E. K. L., Morelos, J. M. G., Cabelis, S. A. L., Ramos, R. F., Perez, M. R. L., & Garcia, M. B. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management (HNICEM) · doi:10.1109/hnicem57413.2022.10109542 · Cited by 38
“In the Philippines, the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on thousands of people was moderate to severe [5].”
BackgroundSalazar, A., Palomo‐Osuna, J., Sola, H. D., Moral-Muñoz, J. A., Dueñas, M., & Failde, I. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084367 · Cited by 42
“Similar results have been found by other authors [41], who argue that people who perceive their health status to be worse feel that they are more likely to be infected and less likely to survive, which would have a negative impact on their emotional state.”
ResultOducado, R. M., Parreño-Lachica, G. M., & Rabacal, J. (2021) · IJERI International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation · doi:10.46661/ijeri.5484 · Cited by 55
Zhang, Y., Li, R.-T., Sun, X., Peng, M., & Li, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644899 · Cited by 40
Madan, J., Blonquist, T., Rao, E., Marwaha, A., Mehra, J., Bharti, R., Sharma, N., Samaddar, R., Pandey, S., Mah, E., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13113682 · Cited by 37
Chu, T. H., Yeo, T. E. D., & Su, Y. (2022) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990211068857 · Cited by 38
Anxiety Assessment in Polish Students during the Russian–Ukrainian War
Skwirczyńska, E., Kozłowski, M., Nowak, K., Wróblewski, O., Sompolska‐Rzechuła, A., Kwiatkowski, S., & Cymbaluk‐Płoska, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013284 · Cited by 36
“Moreover, the researchers showed that students reported more anxiety symptoms than employed people [35].”
BackgroundTypologies of coping in young adults in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Shigeto, A., Laxman, D. J., Landy, J. F., & Scheier, L. M. (2021) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2021.1874864 · Cited by 36
“Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated increased levels of emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among young adults (Liang et al., 2020; Liu, Zhang, Wong, Hyun, & Hahm, 2020; Shanahan et al., 2020; Tee et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a, 2020b).”
BackgroundCamitan, D. S., & Bajin, L. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.558930 · Cited by 42
Sobhaninia, S., & Buckman, S. T. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102738 · Cited by 39
Fear of COVID-19 and depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD among Syrian refugee parents in Canada
Sharif-Esfahani, P., Hoteit, R., Morr, C. E., & Tamim, H. (2022) · Journal of Migration and Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100081 · Cited by 35
“The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) were used to assess mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in several Asian ( Tee et al., 2020 ), Middle Eastern ( Wang et al., 2021 ), European ( Wang et al., 2020 ), and North American countries ( Wang et al., 2021 ), in addition to the Primary…”
Giorgio, A. D., Kuvačić, G., Maleš, D., Vecchio, I., Tornali, C., Ishac, W., Ramaci, T., Barattucci, M., & Milavić, B. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10030481 · Cited by 37
The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Youth Mental Health: A Narrative Review
Brasso, C., Bellino, S., Blua, C., Bozzatello, P., & Rocca, P. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10040772 · Cited by 39
“, 2020 [91] Crosssectional study Philippines 28 March–12 April 2020 N = 1879 Mage = 34.”
BackgroundInfluentialNearchou, F., & Douglas, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168485 · Cited by 35
“These findings are broadly consistent with findings reported by other studies that measured depression and anxiety using the respective DASS-21 subscales [69,80].”
ResultInfluentialLiao, D.-D., Dong, M., Ding, K., Hou, C., Tan, W., Ke, Y.-F., Jia, F., & Wang, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.069 · Cited by 35
Mudenda, S., Mukosha, M., Mwila, C., Saleem, Z., Kalungia, A. C., Munkombwe, D., Daka, V., Witika, B. A., Kampamba, M., Hikaambo, C. N., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20211010 · Cited by 33
“There is strong evidence suggesting that COVID-19 has had adverse effects on the mental wellbeing of individuals worldwide.(12,13) Some of the mental health problems observed were illness anxiety disorder (IAD or formerly hypochondriasis), helplessness and horror, and the fear of COVID-19 associated stigmatization.”
BackgroundLathabhavan, R., & Sudevan, S. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00735-4 · Cited by 32
“2021b), Vietnam (Le et al., 2020), Philippines (Tee et al., 2020), and India (Lathabhavan et al., 2021).”
BackgroundExamining risk and protective factors for psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Racine, S., Miller, A., Mehak, A., & Trolio, V. (2022) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1958789 · Cited by 31
Ali, N. A., Feroz, A. S., Akber, N., Feroz, R., Meghani, S. N., & Saleem, S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049851 · Cited by 32
Prabowo, K. A., Ellenzy, G., Wijaya, M. C., & Kloping, Y. P. (2021) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2021.1928808 · Cited by 35
“Based on the data from previous studies relating to the COVID-19 pandemic and other disasters (Wang et al., 2020; Le et al., 2020; Le et al., 2020; Tee et al., 2020), we hypothesized that significantly more time spent at home due to the enforced policy during the pandemic would cause significant…”
ResultIzumi, T., & Shaw, R. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102899 · Cited by 31
Lathabhavan, R. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03207-7 · Cited by 34
“A higher level of stress, anxiety, and depression (DASS-21) were visible among Philippines during the pandemic (Tee et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKoly, K. N., Khanam, M. I., Islam, M. S., Mahmood, S. S., Hanifi, S. M. A., Reidpath, D. D., Khatun, F., & Rasheed, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.769048 · Cited by 34
Quality of life during COVID-19 pandemic: a community-based study in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt
Mohsen, S., El-Masry, R., Ali, O., & Abdel-Hady, D. (2022) · Global Health Research and Policy · doi:10.1186/s41256-022-00246-2 · Cited by 29
After Over a Year of Pandemic: Mental Well-being and Life Satisfaction of Filipino College Students
Egcas, R. A., Oducado, R. M., Cleofas, J. V., Rabacal, J., & Lausa, S. M. (2021) · Pertanika journal of social science & humanities · doi:10.47836/pjssh.29.4.17 · Cited by 30
“, 2021), loneliness (Labrague & Ballad, 2020), and were moderately or severely affected by the pandemic (Tee et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAlbikawi, Z. F. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12111887 · Cited by 31
“Anxiety was prevalent (28.8%), according to a prior study carried out in the Philippines [48].”
ResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Tee, M. L., Tee, C. A., Anlacan, J. P., Aligam, K. J. G., Reyes, P. W. C., Kuruchittham, V., & Ho, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of the Philippines Manila (PH)
- University of the Philippines Diliman (PH)
- Southeast Asia One Health University Network (TH)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Tee, Michael L.
- Tee, Cherica A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 277
- Pages
- 379-391
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7444468
- OpenAlex
- W3080207218
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 185 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 22
- FWCI
- 51.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological impact, depression, anxiety, stress, psychiatric symptoms, quarantine, home confinement, health information, perceived discrimination, psychological support, Philippines
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Child, Depression, Female, Health Personnel, Health Status, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Philippines, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Single Person, Stress, Psychological, Students, Prevalence, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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