A prospective evaluation of the directionality of the depression–inflammation relationship
Open accessAbstract
Cross-sectional studies have found that individuals with depressive disorders or symptoms have elevated levels of inflammatory markers predictive of coronary artery disease, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Due to the paucity of prospective studies, however, the directionality of the depression-inflammation relationship is unclear. We evaluated the longitudinal associations between depressive symptoms and both IL-6 and CRP among 263 healthy, older men and women enrolled in the Pittsburgh Healthy Heart Project, a 6-year prospective cohort study. During the baseline and follow-up visits, participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) to assess depressive symptoms and underwent blood draws to quantify serum IL-6 and CRP. Path analyses revealed that baseline BDI-II (beta=0.18, p=0.01, DeltaR(2)=0.02) was a predictor of 6-year change in IL-6, even after adjustment for demographic, biomedical, and behavioral factors as well as other negative emotions. Of all the factors examined, only body-mass index was a stronger predictor of IL-6 change than depressive symptoms. In contrast to these results, baseline IL-6 did not predict 6-year change in BDI-II. Evidence of a weak bidirectional relationship between BDI-II and CRP was also observed; however, neither of these longitudinal associations was significant. The present findings indicate that depressive symptoms may precede and augment some inflammatory processes relevant to coronary artery disease among healthy, older adults. Therefore, our results imply that depression may lead to inflammation and that inflammation may be one of the mechanisms through which depression contributes to cardiovascular risk.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent longitudinal studies provide strong evidence that factors such as depression and PTSD precede and predict higher levels of inflammation in both healthy and patient populations.
“Although numerous studies note that associations between negative psychological health and factors that increase cardiovascular risk are likely bidirectional, recent longitudinal studies provide strong evidence that factors such as depression and PTSD precede and predict higher levels of inflammation in both healthy and patient populations. 118,119,124”
From Psychological Health, Well-Being, and the Mind-Heart-Body Connection: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2021) · cites this paper as [124]
The Discussion reports that depressive symptoms preceded and predicted six-year increases in IL-6 among healthy, older adults. This paper does not establish the claim for PTSD or patient populations, and it describes the broader depression–inflammation relationship as complex rather than uniformly supported by strong evidence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe inflammation-depression pathway is bidirectional, as depressive symptoms predict increases in inflammation in some samples.
“Yet, there is also evidence that the inflammation-depression pathway is bidirectional as depressive symptoms predict increases in inflammation in some samples (Huang et al., 2017; Matthews et al., 2010; Stewart et al., 2009).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Stewart et al., 2009
In another large-scale prospective study of healthy adults, depressive symptoms predicted levels of inflammation 6 years later whereas inflammation did not predict depressive symptoms.
“Moreover, in another large-scale prospective study of healthy adults, depressive symptoms predicted levels of inflammation 6 years later whereas inflammation did not likewise predict depressive symptoms.[15]”
From SUICIDAL IDEATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEVATED INFLAMMATION IN PATIENTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER: Research Article: Suicidal Ideation and Inflammation (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease
Ross, R. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199901143400207 · Cited by 21,725 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696 · see citing works
Textbook of Medical Physiology
Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (1966) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-64-6-1363_2 · Cited by 9,760 · see citing works
Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach
Steiger, J. H. (1990) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4 · Cited by 7,408 · see citing works
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395 · see citing works
Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein
Ridker, P. M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A. H., Genest, J., Gotto, A. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Koenig, W., Libby, P., Lorenzatti, A. J., MacFadyen, J. G., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0807646 · Cited by 6,674 · see citing works
Pearson, T. A., Mensah, G. A., Alexander, R. W., Anderson, J. L., Cannon, R. O., Criqui, M., Fadl, Y. Y., Fortmann, S. P., Hong, Y., Myers, G. L., et al. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000052939.59093.45 · Cited by 6,401 · see citing works
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,602 · see citing works
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Comorbid Depression in Adults With Diabetes
Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E., & Lustman, P. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.6.1069 · Cited by 3,926 · see citing works
Tracey, K. J. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01321 · Cited by 3,728 · see citing works
Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women With Elevated C-Reactive Protein
Ridker, P. M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F. A. H., Genest, J. J., Gotto, A. M., Kastelein, J. J. P., Köenig, W., Libby, P., Lorenzatti, A. J., MacFadyen, J. G., et al. (2009) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000344393.60303.0a · Cited by 3,641 · see citing works
Quantitative Determination of Serum Triglycerides by the Use of Enzymes
Bucolo, G., & David, H. (1973) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/19.5.476 · Cited by 3,202 · see citing works
Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression
Raison, C. L., Capuron, L., & Miller, A. H. (2006) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2005.11.006 · Cited by 3,009 · see citing works
PearsonT, A., MensahG, A., & AlexanderR, W. (2003) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200305000-00016 · Cited by 2,937 · see citing works
Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis.
