The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 90 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder
Open accessAbstract
There has been a increasing interest in understanding emotion regulation deficits in social anxiety disorder (SAD; e.g., Hofmann, Sawyer, Fang, & Asnaani, 2012). However, much remains to be understood about the patterns of associations among regulation strategies in the repertoire. Doing so is important in light of the growing recognition that people's ability to flexibly implement strategies is associated with better mental health (e.g., Kashdan et al., 2014). Based on previous work (Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012), we examined whether putatively adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies interacted with each other in the prediction of social anxiety symptoms in a sample of 71 participants undergoing CBT for SAD. We found that strategies interacted with each other and that this interaction was qualified by a three-way interaction with a contextual factor, namely treatment study phase. Consequently, these findings underscore the importance of modeling contextual factors when seeking to understand emotion regulation deficits in SAD. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
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31 Own result · 18 No full text of the sources · 8 Own interpretation · 7 Own method · 2 Supported · 2 Supported so far · 1 Sources not found · 1 No basis given
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Doing so is particularly important in light of a growing understanding that people’s ability to flexibility select and implement various strategies from their repertoires in response to varying contextual demands is associated with good mental health outcomes (e.g., Aldao, 2013; Bonanno & Burton, 2013; Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010; Kashdan et al., 2014; Sheppes et al., 2014).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aldao, 2013 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bonanno & Burton, 2013 source
- Supportedcites Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010 source
In “Executive Functioning Matters,” the paper describes psychological flexibility as choosing strategies that fit a situation rather than relying on default responses. “Balance among important life domains” links situation-matched emotional expression and coping to social and psychological health. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Goldin et al. (2012) have found that, relative to patients with SAD in a wait list control condition, those who underwent CBT showed increased self-efficacy in the use of reappraisal.”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Goldin et al. (2012) source
The Method (Participants) describes random assignment of patients with SAD to individual CBT or a waitlist. The Discussion (I-CBT for SAD) reports increased cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy from pre- to post-CBT and a slight decrease over the waitlist period, supporting the stated comparison. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the use of mal-adaptive avoidance strategies, Wald’s χ2 = 11.03, p < .001, b = .45, SE (.13), (CI .18; .71)”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.1. Preliminary analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“during the follow-up phase (N = 53 participants, n = 175 observations), there were no changes in the experience of social anxiety symptoms or in the use of maladaptive avoidance or adaptive engagement strategies, Wald’s χ2 = .57, ns, b = .66, SE (.87), CI (−1.05; 2.37)”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.1. Preliminary analyses
plainn = 53- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the cognitive phase (N = 71, participants, n = 477 observations), the experience of social anxiety symptoms and the use of maladaptive avoidance strategies declined significantly every week, Wald’s χ2 = 48.78, p < .001, b = −2.09, SE (.30), CI (−2.67; − 1.50)”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.1. Preliminary analyses
plainn = 71- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this interaction was qualified by a three-way interaction with a contextual factor, namely treatment study phase”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Wald’s χ2 = 4.98, p < .03, b = .69, SE (.31), CI (.08; 1.29)”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.1. Preliminary analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of adaptive engagement strategies increased every week, Wald’s χ2 = 18.90 p < .001, b = 1.57, SE (.36), CI (.86; 2.28).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.1. Preliminary analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed a similar pattern during the cognitive + behavioral exposures phase (N = 60 participants, n = 436 observations), Wald’s χ2 = 35.88, p < .001, b = −1.85, SE (.31), CI (−2.45; −1.24)”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.1. Preliminary analyses
plainn = 60 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weekly use of maladaptive avoidance strategies was positively associated with weekly social anxiety symptoms, Wald’s χ2 = 84.50, p < .001, b = .72, SE (.08), CI (.57; .88)”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.2. Predicting weekly social anxiety symptoms with regulation strategies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- It may state two separate claims as one. 13
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“All treating therapists achieved proficiency in implementing CBT prior to treating study participants and met treatment adherence criteria (for details see Goldin et al., 2012)”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.2. Clinical intervention
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Goldin et al., 2012 source
The Method section, under “Individual-Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for SAD,” states that all four therapists had to achieve proficiency with training cases before treating study patients. It also reports that all four met the treatment-adherence standard, with an overall mean rating of 4.61. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Such an interpretation is in line with current work underscoring the importance of regulating one’s emotions with flexibility (e.g., Bonanno & Burton, 2013; Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Implications for emotion regulation and psychopathology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bonanno & Burton, 2013 source
- Supportedcites Kashdan & Rottenberg, 2010 source
