Inflammation and interleukin-1 signaling network contribute to depressive symptoms but not cognitive decline in old age
Abstract
The association between inflammation and neuropsychiatric symptoms in old age is generally accepted but poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine whether inflammation precedes depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in old age, and to identify specific inflammatory pathways herein. We measured serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipopolysaccharide-induced production of Interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra), and IL-10 levels in 85-year-old participants free from neuropsychiatric symptoms at baseline (n=267). Participants were prospectively followed for depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale) and cognitive functioning (Mini Mental State Examination) from 85 to 90 years. Higher baseline CRP levels preceded accelerated increase in depressive symptoms (p<0.001). A higher production capacity of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta preceded a greater increase of depressive symptoms (p=0.06), whereas that of its natural antagonist IL-1ra preceded a smaller increase of depressive symptoms (p=0.003). There was no relation of CRP, IL-1beta, and IL-1ra with cognitive decline. Our findings show that in old age inflammatory processes contribute to the development of depressive symptoms but not cognitive decline. A high innate IL-1ra to IL-1beta production capacity reflects a better ability to neutralize inflammation and may therefore protect against depressive symptoms.
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Increases in IL-6 and CRP prospectively predict the development of depressive symptoms.
“increases in IL-6 and CRP have been found to prospectively predict the development of depressive symptoms”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as van den Biggelaar et al., 2007
In a prospective study of 267 85-year-old subjects with no psychiatric history, elevated biomarkers of inflammation preceded the onset of depressed mood.
“a prospective study of 267 85-year-old subjects with no psychiatric history revealed that elevated biomarkers of inflammation preceded the onset of depressed mood in an aged population with no psychiatric history82.”
From From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain (2008) · cites this paper as [82]
Inflammatory markers predict increases in depressive symptoms in longitudinal studies.
“Markers of inflammation are elevated in depressed individuals (Dowlati et al., 2010; Haapakoski et al., 2015; Howren et al., 2009) and predict increases in depressive symptoms in longitudinal studies (Gimeno et al., 2009; Valkanova et al., 2013; van den Biggelaar et al., 2007; Wium-Andersen et al., 2013).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as van den Biggelaar et al., 2007
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- Authors
- van den Biggelaar, A. H. J., Gussekloo, J., de Craen, A. J. M., Frölich, M., Stek, M. L., van der Mast, R. C., & Westendorp, R. G. J.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Venue
- Experimental Gerontology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 693-701
- ISSN
- 0531-5565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2088634735
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 4.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer Nederland
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- inflammation, IL-1 signaling, depressive symptoms, cognitive decline, C-reactive protein, IL-1β, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, inflammatory cytokines, older adults, innate immune response, neuropsychiatric symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Depression, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Interviews as Topic, Male, Mental Status Schedule, Socioeconomic Factors, Stroke
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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