Howren, M. B., Lamkin, D. M., & Suls, J. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181907c1b · Cited by 2,766 · see citing works
Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults
Visser, M. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.22.2131 · Cited by 2,494 · see citing works
Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Stampfer, M. J., & Hennekens, C. H. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.15.1767 · Cited by 2,429 · see citing works
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AS AN INDEX OF HEART ATTACK RISK IN COLLEGE ALUMNI1
PAFFENBARGER, R. S., WING, A. L., & HYDE, R. T. (1978) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112608 · Cited by 1,980 · see citing works
Screening Depressed Patients in Family Practice
Beck, A. T., & Beck, R. W. (1972) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.1972.11713319 · Cited by 1,836 · see citing works
Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry.
Perloff, D., Grim, C. M., Flack, J. M., Frohlich, E. D., Hill, M. D., McDonald, M., & Morgenstern, B. Z. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.88.5.2460 · Cited by 1,592 · see citing works
A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II.
Dozois, D. J. A., Dobson, K. S., & Ahnberg, J. L. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.83 · Cited by 1,517 · see citing works
Proposed hostility and Pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI.
Cook, W. W., & Medley, D. M. (1954) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0060667 · Cited by 1,489 · see citing works
Warnick, G. R., & Albers, J. J. (1978) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41577-9 · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice
Rozanski, A., Blumenthal, J. A., Davidson, K. W., Saab, P. G., & Kubzansky, L. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.005 · Cited by 1,238 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Importantly, the predictive value of depression is similar to that of many traditional cardiovascular risk factors (Rozanski et al., 2005), with relative risk ratios in the 1.”
ResultInfluentialChronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Preacher, K. J., MacCallum, R. C., Atkinson, C., Malarkey, W. B., & Glaser, R. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1531903100 · Cited by 1,220 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (2003), however, reported findings that contradict ours; they found that baseline depressive symptom severity was not associated with 6-year change in IL-6.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEvaluating stress : a book of resources
Zalaquett, C. P., & Wood, R. J. (1997) · Scarecrow Press eBooks · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease
Rugulies, R. (2002) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00439-7 · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
Tyring, S., Gottlieb, A., Papp, K., Gordon, K., Leonardi, C., Wang, A., Lalla, D., Woolley, M., Jahreis, A., Zitnik, R., et al. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67763-x · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
Inflammatory Markers and Onset of Cardiovascular Events: Results From the Health ABC Study
Cesari, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Newman, A. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Nicklas, B. J., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., Rubin, S. M., Ding, J., Simonsick, E. M., Harris, T. B., et al. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000097109.90783.fc · Cited by 978 · see citing works
Miller, G. E., Cohen, S., & Ritchey, A. K. (2002) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.21.6.531 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
The macrophage theory of depression
Smith, R. S. (1991) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/0306-9877(91)90272-z · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Whooley, M. A. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2008.711 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Suls, J., & Bunde, J. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.260 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
Hostility, CHD Incidence, and Total Mortality: A 25-Year Follow-Up Study of 255 Physicians
Barefoot, J. C., Dahlstrom, G. W., & Williams, R. B. (1983) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198303000-00008 · Cited by 866 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Both the BAI and Ho Scale posses good psychometric properties (Barefoot et al., 1983; Shekelle et al., 1983; Smith and Frohm, 1985; Steer and Beck, 1997).”
MethodThe Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival.
Barefoot, J. C., Dodge, K. A., Peterson, B. L., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Williams, R. B. (1989) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198901000-00005 · Cited by 825 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We used the 27-item version of the Ho Scale instead of the 50-item version because evidence suggests that it is a stronger predictor of health outcomes (Barefoot et al., 1989).”
