Cited by 235Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum DisordersAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPerfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies

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The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Validation of the German version in a sample of patients with OCD, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders

Gönner, Sascha, Leonhart, Rainer, Ecker, Willi·2008·Journal of Anxiety Disorders

DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.007

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Abstract

The OCI-R is a psychometrically sound and valid self-report scale measuring the major symptoms of OCD on six dimensions: Checking, Washing, Ordering, Hoarding, Obsessing, and Neutralizing. Information is needed on its ability to discriminate OCD from depression. In this study, reliability and convergent, divergent, and known-groups validity of an authorized German version were examined in 381 patients with OCD, other anxiety and depressive disorders. Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the original six-factor structure in each sample. Moreover, results indicated good convergent, divergent, and known-groups validity for the full scale and the subscales in each sample, only a slight construct overlap between OCD and depression, anxiety, pathological worry, and perfectionism, and the relationships of the subscales with obsessive-compulsive personality features supported its construct validity. Previous findings for the original scale were replicated and extended in a different cultural context. However, the domains Neutralizing and Obsessions need further development.

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Schneider, B. C., Wittekind, C. E., Talhof, A., Korrelboom, K., & Moritz, S. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.981758 · Cited by 29
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Hon, S. K. H., Siu, B. W. M., Cheng, C., Wong, W. C., & Foa, E. B. (2019) · East Asian Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.12809/eaap1832 · Cited by 27
The Rage Attack Questionnaire-Revised (RAQ-R): Assessing Rage Attacks in Adults With Tourette Syndrome
Müller‐Vahl, K., Kayser, L., Pisarenko, A., Haas, M., Psathakis, N., Palm, L., & Jakubovski, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00956 · Cited by 27
Metacognitive Training for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A randomized controlled trial
Miegel, F. S., Moritz, S., Hottenrott, B., Demiralay, C., & Jelinek, L. (2021) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2021.100647 · Cited by 27
When cancer is associated with illness but no longer with animal or zodiac sign: Investigation of biased semantic networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Jelinek, L., Hottenrott, B., & Moritz, S. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.003 · Cited by 27
Patients’ Perspectives on Treatment with Metacognitive Training for OCD: Feasibility and Acceptability
Jelinek, L., Zielke, L., Hottenrott, B., Miegel, F., Cludius, B., Sure, A., & Demiralay, C. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000211 · Cited by 26
Punishment has a persistent effect on error-related brain activity in highly anxious individuals twenty-four hours after conditioning
Riesel, A., Kathmann, N., Wuellhorst, V., Banica, I., & Weinberg, A. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.09.014 · Cited by 30
The polygenic risk for obsessive‐compulsive disorder is associated with the personality trait harm avoidance
Bey, K., Weinhold, L., Grützmann, R., Heinzel, S., Kaufmann, C., Klawohn, J., Riesel, A., Lennertz, L., Schmid, M. C., Ramı́rez, A., et al. (2020) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13226 · Cited by 23
Multidimensional assessment of OCD: integration and revision of the vancouver obsessional‐compulsive inventory and the symmetry ordering and arranging questionnaire
Gönner, S., Ecker, W., Leonhart, R., & Limbacher, K. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20690 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
The Attention Training Technique as an Attempt to Decrease Intrusive Thoughts in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD): From Cognitive Theory to Practice and Back
Moritz, S., Wess, N., Treszl, A., & Jelinek, L. (2011) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-010-9169-6 · Cited by 29
Fragebogen zum zwanghaften Horten (FZH) – Validierung der deutschen Version des Saving Inventory-Revised
Mueller, A., Crosby, R. D., Frost, R. O., Leidel, B., Bleich, S., Glaesmer, H., Osen, B., & de Zwaan, M. (2009) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000253877 · Cited by 23
Impaired Antisaccades in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Evidence From Meta-Analysis and a Large Empirical Study
Bey, K., Lennertz, L., Grützmann, R., Heinzel, S., Kaufmann, C., Klawohn, J., Riesel, A., Meyhöfer, I., Ettinger, U., Kathmann, N., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00284 · Cited by 22
Knowledge and competency standards for specialized cognitive behavior therapy for adult obsessive-compulsive disorder
