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Cited by 76Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologySubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

Relationships among adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology during the treatment of comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders

Open access
Conklin, Laren R., Cassiello-Robbins, Clair, Brake, C. Alex, Sauer-Zavala, Shannon, Farchione, Todd J., Ciraulo, Domenic A., Barlow, David H.·2015·Behaviour Research and Therapy
DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.001PMC PMC4573351
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Abstract

Both maladaptive and adaptive emotion regulation strategies have been linked with psychopathology. However, previous studies have largely examined them separately, and little research has examined the interplay of these strategies cross-sectionally or longitudinally in patients undergoing psychological treatment. This study examined the use and interplay of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies in 81 patients receiving cognitive-behavioral interventions for comorbid alcohol use and anxiety disorders. Patients completed measures of emotion regulation strategy use and symptoms of psychopathology pre- and post-treatment. Cross-sectionally, higher use of maladaptive strategies (e.g., denial) was significantly related to higher psychopathology pre- and post-treatment, whereas higher use of adaptive strategies (e.g., acceptance) only significantly related to lower psychopathology post-treatment. Prospectively, changes in maladaptive strategies, but not changes in adaptive strategies, were significantly associated with post-treatment psychopathology. However, for patients with higher pre-treatment maladaptive strategy use, gains in adaptive strategies were significantly associated with lower post-treatment psychopathology. These findings suggest that psychological treatments may maximize efficacy by considering patient skill use at treatment outset. By better understanding a patient's initial emotion regulation skills, clinicians may be better able to optimize treatment outcomes by emphasizing maladaptive strategy use reduction predominately, or in conjunction with increasing adaptive skill use. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.001

Cites

57 of 57 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

3 of 27 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    In that treatment study, the strength of the relationship between maladaptive strategy use and social anxiety symptom severity depended on how often patients also used adaptive skills.

    “They found that the strength of the relationship between maladaptive strategy use and social anxiety symptom severity depended on the frequency with which patients were also using adaptive skills”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aldao, Jazaieri, Goldin, & Gross, 2014 source
  • Findingown data

    In the same sample, greater use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies was significantly associated with lower psychopathology only at post-treatment.

    “higher use of adaptive strategies (e.g., acceptance) only significantly related to lower psychopathology post-treatment”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In 81 patients with comorbid alcohol use and anxiety disorders receiving cognitive-behavioral interventions, greater use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies was significantly associated with higher psychopathology at both pre- and post-treatment.

    “Cross-sectionally, higher use of maladaptive strategies (e.g., denial) was significantly related to higher psychopathology pre- and post-treatment”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The five psychopathology measures were all significantly intercorrelated (all ps < .007).

    “All of these measures were significantly intercorrelated (all ps < .007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    For patients who reported higher pre-treatment use of maladaptive strategies, increases in adaptive strategies were significantly associated with lower post-treatment psychopathology.

    “for patients with higher pre-treatment maladaptive strategy use, gains in adaptive strategies were significantly associated with lower post-treatment psychopathology.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 17
  • May combine two claims. 17

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Patients with social anxiety in CBT experienced weekly increases in adaptive emotion regulation strategies and reductions in maladaptive strategies across treatment.

    “A recent treatment study found patients with social anxiety in CBT experienced weekly increases in adaptive emotion regulation strategies (a composite of reappraisal and acceptance use) and reductions in maladaptive strategies (e.g., avoidance, suppression) across treatment (Aldao, Jazaieri, Goldin, & Gross, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aldao, Jazaieri, Goldin, & Gross, 2014 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Mindful awareness has demonstrated relationships with less severe psychopathology.

    “mindful awareness, the process of approaching emotions nonjudgmentally (for a review, see: Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Changes in maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, but not changes in adaptive strategies, were significantly associated with psychopathology after treatment.

    “Prospectively, changes in maladaptive strategies, but not changes in adaptive strategies, were significantly associated with post-treatment psychopathology.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the pre-treatment simple slopes analysis, neither the slope at higher maladaptive strategy use (+1 SD) nor at lower maladaptive strategy use (-1 SD) differed significantly from zero (t(71) = -1.03, p = .30 and t(71) = 1.52, p = .13, respectively).

    “tests of the simple slopes indicated neither the slope for higher maladaptive strategy use (+ 1 SD) nor lower maladaptive strategy use (- 1 SD) was significantly different than zero in our sample, t(71) = - 1.03, p = .30 and t(71) = 1.52, p = .13, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No significant effects of treatment condition were observed, suggesting the relationships were not strikingly different across treatments.

    “While we did not observe significant effects of treatment condition, suggesting these relationships were not strikingly different across treatments”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The two venting items had item-total correlations of .34 with the adaptive strategy variable and low item-total correlations with the maladaptive variable (.10 and -.11).

    “both venting items (or sharing emotions) exhibited item-total correlations of .34 with the adaptive strategy variable and exhibited low item-total correlations with the maladaptive variable (.10 for “letting feelings escape” and -.11 for “expressing my negative feelings”).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among individuals with higher pre-treatment maladaptive strategy use, change in adaptive strategy use predicted post-treatment psychopathology: less improvement was associated with worse post-treatment symptoms, and more improvement was associated with lower post-treatment psychopathology (t(54) = -3.55, p = .0008).