MethodPhysical Activity Reduces the Risk of Subsequent Depression for Older Adults
Strawbridge, W. J. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf047 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Enders, C. K. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164401615001 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Pace, T. W. W., Mletzko, T. C., Alagbe, O., Musselman, D. L., Nemeroff, C. B., Miller, A. H., & Heim, C. M. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1630 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Müller, N., Schwarz, M. J., Dehning, S., Douhe, A., Cerovecki, A., Goldstein-Müller, B., Spellmann, I., Hetzel, G., Maino, K., Kleindienst, N., et al. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001805 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Miller, G. E., Cohen, S., & Ritchey, A. K. (2002) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.6.531 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Cytokine Production and Treatment Response in Major Depressive Disorder
Lanquillon, S. (2000) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00134-7 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Wulsin, L. R., & Singal, B. M. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000058371.50240.e3 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Maes, M., Bosmans, E., De Jongh, R., Kenis, G., Vandoolaeghe, E., & Neels, H. (1997) · Cytokine · doi:10.1006/cyto.1997.0238 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Inflammatory Biomarkers, Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease
Pradhan, A. D., Manson, J. E., Rossouw, J. E., Siscovick, D. S., Mouton, C. P., Rifai, N., Wallace, R. B., Jackson, R. D., Pettinger, M. B., & Ridker, P. M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.8.980 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
Prospective association between obesity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study
Roberts, R. E., Deleger, S., Strawbridge, W. J., & Kaplan, G. A. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802204 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF DEPRESSION
Plotsky, P. M., Owens, M. J., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1998) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70006-x · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Textbook of medical physiology
Guyton, B. A. C. (1966) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(66)90334-6 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Depression in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review of the Literature With Meta-Analysis
Dickens, C. M., McGowan, L., Clark-Carter, D. D., & Creed, F. H. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200201000-00008 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
van Eck, M., Berkhof, H., Nicolson, N., & Sulon, J. (1996) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199609000-00007 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Depression, the autonomic nervous system, and coronary heart disease
Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., & Veith, R. C. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000162254.61556.d5 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Gimeno, D., Kivimäki, M., Brunner, E. J., Elovainio, M., De Vogli, R., Steptoe, A., Kumari, M., Lowe, G. D. O., Rumley, A., Marmot, M. G., et al. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003723 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Hostility, Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, and Mortality
Shekelle, R. B., Gale, M., Ostfeld, A. M., & Paul, O. (1983) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198305000-00003 · Cited by 554 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Both the BAI and Ho Scale posses good psychometric properties (Barefoot et al., 1983; Shekelle et al., 1983; Smith and Frohm, 1985; Steer and Beck, 1997).”
MethodFord, D. E., & Erlinger, T. P. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.9.1010 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Penninx, B. W. J. H., Kritchevsky, S. B., Yaffe, K. S., Newman, A. B., Simonsick, E. M., Rubin, S. M., Ferrucci, L., Harris, T. B., & Pahor, M. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01811-5 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Steer, R. A., & Beck, A. T. (1997) · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Clinical depression and inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease
Miller, G. E., Stetler, C. A., Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., & Banks, W. A. (2002) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02863-1 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Kuo, H., Yen, C., Chang, C., Kuo, C.-K., Chen, J.-H., & Sorond, F. A. (2005) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70099-5 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Sajadieh, A. (2004) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.12.003 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Smith, T. W., & Frohm, K. D. (1985) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.4.6.503 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-6, and Fibrinogen as Predictors of Coronary Heart Disease
Luc, G., Bard, J., Juhan-Vague, I., Ferrières, J., Evans, A., Amouyel, P., Arveiler, D., Fruchart, J., & Ducimetière, P. (2003) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000079512.66448.1d · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Späth‐Schwalbe, E. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.83.5.1573 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Effects of antidepressants on the production of cytokines
Kenis, G., & Maes, M. (2002) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145702003164 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Bondar, R. J. L., & Mead, D. C. (1974) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/20.5.586 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
The immune system, depression and the action of antidepressants
Leonard, B. E. (2001) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00155-5 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
