A longitudinal study on clinically relevant self-reported depression, anxiety and acute stress features among Italian community-dwelling adults during the COVID-19 related lockdown: evidence of a predictive role for baseline dysfunctional personality dimensions.

Somma, Antonella; Krueger, Robert F.; Markon, Kristian E.; Gialdi, Giulia; Colanino, Miriana; Ferlito, Danila; Liotta, Chiara; Frau, Claudia; Fossati, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.165

Cited by 42COVID-19 and Mental HealthMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

A longitudinal study on clinically relevant self-reported depression, anxiety and acute stress features among Italian community-dwelling adults during the COVID-19 related lockdown: evidence of a predictive role for baseline dysfunctional personality dimensions.

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Somma, Antonella, Krueger, Robert F., Markon, Kristian E., Gialdi, Giulia, Colanino, Miriana, Ferlito, Danila, Liotta, Chiara, Frau, Claudia +1 more·2021·Journal of Affective Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.165PMC PMC7834264

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Abstract

Background Although necessary for public health, quarantine has been documented to cause post-traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, and depression. We designed the present longitudinal study to evaluate the psychological impact of quarantine in Italian community-dwelling adult participants.Methods A sample of 304 Italian community-dwelling adult participants (75.7% female; mean age = 35.28 years) was administered self-reported measures of depression, anxiety and acute stress symptoms at the beginning and at the end of the lockdown. Potential predictors of clinically relevant symptoms at the end of the lockdown were assessed. Specifically, data on gender, civil status, education level, occupation, and area of residence, as well as maladaptive personality domains were collected.Results More than 43% of participants suffered from the early impact of the lockdown; at the end of the lockdown roughly 32% of participants still reported any clinically relevant depression anxiety, and/or acute stress disorder condition. Clinically relevant acute stress reaction at the beginning of lockdown was a particularly important risk factor for experiencing clinically relevant acute stress, depression, and anxiety at the end of the lockdown. Maladaptive personality domains represent non-trivial predictors of participants' self-reports of clinically relevant depression, anxiety, and acute stress conditions at the end of the lockdown.Limitations Excess of female participants and the impossibility of evaluating if participants suffered from any internalizing disorder before the COVID-19 quarantine represent major limitations of our study.Conclusions Our findings suggest assessment of internalizing disorder symptoms during quarantine may be helpful in identifying people who may benefit from early treatment interventions.

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Another longitudinal study in Italy showed that mental health outcomes changed over time and might be predicted by maladaptive personality traits.
“Another longitudinal study in Italy, comparing participants’ clinical levels of depression, stress and anxiety during the first week and the last week of lockdown showed that mental health outcomes changed over time and might be predicted by maladaptive personality traits (47).”
From The Evolution of Psychological and Behavioral Consequences of Self-Isolation During Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study Across United Kingdom and Italy (2022) · cites this paper as [47]
The Results (Prevalence; page unavailable) report a significant decline in clinically relevant anxiety, but no significant change in clinically relevant depression or acute stress between the first week and the end of lockdown. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that baseline dysfunctional personality domains predicted later self-reported symptoms. Thus, the predictive claim is supported, but the claim of change needs qualification if it refers to clinical-level outcomes across all three conditions. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Authors: Somma, A., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Gialdi, G., Colanino, M., Ferlito, D., Liotta, C., Frau, C., & Fossati, A.
Affiliations: Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
University of Minnesota (US)
University of Iowa (US)
Corresponding author: Fossati, Andrea
ORCID: Somma, Antonella
Krueger, Robert F.
Markon, Kristian E.
Gialdi, Giulia
Fossati, Andrea
Venue: Journal of Affective Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-03
Volume: 282
Pages: 364-371
ISSN: 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.165
PMC: PMC7834264
OpenAlex: W3116409393
Cited by: 42
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 10
FWCI: 3.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: COVID-19 lockdown, quarantine, depression, anxiety, acute stress disorder, maladaptive personality, personality factors, internalizing disorders, community-dwelling adults, risk factors
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Communicable Disease Control, Depression, Female, Humans, Italy, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personality, Quarantine, Independent Living, Self Report

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A longitudinal study on clinically relevant self-reported depression, anxiety and acute stress features among Italian community-dwelling adults during the COVID-19 related lockdown: evidence of a predictive role for baseline dysfunctional personality dimensions.

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