In “Mental and behavioral response shifts,” the paper emphasizes adapting emotional expression to the situation rather than relying on a universally beneficial strategy. It also reports that the ability to modulate responses as a situation requires predicts adjustment beyond any particular regulatory strategy. The citation supports the stated importance of regulating emotions flexibly; the specific interpretation about similar strategy-use levels is the citing authors’ framing. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the interaction between the use of maladaptive avoidance and adaptive strategies was significant, Wald’s χ2 = 5.78, p < .02, b = −.007, SE (.003), CI (−.013; −.001).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.2. Predicting weekly social anxiety symptoms with regulation strategies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the interaction between the use of maladaptive avoidance and adaptive strategies was significant, Wald’s χ2 = 7.71, p < .005, b = −.009, SE (.003), CI (−.015; −.003).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.2. Predicting weekly social anxiety symptoms with regulation strategies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that strategies interacted with each other”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 71- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Moscovitch et al. (2012) have found that patients who responded to CBT exhibited an increase in their habitual use of the putatively adaptive strategy of reappraisal from pre- to mid-treatment assessments (this was not the case for suppression).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Moscovitch et al. (2012) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“some emotion regulation strategies (e.g., avoidance, expressive suppression) are ineffective at modifying affect in experimental studies, and seem to be associated with greater levels of psychological symptoms. These strategies have been conceptualized as putatively maladaptive (e.g., Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In clinical samples, participants diagnosed with SAD have tended to report making greater use of the putatively maladaptive strategies of expressive suppression, rumination, and experiential avoidance and lesser use of the putatively adaptive strategy of reappraisal than healthy controls (e.g., D’Avanzato, Joormann, Siemer, & Gotlib, 2013; Kashdan et al., 2013).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, participants completed single-item measures of strategies, which can be problematic because such measures might not capture the complexity of psychological processes.”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Limitations and future directions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“We used generalized estimating equations (GEE), which is an extension of the general linear model (GLM) that assumes correlated observations of dependent variables and are fairly robust to missing data and to misspecifications of the covariance matrix (e.g., Ghisletta & Spini, 2004; Liang & Zeger, 1986).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.4. Overview of analyses
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A final limitation stems from the fact that during the follow-up phase, we collected data from 51 out of the original 71 participants.”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Limitations and future directions
plainn = 71- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema (2012) examined the relationship between emotion regulation strategies and mental health in a large community sample and found that the habitual use of putatively adaptive strategies (acceptance, positive reframing) interacted with the habitual use of putatively maladaptive strategies (behavioral disengagement, denial) in the prediction of a composite scores of symptoms of”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema (2012) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In the meta-analysis by Aldao et al. (2010), acceptance had a mean effect size of −.19 and reappraisal had a mean effect size of −.14. Their confidence intervals overlapped (acceptance: −.40 to .05; reappraisal: −.20 to −.07), thus suggesting that these effect sizes are not statistically significant from each other.”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.3. Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aldao et al. (2010) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conversely, other emotion regulation strategies (e.g., reappraisal, acceptance) are effective at modifying affect in laboratory settings, and seem to have negative associations with clinical symptoms. These strategies have been conceptualized as putatively adaptive (Aldao et al., 2010).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aldao et al., 2010 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas in the cognitive phase, the use of adaptive engagement strategies had negative associations with social anxiety symptoms when the use of maladaptive avoidance strategies was low, in the cognitive + behavioral exposures and follow-up phases, their use had negative associations with symptoms when the use of maladaptive avoidance strategies was high.”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Implications for emotion regulation and psychopathology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the heterogeneity in emotion regulation demands across the various study phases, we thought it unwise to assume that the associations between weekly emotion regulation and anxiety symptoms would be invariant across study phase.”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“For example, in the validation paper for the emotion regulation questionnaire, the correlation between depressive symptoms and the habitual use of expressive suppression was .25, and the correlation between depressive symptoms and habitual use of reappraisal was −.23 (Gross & John, 2003).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & John, 2003 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We specified an autoregressive (AR1) covariance structure because we expected observations to be correlated over time within each participant.”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.4. Overview of analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We averaged these four strategies into a composite score called “maladaptive avoidance strategies” (α = .69).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.3. Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Specifically, for participants who reported using high levels of putatively maladaptive strategies, the use of putatively adaptive strategies had the expected negative association with the composite score of symptoms. However, for participants who reported using low levels of putatively maladaptive strategies, the association between putatively adaptive strategies and psychopathology was non-sign”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema (2012) source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We averaged these items into a composite “social anxiety” score (α = .91).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.3. Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We randomly assigned them to either immediate CBT or to a wait list (WL) group using Efron’s biased coin randomization procedure (Efron, 1971), which results in approximately equal sample sizes throughout the duration of a clinical trial.”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.1. Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Efron, 1971 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This is particularly important because emotions, their regulation, and symptoms of psychopathology fluctuate substantially over time (e.g., Aldao, 2013; Barrett, Gross, Christensen, & Benvenuto, 2001; Bylsma & Rottenberg, 2011; Ebner-Priemer & Trull, 2009; Robinson & Clore, 2002; Srivastava, Tamir, McGonigal, John, & Gross, 2009).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, these putatively adaptive and maladaptive strategies did not interact with each other in the prediction of symptoms (Gross & John, 2003), suggesting that their effects might be additive.”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & John, 2003 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The weekly self-report measures adequately capture social anxiety symptoms and the use of adaptive engagement and maladaptive avoidance strategies.