The psychoneuroimmuno-pathophysiology of cytokine-induced depression in humans
Wichers, M., & Maes, M. (2002) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145702003103 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Anisman, H., Ravindran, A. V., Griffiths, J., & Merali, Z. (1999) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000436 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Life stress, mood disturbance, and elevated interleukin-6 in healthy older women
Lutgendorf, S. K., Garand, L., Buckwalter, K. C., Reimer, T. T., Hong, S.-Y., & Lubaroff, D. M. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/54.9.m434 · Cited by 305 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Specifically, depressive disorders and symptoms have been linked with elevated basal levels of IL-6 and CRP (Dentino et al., 1999; Kuo et al., 2005; Lutgendorf et al., 1999; Maes et al., 1997; Miller et al., 2002b; Penninx et al., 2003; Ranjit et al., 2007), greater stimulated production of…”
BackgroundNazmi, A., & Victora, C. G. (2007) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-212 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Dentino, A. N., Pieper, C. F., Rao, K. M. K., Currie, M. S., Harris, T., Blazer, D. G., & Cohen, H. J. (1999) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb01894.x · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Anxiety in relation to inflammation and coagulation markers, among healthy adults: The ATTICA Study
Pitsavos, C., Panagiotakos, D. B., Papageorgiou, C., Tsetsekou, E., Soldatos, C., & Stefanadis, C. (2006) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.001 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Smith, T. W., & Frohm, K. D. (1985) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.4.6.503 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Maes, M., Bosmans, E., Suy, E., Vandervorst, C., DeJonckheere, C., & Raus, J. (1991) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03163.x · Cited by 268 · see citing works
RR Interval Variability Is Inversely Related to Inflammatory Markers: The CARDIA Study
Sloan, R. P., McCreath, H., Tracey, K. J., Sidney, S., Liu, K., & Seeman, T. (2007) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/2006-00112.sloan · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Vaccarino, V., Johnson, B. D., Sheps, D. S., Reís, S. E., Kelsey, S. F., Bittner, V., Rutledge, T., Shaw, L. J., Sopko, G. S., & Merz, C. N. B. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.069 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Psychosocial Factors and Inflammation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Ranjit, N. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.2.174 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Jenny, N. S., Tracy, R. P., Ogg, M. S., Luong, L. A., Kuller, L. H., Arnold, A. M., Sharrett, A. R., & Humphries, S. E. (2002) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000040224.49362.60 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Chronic and Acute Psychological Risk Factors for Clinical Manifestations of Coronary Artery Disease
Kop, W. J. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199907000-00012 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
van den Biggelaar, A. H. J., Gussekloo, J., de Craen, A. J. M., Frölich, M., Stek, M. L., van der Mast, R. C., & Westendorp, R. G. J. (2007) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.01.011 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Suarez, E. C., Krishnan, R. R., & Lewis, J. G. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000035719.79068.2b · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Suarez, E. C., Lewis, J. G., Krishnan, R. R., & Young, K. H. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.01.002 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
A meta‐analysis of depressive symptomatology and alcohol consumption over time*
Hartka, E., Johnstone, B. M., Leino, E. V., MOTOYOSHI, M., Temple, M. T., & Fillmore, K. M. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01704.x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Volpato, S., Pahor, M., Ferrucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., Guralnik, J. M., Kritchevsky, S. B., Fellin, R., & Harris, T. B. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000109503.13955.00 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Späth‐Schwalbe, E., Hansen, K., Schmidt, F., Schrezenmeier, H., Marshall, L., Burger, K., Fehm, H. L., & Jan Born, A. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.5.4795 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Kop, W. J., & Gottdiener, J. S. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000162256.18710.4a · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Heart period variability and depressive symptoms: gender differences
Thayer, J. F., Smith, M. A., Rossy, L. A., Sollers, J. J., & Friedman, B. H. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00008-0 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Hostility and pain are related to inflammation in older adults
Graham‐Engeland, J. E., Robles, T. F., Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Malarkey, W. B., Bissell, M. G., & Glaser, R. (2006) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.11.002 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Negative Emotions and 3-Year Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerosis
Stewart, J. C., Janicki, D. L., Muldoon, M. F., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., & Kamarck, T. W. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.225 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationKorhonen, T., Broms, U., Varjonen, J., Romanov, K., Koskenvuo, M. J., Kinnunen, T., & Kaprio, J. A. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706009639 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Sakkinen, P. A., Macy, E. M., CALLAS, P. W., Cornell, E. S., Hayes, T. E., Kuller, L. H., & Tracy, R. P. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009801 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Matthews, K. A., Schott, L. L., Bromberger, J. T., Cyranowski, J. M., Everson‐Rose, S. A., & Sowers, M. F. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000256574.30389.1b · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Interleukin-1β production in dysthymia before and after pharmacotherapy