Sookman, D., Phillips, K. A., Anholt, G. E., Bhar, S. S., Bream, V., Challacombe, F. L., Coughtrey, A. E., Craske, M. G., Foa, E. B., Gagné, J.-P., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113752 · Cited by 23
Good news for allegedly bad studies. Assessment of psychometric properties may help to elucidate deception in online studies on OCD
Moritz, S., Quaquebeke, N. V., Hauschildt, M., Jelinek, L., & Gönner, S. (2012) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.07.001 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Attentional biases of vigilance and maintenance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An eye-tracking study
Cludius, B., Wenzlaff, F., Briken, P., & Wittekind, C. E. (2017) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.12.007 · Cited by 22
Impaired planning in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and unaffected first-degree relatives: Evidence for a cognitive endophenotype
Bey, K., Kaufmann, C., Lennertz, L., Riesel, A., Klawohn, J., Heinzel, S., Grützmann, R., Kathmann, N., & Wagner, M. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.05.009 · Cited by 22
Decreased memory confidence in obsessive–compulsive disorder for scenarios high and low on responsibility: is low still too high?
Moritz, S., & Jaeger, A. (2017) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0783-0 · Cited by 22
“We amalgamated two criteria: checkers had to display checking according to the Y-BOCS checklist and had to score above the median of the sample on the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (OCI-R) [66, 67].”
Method
If it is absurd, then why do you do it? The richer the obsessional experience, the more compelling the compulsion
Moritz, S., Purdon, C. L., Jelinek, L., Chiang, B., & Hauschildt, M. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2155 · Cited by 23
Effects of rumination on unwanted intrusive thoughts: A replication and extension
Kollárik, M., van den Hout, M., Heinzel, C. V., Hofer, P. D., Lieb, R., & Wahl, K. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808720912583 · Cited by 21
“The scale possesses good psychometric properties (Goenner et al., 2007, 2008).”
Background
The temporal relationship between premonitory urges and covert compulsions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Brandt, V. C., Hermanns, J., Beck, C., Bäumer, T., Zurowski, B., & Münchau, A. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.041 · Cited by 23
“…1989b) and good convergent but poorer divergent validity (Goodman et al., 1989a; Kim et al., 1990) and the „Obsessive Compulsive Inventory- Revised“ (OCI-R; Foa et al., 2002), a self-report scale with good reliability, convergent and divergent validity (Gonner et al., 2008; Hajcak et al., 2004).”
Are patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder generally more doubtful? Doubt is warranted!
Moritz, S., Rietschel, L., Jelinek, L., & Bäuml, K.-H. T. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.023 · Cited by 18
“In addition, the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R, Foa et al., 2002; German translation by Gönner et al., 2008) was administered.”
Method
New wine in an old bottle? Evaluation of myMCT as an integrative bibliotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder
Moritz, S., Hauschildt, M., Murray, S. C., Pedersen, A., Krausz, M., & Jelinek, L. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.12.009 · Cited by 18
Long-Term Follow-up of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Symptom Severity and the Role of Exposure 8–10 Years After Inpatient Treatment
Külz, A. K., Landmann, S., Schmidt-Ott, M., Zurowski, B., Kordon, A., & Voderholzer, U. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00002 · Cited by 19
Associations of neural error‐processing with symptoms and traits in a dimensional sample recruited across the obsessive–compulsive spectrum
Riesel, A., Härpfer, K., Thoma, L., Kathmann, N., & Klawohn, J. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14164 · Cited by 15
Exploring the Peaks and Potholes: Understanding positive and negative effects of concentrated exposure treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder
Jelinek, L., Serve, A., Pampuch, S., Scheunemann, J., Schultz, J., Miegel, F. S., Hansen, B. K. A., Hagen, K., Bohnsack, F., Gallinat, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2024.100913 · Cited by 18
Self-esteem mediates the relationship between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms
Miegel, F. S., Moritz, S., Wagener, F., Cludius, B., & Jelinek, L. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110239 · Cited by 21
Neural correlates of symptom reduction after CBT in obsessive-compulsive washers—An fMRI symptom provocation study
Baioui, A., Pilgramm, J., Kagerer, S., Walter, B., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. M. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.04.006 · Cited by 18
Metacognitive Training for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Miegel, F., Demiralay, C., Moritz, S., Wirtz, J., Hottenrott, B., & Jelinek, L. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02648-3 · Cited by 18