“participants completed single-item measures of strategies, which can be problematic because such measures might not capture the complexity of psychological processes.”
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“They found that the strength of the relationship between maladaptive strategy use and social anxiety symptom severity depended on the frequency with which patients were also using adaptive skills”
From Relationships among adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology during the treatment of comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Aldao, Jazaieri, Goldin, & Gross, 2014
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In the citing paper
“A recent treatment study found patients with social anxiety in CBT experienced weekly increases in adaptive emotion regulation strategies (a composite of reappraisal and acceptance use) and reductions in maladaptive strategies (e.g., avoidance, suppression) across treatment (Aldao, Jazaieri, Goldin, & Gross, 2014).”
From Relationships among adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology during the treatment of comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Aldao, Jazaieri, Goldin, & Gross, 2014
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In the paper
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.2. Predicting weekly social anxiety symptoms with regulation strategies
“We predicted weekly social anxiety symptoms with the weekly (i.e., past week at months 3, 6, 9, and 12) use of maladaptive avoidance and adaptive engagement strategies and their interaction (N = 51 participants; n = 175 observations).”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.1. Preliminary analyses
“On the other hand, during the follow-up phase (N = 53 participants, n = 175 observations), there were no changes in the experience of social anxiety symptoms or in the use of maladaptive avoidance or adaptive engagement strategies, Wald’s χ2 = .57, ns, b = .66, SE (.87), CI (−1.05; 2.37), Wald’s χ2 = 1.17, ns, b = .85, SE (.79), CI (−.69; 2.39), Wald’s χ2 = .03, ns, b = .13, SE (.81), CI (−1.46; 1.71), respectively.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.1. Preliminary analyses
“during the follow-up phase (N = 53 participants, n = 175 observations)”
§ Adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects during CBT for social anxiety disorder > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Limitations and future directions
“during the follow-up phase, we collected data from 51 out of the original 71 participants.”
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“Excessive reliance on maladaptive strategies has been found to be linked to anxiety symptoms and to impact treatment response in anxiety disorders (4, 5).”
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“Keywords: emotion regulation, reappraisal, suppression, assessment, adolescent, measurement invariance”
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“The most common approach to date has been to use formal clinical treatment interventions with clinical samples (e.g., Aldao et al. 2014; Goldin et al. 2014; Jazaieri et al. 2016b).”
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“The ERQ has been widely applied in many PD studies (Aldao et al., 2014).”
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“For example, poor AM retrieval seems to be intimately related to ruminative style thinking (Dalgleish and Werner-Seidler, 2014; Watkins and Teasdale, 2001), which constitutes a hallmark of depression (Aldao et al., 2014).”
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“…be noted that the interaction of strategies is not universally consistent [e.g., highly symptomatic individuals do not necessarily benefit from the interplay; see Aldao et al. (2014)], this does not detract from the conclusion that regulatory strategies influence each other in consequential ways.”
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“As a whole, symptom reduction post-therapy has been shown to be associated with improvements in ER adaptive strategies (Aldao et al., 2014).”
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“Indeed, it has been noted(37) that, both the lack of adaptive strategies and the presence of maladaptive strategies may increase the risk for eating disorder symptoms.(37,38) Thus, the experience of frequent or strong negative affect is not problematic in itself; individuals who experience more intense emotions and kn…”
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“In addition, a significant and recurring use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, as expressive suppression, has been found to be a risk factor for both alcohol use and dysfunctional eating [39, 43, 44].”
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“Obviously, individuals who possess a broader repertoire of emotion regulation strategies will be better positioned to more flexibly implement adaptive strategies to cope with certain situations (Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012a,b; Aldao et al., 2014).”
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“In contrast, in line with the findings from the first phase of treatment from Aldao et al. (2014), we predicted that in the GAD group, we would find support for the interference hypothesis.”
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“Our hypothesis is based on findings that socially anxious people tend to rigidly overrely on avoidance-oriented strategies (Aldao et al., 2014; Goodman & Kashdan, 2021; Kashdan et al., 2011) and that the more rigid an ER profile is, the more stable it will be.”