Anisman, H., Ravindran, A. V., Griffiths, J., & Merali, Z. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00211-5 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Raynor, D. A., Pogue‐Geile, M. F., Kamarck, T. W., McCaffery, J. M., & Manuck, S. B. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcohol Consumption and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Women
Garg, R. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1993.00410100045006 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Hostility, anger, and depression predict increases in C3 over a 10-year period
Boyle, S. H., Jackson, W. G., & Suarez, E. C. (2007) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.01.008 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Kamarck, T. W., Muldoon, M. F., Shiffman, S. S., & Sutton-Tyrrell, K. (2007) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.3.324 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased C‐reactive protein is not associated with apathy: the Leiden 85‐Plus Study
Maas, D. W., van der Mast, R. C., & de Craen, A. J. M. (2009) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2242 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Slavich, G. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035302 · Cited by 2,206 · see citing works
The Bidirectional Relationship of Depression and Inflammation: Double Trouble
Beurel, E., Toups, M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.002 · Cited by 2,136 · see citing works
CRP, IL-6 and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Valkanova, V., Ebmeier, K. P., & Allan, C. L. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.004 · Cited by 972 · see citing works
Levine, G. N., Cohen, B. E., Commodore-Mensah, Y., Fleury, J., Huffman, J. C., Khalid, U., Labarthe, D. R., Lavretsky, H., Michos, E. D., Spatz, E. S., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000947 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Nusslock, R., & Miller, G. E. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.017 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Elevated C-Reactive Protein Levels, Psychological Distress, and Depression in 73 131 Individuals
Wium-Andersen, M. K., Ørsted, D. D., Nielsen, S. F., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.102 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Mac Giollabhui, N., Ng, T. H., Ellman, L. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00867-4 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Dong, J.-Y., Zhang, Y., Tong, J., & Qin, L. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.111.630871 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Vogelzangs, N., Duivis, H. E., Beekman, A. T. F., Kluft, C., Neuteboom, J., Hoogendijk, W., Smit, J. H., de Jonge, P., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.8 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Loneliness predicts pain, depression, and fatigue: Understanding the role of immune dysregulation
Jaremka, L. M., Fagundes, C. P., Glaser, R., Bennett, J. M., Malarkey, W. B., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.016 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Childhood bullying involvement predicts low-grade systemic inflammation into adulthood
Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Lereya, S. T., Shanahan, L., Worthman, C., & Costello, E. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1323641111 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Duivis, H. E., Vogelzangs, N., Kupper, N., de Jonge, P., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.01.002 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Cumulative Depression Episodes Predict Later C-Reactive Protein Levels: A Prospective Analysis
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Worthman, C., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.09.023 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Environmental exposures and depression: biological mechanisms and epidemiological evidence
van den Bosch, M., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2019) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044106 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Depression and type 2 diabetes: Inflammatory mechanisms of a psychoneuroendocrine co-morbidity
Stuart, M. J., & Baune, B. T. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.001 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Loftis, J. M., Huckans, M. S., & Morasco, B. J. (2009) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.11.015 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
High Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness are associated with interleukin-6
Sutin, A. R., Terracciano, A., Deiana, B., Naitza, S., Ferrucci, L., Uda, M., Schlessinger, D., & Costa, P. T. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709992029 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Inflammation and the dimensions of depression: A review
Majd, M., Saunders, E. F. H., & Engeland, C. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100800 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
O'Donovan, A., Rush, G., Hoatam, G., Hughes, B. M., McCrohan, A., Kelleher, C., O'Farrelly, C., & Malone, K. M. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22087 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Depression and Cardiovascular Disease
Elderon, L., & Whooley, M. A. (2013) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2013.03.010 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Biological Basis of Depression in Adults with Diabetes
Champaneri, S., Wand, G. S., Malhotra, S., Casagrande, S. S., & Golden, S. H. (2010) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-010-0148-9 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Low-grade inflammation predicts persistence of depressive symptoms
