Chronic Systemic Inflammation Is Associated With Symptoms of Late-Life Depression: The ARIC Study
Open accessAbstract
Objective The current study examined how the pattern of systemic inflammation in the decades leading up to late-life relates to depression symptoms in older adults.Methods Within the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, we measured high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), a nonspecific marker of systemic inflammation, at three visits: 21 years and 14 years before, and concurrent with the assessment of depression symptoms, defined using the 11-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale. We categorized participants into one of four groups based on their 21-year longitudinal pattern of elevated (≥3 mg/L) versus low (<3 mg/L) CRP (stable low; unstable low; unstable elevated; stable elevated). Analyses excluded participants with suspected depression during midlife.Results A total of 4,614 participants were included (age at CESD assessment: 75.5 [SD: 5.1]; 59% female; follow-up time: 20.7 years [SD: 1.0]). Compared to participants who maintained low CRP levels (stable low), participants who had elevated CRP at two of three visits (unstable elevated; ß = 0.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.17) and participants who maintained elevated CRP at all three visits (stable elevated; ß = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.21) had greater depression symptoms as older adults, after adjusting for confounders. After excluding participants with late-life cognitive impairment, only participants with stable elevated CRP demonstrated significantly greater late-life depression symptoms. In a secondary analysis, stable elevated CRP was associated with increased risk for clinically significant late-life depression symptoms.Conclusion Chronic or repeated inflammation in the decades leading up to older adulthood is associated with late-life depression, even in the context of normal cognition.
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Stable elevated CRP levels were associated with an increased risk for late-life depressive symptomatology.
“Moreover, stable elevated CRP levels were associated with an increased risk for late-life depressive symptomatology [94].”
From C-Reactive protein as a biomarker for major depressive disorder? (2022) · cites this paper as [94]
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Komysheva, N. P., & Shishkina, G. T. (2021) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2021121061124
Chapter 9. Depressive Disorders
Andrews, P., & Taylor, W. D. (2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615375196.ds09
The Neurobiology of Late-Life Depression
Lee, K. J., Kim, H. J., & Kim, Y. (2025) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2025.64.3.164
Verschoor, C., Lin, D. T. S., Kobor, M. S., Mian, O., Ma, J., Pare, G., & Ybazeta, G. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16417658
Wan, C., Yang, X., Yang, H. T., & Mei (Guangzhou University) Yang (2026) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-026-04184-4
Complex Neurobiological Mechanisms and Risk Factors Underlying Late-Life Depression
Lee, K. J., & Kim, Y. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_16
Chu, T. D., Hui, L., Khatri, N., & Chen, J. J. (2026) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2026.05.004
Dabravolski, S. A., Borodko, D. D., Antonov, S. A., Lukina, S. S., Poletaev, A. A., & Sukhorukov, V. N. (2026) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2026.112267
- Authors
- Sonsin-Diaz, N., Gottesman, R. F., Fracica, E., Walston, J., Windham, B. G., Knopman, D. S., & Walker, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walker, Keenan A.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 87-98
- ISSN
- 1064-7481 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6868307
- OpenAlex
- W2945666228
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- chronic systemic inflammation, geriatric depression, C-reactive protein, older adults, depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, C-Reactive Protein, Chronic Disease, Depression, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Longitudinal Studies, Male, United States, Comorbidity
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