A computational model for flexibility in emotion regulation
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Emotional Reactivity, Emotion Regulation, and Social Emotions in Affective Disorders
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“Childhood anxiety has in particular been associated with maladaptive emotion regulations strategies such as suppression, experiential avoidance, and rumination (Aldao et al., 2014; Schäfer et al., 2017), suggesting potential mechanisms of change for treatment.”
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Reciprocal effects between negative affect and emotion regulation in daily life
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Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
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“Increases in reappraisal scores may be elevated in this iCBT intervention as this type of emotional regulation skill relates closely to the CBT concept of cognitive restructuring which is a cornerstone in the treatment process and is consistently worked on throughout the program (Aldao et al. 2014).”
BackgroundGao, W., Chen, S., Long, Q., Yang, J., & Yuan, J. (2017) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/n972017-00727 · Cited by 15
Burgkart, P. L., Vuzic, X. D., Fuchshuber, J., & Unterrainer, . (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.786045 · Cited by 14
A Qualitative Study of Self and Caregiver Perspectives on How Autistic Individuals Cope With Trauma
Ng‐Cordell, E., Rai, A., Peracha, H., Garfield, T., Lankenau, S. E., Robins, D. L., Berkowitz, S. J., Newschaffer, C. J., & Kerns, C. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.825008 · Cited by 14
Garke, M. Å., Isacsson, N. H., Kolbeinsson, Ö., Hesser, H., & Månsson, K. N. T. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2373784 · Cited by 15
“Changes in the use of emotion regulation strategies may also be specific to certain components in CBT. Aldao et al. (2014) reported that reductions in maladaptive strategy use occur in the initial cognitively focused stages of treatment and are followed by increased use of adaptive strategies in later behaviorally foc…”
InfluentialThe regulation of fear: the contribution of inhibition and emotion socialisation
Root, A. E., Byrne, R., & Watson, S. M. (2014) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2014.946503 · Cited by 16
Núñez, D. E., Meza, D., Andaur, J., Robinson, J., & Gaete, J. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02300-9 · Cited by 13
“However, given that the cognitive, behavioral, and affective emotional regulation strategies are complex, especially in their possible interaction and person-and context-dependent [29, 67, 68], different doses are likely required to develop these skills.”
Bapuji, S. B., Hansen, A., Marembo, M., Olivier, P. L., & Yap, M. B. H. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102429 · Cited by 16
Bendall, R. C. A., Elton, S. N., & Hughes, A. T. L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-63939-3 · Cited by 16
“In contrast, people who more frequently use cognitive reappraisal, which is an adaptive ER strategy, exhibit fewer symptoms 21,25–29 .”
BackgroundNelson, T., & Cherry, M. (2024) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984241284985 · Cited by 18
“That is, an emotion regulation strategy can be intrinsic/intrapersonal (i.e., self-regulation) or extrinsic/interpersonal (i.e., other-oriented regulation; Gross & Jazaieri, 2014) and adaptive or maladaptive depending on the context (Aldao et al., 2014; Gross & Jazaieri, 2014).”
She, R., Luo, S., Lau, M. M. C., & Lau, J. T. F. (2021) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211008217 · Cited by 12
“…emotional coping (e.g. rumination) was associated with fear about nosocomial infection; the finding is consistent with the claim that maladaptive coping would result in negative affect because such coping tends to focus on negative thoughts that create negative emotions (Aldao et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOrlowski, S., Bischof, A., Besser, B., Bischof, G., & Rumpf, H. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.136 · Cited by 17
Rosencrans, P. L., Bui, E., Rogers, A. H., Simon, N. M., & Baker, A. W. (2017) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2017.10.4.283 · Cited by 12
Measuring Emotion Regulation Skill Use During Treatment: A Promising Methodological Approach
Nauphal, M., Curreri, A. J., Cardona, N. D., Meyer, E. R., Southward, M. W., & Sauer-Zavala, S. E. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211063229 · Cited by 14
“In addition to pre-post study designs, some treatment outcome studies (Aldao et al., 2014; Radkovsky et al., 2014; Slee et al., 2008) administer self-report measures at regular intervals over the course of treatment, thus allowing for more fine-grained assessments of how emotion regulation skill…”
BackgroundWu, C., Tan, Y., Blain, S. D., Shao, S., Jia, L., & Wang, X. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100781 · Cited by 15
Aflakseir, A., & manafi, F. (2018) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.29252/nirp.jpcp.6.1.57 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Aldao, A., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Aldao, Amelia
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 382-389
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4089517
- OpenAlex
- W2149676985
- Semantic Scholar
- ad6d6761bd08985fa2a01980f15946a5a92f3d69
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 15.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH076074)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- emotion regulation strategies, social anxiety disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy, interaction effects, contextual factors, social anxiety symptoms, cognitive flexibility
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Emotions, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
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