“The OCI-R contains good psychometric properties [74, 76, 77] that have been confirmed for the German version [75, 78].”
Background
Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri-Revize’nin (OKE-R) Türkçe Formu’nun Klinik ve Klinik Olmayan Örneklemlerde Geçerliği
Aydın, A., Boysan, M., Kalafat, T., Selvı, Y., Beşiroğlu, L., & Kağan, M. (2014) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.4274/npa.y6451 · Cited by 17
“The psychometric properties of the translated versions (Spanish (14), German (15), French (16), Icelandic (17), Norwegian (18), and Korean) (19, 20) were examined.”
Background
Rumination on unwanted intrusive thoughts affects the urge to neutralize in nonclinical individuals
Wahl, K., van den Hout, M., & Lieb, R. (2018) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.02.002 · Cited by 17
Validation of a classification system of obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample
Sulkowski, M. L., Mancil, T. L., Jordan, C., Reid, A. M., Chakoff, E., & Storch, E. A. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.015 · Cited by 17
“, 1995), OCD, (Gönner et al., 2008), and health anxiety (Abramowitz et al.”
Further evidence for biased semantic networks in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): When knives are no longer associated with buttering bread but only with stabbing people
Jelinek, L., Hauschildt, M., Hottenrott, B., Kellner, M. B., & Moritz, S. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.05.002 · Cited by 16
Prior Beliefs About the Importance and Control of Thoughts are Predictive But Not Specific to Subsequent Intrusive Unwanted Thoughts and Neutralizing Behaviors
Wahl, K., Hofer, P. D., Meyer, A. H., & Lieb, R. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10046-7 · Cited by 16
“It is an 18-item measure with well-documented reliability and validity (Abramowitz and Deacon 2006; Gönner et al. 2008).”
Background
The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Further psychometric examination and its adaptation to the DSM-5 in Iranian patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Khosravani, V., Ardestani, S. M. S., Ardakan, A. M., & Amirinezhad, A. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100547 · Cited by 16
Validación del inventario de obsesiones y compulsiones revisado (OCI-R) para su uso en población adolescente española
Martínez‐González, A. E., Piqueras, J. A., & Marzo, J. C. (2011) · Digitum: Institutional Repository of the University of Murcia (University of Murcia) · Cited by 16
Factor Structure and Validation of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) in a Greek Non-Clinical Sample
Angelakis, I., Panagioti, M., & Austin, J. L. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9575-5
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R)
Koike, H., Tsuchiyagaito, A., Hirano, Y., Oshima, F., Asano, K., Sugiura, Y., Kobori, O., Ishikawa, R., Nishinaka, H., Shimizu, E., et al. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9741-2 · Cited by 16
“Previous studies suggested that the modification of the Neutralizing subscale might be needed, because these three items in this subscale seem to be heterogeneous (Abramowitz and Deacon 2006; Foa et al. 2002; Fullana et al. 2005; Gönner et al. 2008; Hajcak et al. 2004; Woo et al. 2010).”
Result
Interpersonal Ambivalence in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Moritz, S., Niemeyer, H., Hottenrott, B., Schilling, L., & Spitzer, C. (2012) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000574 · Cited by 19
“The psychometric properties of the OCI-R are good (Abramowitz and Deacon, 2006; Foa et al., 2002; Huppert et al., 2007), which has been confirmed for the German version (Gönner, Leonhart and Ecker, 2007; Gönner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethod

Authors: Gönner, S., Leonhart, R., & Ecker, W.
Affiliations: University of Freiburg (DE)
Corresponding author: Gönner, Sascha
ORCID: Leonhart, Rainer
Venue: Journal of Anxiety Disorders
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-05
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 734-749
ISSN: 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.007
OpenAlex: W1967261127
Cited by: 235
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 8.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
Keywords: Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, obsessive-compulsive disorder, German version, psychometric validation, factor structure, convergent validity, known-groups validity, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, pathological worry, perfectionism, cross-cultural adaptation
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Compulsive Personality Disorder, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Defense Mechanisms, Depressive Disorder, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical, Comorbidity

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The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Validation of the German version in a sample of patients with OCD, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders

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