Cited by 235Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum DisordersAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPerfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies

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The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Validation of the German version in a sample of patients with OCD, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders

Gönner, Sascha, Leonhart, Rainer, Ecker, Willi·2008·Journal of Anxiety Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.007

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Abstract

The OCI-R is a psychometrically sound and valid self-report scale measuring the major symptoms of OCD on six dimensions: Checking, Washing, Ordering, Hoarding, Obsessing, and Neutralizing. Information is needed on its ability to discriminate OCD from depression. In this study, reliability and convergent, divergent, and known-groups validity of an authorized German version were examined in 381 patients with OCD, other anxiety and depressive disorders. Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the original six-factor structure in each sample. Moreover, results indicated good convergent, divergent, and known-groups validity for the full scale and the subscales in each sample, only a slight construct overlap between OCD and depression, anxiety, pathological worry, and perfectionism, and the relationships of the subscales with obsessive-compulsive personality features supported its construct validity. Previous findings for the original scale were replicated and extended in a different cultural context. However, the domains Neutralizing and Obsessions need further development.

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Background
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Method
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Background
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Background
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Subclinical checking is associated with a bias towards goal-directed (high-level) action identification
Jamnadass, E. S. L., Badcock, J. C., & Maybery, M. T. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.11.003 · Cited by 3
Covert neutralization in the treatment of OCD with overt compulsions
O’Connor, K. P., Freeston, M. H., St-Pierre-Delorme, M.-È., Aardema, F., Polman, A., Careau, Y., & Grenier, S. (2012) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.06.003 · Cited by 3
Factor Structure, Validity and Reliability of the Massachusetts General Hospital Hair Pulling Scale
Rabiei, M., Nikfarjam, M., Khoramdel, K., & Movassagh, M. T. (2014) · Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.pbs.20140301.13 · Cited by 6
Prenatal sex hormones and finger length: Digit ratio (2D:4D) as a biological marker of early developmental processes in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Nitsche, K., Moritz, S., & Jelinek, L. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100525 · Cited by 3
The spit-face scenario: Inducing Contamination-Based Disgust and Anxiety and Investigating the Effects of Imagery Rescripting in an Online Experiment
Kühne, F., Hobrecker, L. K., Fink‐Lamotte, J., Meissner, C., Zirngibl, A., & Weck, F. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10597-y · Cited by 3
“The total scale has good internal consistency (α = 0.81 to 0.93), and good convergent and divergent validity (Gönner et al., 2007, 2008).”
Influential
The appropriateness of using a counter app in experimental studies assessing unwanted intrusive thoughts
Wahl, K., Lieb, R., Kollárik, M., & Purdon, C. L. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100550 · Cited by 3
A Study of Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR) in a Sample of Healthy Iranian Students
Shams, G., Kaviani, H., Torkanbori, Y. E., Ebrahimkhani, N., & Manesh, A. A. (2010) · Advances in Cognitive Science · Cited by 3
Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder
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Altered Reward Processing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Insights from Active and Observational Learning
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“(I) This domain showed high correlations with the congruent ICD-10 diagnosis (r = 0.52) and the Y-BOCS (r = 0.73), a weak correlation with the BSI OCD scale (r = 0.29), and a nonsignificant correlation with the OCI-R (r = 0.31).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Neuronal correlates of intensification and acceptance of symptoms during exposure therapy in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Karch, S., Maywald, M., Schwartz, C., Heil, C., Neumüller, J., Keeser, D., Garcia, S., Tschentscher, N., Pogarell, O. M., Paolini, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1256046 · Cited by 2
Improv Intervention for Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: A Pilot Study from Turkey
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“…to be that patients with OCD in the MBCT program reported a statistically significantly lower total score of self-rated symptoms [including obsessing, washing, checking, neutralizing, ordering, and hoarding subscales (Gönner et al., 2008)] than the psychoeducation group (Külz et al., 2019).”
Breaking barriers? Targeting willingness to improve engagement in exposure therapy through a disorder-nonspecific exposure session in virtual reality
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“The German version demonstrated good psychometric properties (Gönner et al., 2008) just as in the current sample (Cronbach’s α = 0.87).”
Influential
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Großmann, A., Wiebe, A., Edlinger, N., Philipsen, A., Braun, N., & Bey, K. (2025) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2025.100940 · Cited by 2
Das Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory–Revised (VOCI-R)