Zalli, A., Jovanova, O., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Tiemeier, H. W., & Carvalho, L. A. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-3919-9 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Duivis, H. E., de Jonge, P., Penninx, B. W., Na, B. Y., Cohen, B. E., & Whooley, M. A. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081163 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Smith, K. J., Au, B., Ollis, L., & Schmitz, N. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.005 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Dietary fiber and its associations with depression and inflammation
Swann, O. G., Kilpatrick, M., Breslin, M., & Oddy, W. H. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz072 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Addressing the tuberculosis–depression syndemic to end the tuberculosis epidemic
Sweetland, A. C., Kritski, A., Oquendo, M. A., Sublette, M. E., Norcini Pala, A., Silva, L. R. B., Karpati, A., Silva, E. C., Moraes, M. O., Silva, J. R. L. E., et al. (2017) · The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · doi:10.5588/ijtld.16.0584 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Baune, B., Smith, E., Reppermund, S., Air, T., Samaras, K., Lux, O., Brodaty, H., Sachdev, P. S., & Trollor, J. N. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.02.006 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Dooley, L. N., Kuhlman, K. R., Robles, T. F., Eisenberger, N. I., Craske, M. G., & Bower, J. E. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.006 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Cognitive dysfunction with aging and the role of inflammation
Simen, A. A., Bordner, K. A., Martin, M. P., Moy, L. A., & Barry, L. C. (2011) · Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease · doi:10.1177/2040622311399145 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Oddy, W. H., Allen, K. L., Trapp, G., Ambrosini, G. L., Black, L. J., Huang, R., Rzehak, P., Runions, K., Pan, F., Beilin, L. J., et al. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.01.002 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Rosenblat, J. D., Brietzke, E., Mansur, R. B., Maruschak, N. A., Lee, Y., & McIntyre, R. S. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.058 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Role of inflammation in depression relapse
Liu, C., Zhang, G., Li, B., Li, M., Woelfer, M., Walter, M., & Wang, L. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1475-7 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Haapakoski, R., Ebmeier, K. P., Alenius, H., & Kivimäki, M. (2016) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.11.012 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Nikkheslat, N., Zunszain, P. A., Horowitz, M. A., Barbosa, I. G., Parker, J. A., Myint, A.-M., Schwarz, M. J., Tylee, A. T., Carvalho, L. A., & Pariante, C. M. (2015) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.002 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Depression and cardiovascular disease
Bradley, S. M., & Rumsfeld, J. S. (2015) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2015.02.002 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Jaremka, L. M., Lindgren, M. E., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22078 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Kofod, J., Elfving, B., Nielsen, E. H., Mors, O., & Köhler-Forsberg, O. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.09.006 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Matthews, K. A., Schott, L. L., Bromberger, J. T., Cyranowski, J. M., Everson-Rose, S. A., & Sowers, M. (2010) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.005 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Redmond, N., Richman, J., Gamboa, C. M., Albert, M. A., Sims, M., Durant, R. W., Glasser, S. P., & Safford, M. M. (2013) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.113.000447 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The Psychosocial Context of Financial Stress
Sturgeon, J. A., Arewasikporn, A., Okun, M. A., Davis, M. C., Ong, A. D., & Zautra, A. (2015) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000276 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Liukkonen, T., Räsänen, P., Jokelainen, J., Leinonen, M., Järvelin, M.-R., Meyer-Rochow, V. B., & Timonen, M. (2011) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.02.001 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Generalized anxiety and C-reactive protein levels: a prospective, longitudinal analysis
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Worthman, C., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000554 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Childhood trauma, HPA axis activity and antidepressant response in patients with depression
Nikkheslat, N., McLaughlin, A. P., Hastings, C., Zajkowska, Z., Nettis, M. A., Mariani, N., Enache, D., Lombardo, G., Pointon, L., Cowen, P. J., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.11.024 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Abbott, R., Whear, R., Nikolaou, V., Bethel, A., Coon, J. T., Stein, K., & Dickens, C. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.04.008 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Negative Emotions Predict Elevated Interleukin-6 in the United States but not in Japan
Miyamoto, Y., Boylan, J., Coe, C., Curhan, K. B., Levine, C. S., Markus, H., Park, J., Kitayama, S., Kawakami, N., Karasawa, M., et al. (2013) · Brain, behavior, and immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.07.173 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Treatment response and cognitive impairment in major depression: Association with C-reactive protein
Chang, H. H., Lee, I. H., Gean, P. W., Lee, S.-Y., Chi, M. H., Yang, Y. K., Lu, R.-B., & Chen, P. S. (2012) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.239 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The role of lipid biomarkers in major depression