Gönner, S., Schmid, J., Gönner, S., Leonhart, R., & Ecker, W. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000182 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
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“The OCI-R is sensitive enough to detect change (Abramowitz et al., 2005) and has shown good psychometric properties (Gönner et al., 2007).”
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“The OCI-R (Foa et al., 2002; German version by Gönner et al., 2008), which has good psychometric properties (Abramowitz & Deacon, 2006; Foa et al., 2002; Gönner et al., 2007, 2008; Huppert et al., 2007), was administered to assess OCD symptoms.”
Developing and Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Behavioral-Cognitive-Metacognitive Intervention on the Severity of Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder’s Symptoms
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“70) in a nonclinical sample for the revised obsessive-compulsive inventory have been obtained [14] [15].”
Background
Session 4: Exposure and Ritual Prevention—Introducing Imaginal Exposure
Foa, E. B., Yadin, E., & Lichner, T. K. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195335286.003.0007 · Cited by 1
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Serotonin reduces belief stickiness
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“Participants filled out several questionnaires as part of the larger protocol, but in this study, we analyzed only the OCI-R questionnaire 56 , which was administered in its German version 117 , because our hypotheses related specifically to obsessions.”
Subtypes of tic disorders in children and adolescents: based on clinical characteristics
Yang, K., Zhang, W., Li, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, Z., Hu, S., Jun, J., Yang, Q., Li, J., Hong, X., et al. (2025) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-025-05698-2 · Cited by 1
“The obsessive-compulsive inventory-revised (OCI-R) OCI-R [46] comprises 18 items in six subscales, it assesses the associated distress of each item in the past month on a 5-point Likert scale from ‘not at all’ (0) to ‘extremely’ (4).”
OCD symptom severity and comorbid psychiatric diagnoses in a Swedish genetic epidemiological obsessive-compulsive disorder cohortPreprint
Mahjani, B., Mahjani, C. G., Reichenberg, A., Sandin, S., Hultman, C. M., Buxbaum, J. D., & Grice, D. E. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.21259652 · Cited by 1
“The translated version of OCI-R into Norwegian (Solem, Hjemdal, Vogel, & Stiles, 2010), Spanish (Fullana et al., 2005), German (Gönner et al., 2008), Icelandic (Smárt, Ólason, Eypórsdóttir, & Frölunde, 2007), and Chinese (Hon, Siu, Cheng, Wong, & Foa, 2019) had shown satisfactory psychometric properties.”
Influential
About Treatments ThatWork™
(2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195335286.002.0005
An exploration of the cognitive mechanism underlying general risk-aversion in obsessive-compulsive disorder : the construction and validation of the multi-dimensional risk-assessment scale
Garratt‐Reed, D. (2012) · eSpace (Curtin University)
Feasibility of Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised in Pakistan: Pilot Study
Qadir, F., Zafar, P., Khalid, A., & Essau, C. A. (2014)
Session 3: Exposure and Ritual Prevention—Introducing In Vivo Exposure
Foa, E. B., Yadin, E., & Lichner, T. K. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195335286.003.0006
Intermediate Sessions: Continuing Exposure and Ritual Prevention
Foa, E. B., Yadin, E., & Lichner, T. K. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195335286.003.0008
Problems Commonly Encountered during Exposure and Ritual Prevention (EX/RP)
Foa, E. B., Yadin, E., & Lichner, T. K. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195335286.003.0010
Session 2: Treatment Planning Part II
Foa, E. B., Yadin, E., & Lichner, T. K. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195335286.003.0005
Session 1: Treatment Planning Part I
Foa, E. B., Yadin, E., & Lichner, T. K. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195335286.003.0004
Treatment Components of Exposure and Ritual Prevention
Foa, E. B., Yadin, E., & Lichner, T. K. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195335286.003.0003
Properties, Dimensions, and Heritability of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in a Community Sample of Children and Adolescents
Park, L. S. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Achtsamkeitsbasierte Interventionen bei Zwängen
Külz, A. K. (2020) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60318-5_5
Decision-making in OCD : when both acting and not acting result in some harm
Kindynis, Z. (2016)

Authors: Gönner, S., Leonhart, R., & Ecker, W.
Affiliations: University of Freiburg (DE)
Corresponding author: Gönner, Sascha
ORCID: Leonhart, Rainer
Venue: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-05
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 734-749
ISSN: 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.007
OpenAlex: W1967261127
Cited by: 235
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 8.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Keywords: Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, obsessive-compulsive disorder, German version, psychometric validation, factor structure, convergent validity, known-groups validity, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, pathological worry, perfectionism, cross-cultural adaptation
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Compulsive Personality Disorder, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Defense Mechanisms, Depressive Disorder, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical, Comorbidity

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The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Validation of the German version in a sample of patients with OCD, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders

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