Parekh, A., Smeeth, D., Milner, Y., & Thuret, S. (2017) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare5010005 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Kunugi, H. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13551 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Wium‐Andersen, M. K., Ørsted, D. D., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.009 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Euteneuer, F., Dannehl, K., del Rey, A., Engler, H., Schedlowski, M., & Rief, W. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.76 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Deverts, D. J., Cohen, S., DiLillo, V. G., Lewis, C. E., Kiefe, C. I., Whooley, M. A., & Matthews, K. A. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181ec4b98 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Feng, X., Jia, M., Cai, M., Zhu, T., Hashimoto, K., & Yang, J. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03085-y · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Serum chemokine levels in major depressive disorder
Lehto, S. M., Niskanen, L., Herzig, K.-H., Tolmunen, T., Huotari, A., Viinamäki, H., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Honkalampi, K., Ruotsalainen, H., & Hintikka, J. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.007 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Dipnall, J. F., Pasco, J. A., Berk, M., Williams, L. J., Dodd, S., Jacka, F. N., & Meyer, D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148195 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Longitudinal Relationship of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms With Dyslipidemia and Abdominal Obesity
Dortland, A. K. B. V. R., Giltay, E. J., van Veen, T., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318274d30f · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Myers, V., Gerber, Y., Benyamini, Y., Goldbourt, U., & Drory, Y. (2011) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.09.009 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Early childhood poverty, immune-mediated disease processes, and adult productivity
Ziol‐Guest, K. M., Duncan, G. J., Kalil, A., & Boyce, W. T. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1203167109 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Neuroimmune Interface in the Comorbidity between Alcohol Use Disorder and Major Depression
Neupane, S. P. (2016) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00655 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Smith, C. A., Shewamene, Z., Galbally, M., Schmied, V. A., & Dahlen, H. G. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.054 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The puzzle of depression and acute coronary syndrome: Reviewing the role of acute inflammation
Poole, L., Dickens, C. M., & Steptoe, A. (2011) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.12.009 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Kern, S., Skoog, I., Börjesson-Hanson, A., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Östling, S., Kern, J., Gudmundsson, P., Marlow, T., Rosengren, L., et al. (2014) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.006 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Hickman, R. J., Khambaty, T., & Stewart, J. C. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9510-0 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationElevated Risk of Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women With Depression: Depression or Antidepressants?
Palmsten, K. K., Setoguchi, S., Margulis, A. V., Patrick, A. R., & Hernández–Dı́az, S. (2012) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr394 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Gialluisi, A., Bonaccio, M., Castelnuovo, A. F. D., Costanzo, S., Curtis, A. D., Sarchiapone, M., Cerletti, C., Donati, M. B., de Gaetano, G., Iacoviello, L., et al. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.041 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Peripheral Inflammatory Parameters in Late-Life Depression: A Systematic Review
Martínez-Cengotitabengoa, M., Carrascón, L., O’Brien, J., Díaz-Gutiérrez, M.-J., Bermúdez-Ampudia, C., Sanada, K., Arrasate, M., & González-Pinto, A. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17122022 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The impact of leishmaniasis on mental health and psychosocial well-being: A systematic review
Pires, M., Wright, B., Kaye, P. M., da Conceição, V., & Churchill, R. C. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223313 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Psychobiological differences between depression and somatization
Rief, W., Hennings, A., Riemer, S., & Euteneuer, F. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.02.001 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Population differences in proinflammatory biology: Japanese have healthier profiles than Americans
Coe, C. L., Love, G. D., Karasawa, M., Kawakami, N., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Tracy, R. P., & Ryff, C. D. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.11.013 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Aguilera, A., Garza, M. J., & Muñoz, R. F. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20706 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Li, X., & Ma, L. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102175 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Costello, E. J., Copeland, W., Shanahan, L., Worthman, C. M., & Angold, A. C. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.027 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Au, B., Smith, K. J., Gariépy, G., & Schmitz, N. (2015) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4250 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Depression and Risk of Stroke in Midaged Women
Jackson, C., & Mishra, G. D. (2013) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.113.001147 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Current understanding of the bi-directional relationship of major depression with inflammation
Messay, B., Lim, A., & Marsland, A. L. (2012) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-2-4 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Adjuvant pioglitazone for unremitted depression: Clinical correlates of treatment response
Watson, K. T., Wroolie, T., Robakis, T. K., & Rasgon, N. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.10.013 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Is depression the missing link between inflammatory mediators and cancer?
Polityńska, B., Pokorska, O., Wojtukiewicz, A. M., Sawicka, M., Mysliwiec, M., Honn, K. V., Tucker, S. C., & Wojtukiewicz, M. Z. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108293 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Executive dysfunction in depression in adolescence: the role of inflammation and higher body mass
Giollabhui, N. M., Swistun, D., Murray, S. M., Moriarity, D. P., Kautz, M. M., Ellman, L. M., Olino, T. M., Coe, C. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000564 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Exploring the role of inflammation in major depressive disorder: beyond the monoamine hypothesis
Pastis, I., Santos, M. G., & Paruchuri, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1282242 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Bollen, J. C., Trick, L., Llewellyn, D. J., & Dickens, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.01.002 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Knight, J. M., Costanzo, E. S., Singh, S., Yin, Z., Szabó, A., Pawar, D. S., Hillard, C. J., Rizzo, J. D., D’Souza, A., Pasquini, M. C., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-01164-y · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Özyurt, G., & Binici, N. C. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sleep disturbance and kynurenine metabolism in depression
Cho, H. J., Savitz, J. B., Dantzer, R., Teague, T. K., Drevets, W. C., & Irwin, M. R. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.05.016 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Swardfager, W., Hennebelle, M., Yu, D., Hammock, B. D., LEVITT, A. J., Hashimoto, K., & Taha, A. Y. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.01.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Beydoun, M. A., Obhi, H. K., Weiss, J., Canas, J. A., Beydoun, H. A., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0408-2 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Flaster, M. S., Sharma, A., & Rao, M. S. (2013) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1310/tsr2002-139 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Arya, S., Lee, S., Zahner, G. J., Cohen, B. E., Hiramoto, J. S., Wolkowitz, O. M., Khakharia, A., Binney, Z. O., & Grenon, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2017.10.092 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Depression in People with Coronary Heart Disease: Prognostic Significance and Mechanisms
Dickens, C. M. (2015) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-015-0640-6 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Bifidobacterium: a probiotic for the prevention and treatment of depression
Li, J., Wang, J., Wang, M., Zheng, L., Cen, Q., Wang, F., Li, Z., Pang, R., & Zhang, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1174800 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The inflammatory underpinning of depression: An historical perspective
Yirmiya, R. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.08.048 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Branson, S., Boss, L., Cron, S. G., & Kang, D.-H. (2016) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2016.1152764 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Repeated exposure to systemic inflammation and risk of new depressive symptoms among older adults
Bell, J. A., Mika Kivimaki, B., Bullmore, E. T., Steptoe, A., Bullmore, E. T., Vértes, P. E., Cardinal, R. N., Richardson, S. T., Leday, G., Freeman, T., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.155 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Huang, M., Su, S., Goldberg, J. H., Miller, A. H., Levantsevych, O. M., Shallenberger, L. H., Pimple, P. M., Pearce, B. D., Bremner, J. D., & Vaccarino, V. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Depression in End‐Stage Renal Disease: Current Advances and Research
Chilcot, J., Wellsted, D. M., & Farrington, K. (2009) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/j.1525-139x.2009.00628.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Adolescent-Onset Depression: Are Obesity and Inflammation Developmental Mechanisms or Outcomes?
Byrne, M. L., O’brien-simpson, N. M., Mitchell, S., & Allen, N. B. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0524-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Brummett, B. H., Boyle, S. H., Ortel, T. L., Becker, R. C., Siegler, I. C., & Williams, R. B. (2010) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181d2f104 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Niles, A. N., Smirnova, M., Lin, J. E., & O’Donovan, A. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.035 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Moriarity, D. P., Kautz, M. M., Giollabhui, N. M., Klugman, J., Coe, C. L., Ellman, L. M., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620917458 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Vingeliene, S., Hiyoshi, A., Lentjes, M. A. H., Fall, K., & Montgomery, S. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104421 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Inflammatory Proteins Predict Change in Depressive Symptoms in Male and Female Adolescents
Moriarity, D. P., Giollabhui, N. M., Ellman, L. M., Klugman, J., Coe, C. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619826586 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Interleukin-6 Serum Levels in Acute Stroke
Spalletta, G., Cravello, L., Imperiale, F., Salani, F., Bossù, P., Picchetto, L., Cao, M., Rasura, M., Pazzelli, F., Orzi, F., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12120399 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stewart, J. C., Rand, K. L., Muldoon, M. F., & Kamarck, T. W.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stewart, Jesse C.
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 936-944
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2749896
- OpenAlex
- W1986031269
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 7.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 076858, HL040962, HL056346, HL 076852, R24HL076852, R24HL076858, R01HL056346, P01HL040962)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- depression, depressive symptoms, inflammation, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular risk, older adults, bidirectional relationship, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Aged, C-Reactive Protein, Coronary Artery Disease, Depression, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Interleukin-6, Multivariate Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