    “with less improvement in adaptive strategy use did significantly worse at post-treatment, whereas individuals with more improvement in adaptive strategy use had lower post-treatment psychopathology, t(54) = -3.55, p = .0008.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “greater increases in adaptive strategy use during the course of treatment were associated with lower symptom severity post-treatment among individuals with higher maladaptive strategy use at pre-treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study included 81 patients with co-occurring alcohol use and anxiety disorders who completed baseline assessment and were assigned randomly to one of four treatment conditions.

    “Eighty-one patients with comorbid alcohol use and anxiety disorders completed a baseline assessment and were randomized to one of four treatment conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a nonclinical community sample, greater use of maladaptive strategies was related to more severe psychopathology concurrently and predicted higher psychopathology symptom severity one year later, even after controlling for initial symptom severity.

    “In a nonclinical community sample, Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema (2012) noted that greater use of maladaptive strategies was related to more severe psychopathology concurrently and predicted higher psychopathology symptom severity one year later, even after controlling for initial symptom severity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema (2012) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    More frequent use of adaptive strategies confers a benefit only in individuals who report greater use of maladaptive strategies.

    “Their results suggest that more frequent use of adaptive strategies confer a benefit only in individuals who report greater use of maladaptive strategies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cognitive processing therapy, which explicitly targets reframing of beliefs, also reduced reliance on emotion-avoidant strategies and increased access to positive coping strategies beyond reappraisal.

    “one study found that cognitive processing therapy, which explicitly targets reframing of beliefs, also reduced reliance on emotion-avoidant strategies and increased access to positive coping strategies beyond reappraisal (Alvarez et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Alvarez et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Thought suppression can produce paradoxical rebound effects, with the suppressed emotion returning more frequently and intensely.

    “in the case of thought suppression, can create paradoxical rebound effects where the suppressed emotion returns with greater frequency and intensity (Wegner, Schneider, Carter, & White, 1987).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wegner, Schneider, Carter, & White, 1987 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Adaptive strategy use tends to show weaker relationships with psychopathology than maladaptive strategy use does.

    “adaptive strategy use tends to exhibit weaker relationships with psychopathology than does the use of maladaptive strategies (Aldao et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aldao et al., 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Both internalizing and externalizing disorders are associated with greater use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, though the associations appear stronger for mood and anxiety disorders than for substance use disorders.

    “These results indicate that both internalizing and externalizing disorders are associated with greater use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, though these relationships appear to be stronger for mood and anxiety disorders than for substance use disorders.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aldao et al., 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    All diagnoses were established using DSM-IV criteria.

    “All diagnoses were made using DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites American Psychiatric Association, 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Positive reappraisal of emotion-eliciting situations has demonstrated relationships with less severe psychopathology.

    “positive reappraisal of emotion-eliciting situations (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006; Martin & Dahlen, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006 source
    • cites Martin & Dahlen, 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The adaptive strategy variable had acceptable internal consistency (α = .80), slightly higher than without the venting subscale (α = .79).

    “The internal consistency for this subscale was acceptable (α = .80) and is slightly higher than when the measure does not include the “venting” subscale (α = .79).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Maladaptive strategy use has strong relationships with psychopathology, and reduced reliance on maladaptive strategies is associated with symptom improvements.

    “our results indicate maladaptive strategy use has strong relationships with psychopathology and reduced reliance on maladaptive strategies is associated with symptom improvements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Changes in emotion regulation strategy use occur before changes in psychopathology.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The adaptive strategy findings are consistent with a compensatory explanation, suggesting that greater flexibility and use of adaptive strategies in relevant circumstances may relate to lower psychopathology for individuals who use maladaptive strategies more frequently.

    “These particular findings in adaptive strategy use are consistent with a compensatory explanation of strategy use (e.g., Bonanno, Papa, O'Neill, Westphal, & Coifman, 2004), suggesting that greater flexibility and utilization of adaptive strategies in relevant circumstances may be related to lower psychopathology for those individuals who engage in more frequent use of maladaptive strategies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bonanno, Papa, O'Neill, Westphal, & Coifman, 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The DASS-depression subscale had excellent pre-treatment internal consistency (α = .95).

    “The DASS-depression subscale had excellent internal consistency in this study at pre-treatment (α = .95).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The clinical trial procedures were approved by Institutional Review Boards at Boston University, Boston University Medical Center, and Central Texas Veterans Health Care System.

    “The procedures of the aforementioned clinical trial were approved by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at the following institutions: Boston University, Boston University Medical Center, and Central Texas Veterans Health Care System.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The DASS-anxiety subscale had good pre-treatment internal consistency (α = .87).

    “The DASS-anxiety subscale, like the DASS-depression subscale, is a 14-item self-report measure that exhibited good pre-treatment internal consistency in our sample (α = .87).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The OCDS had good internal consistency in the sample (α = .84).

    “This measure had good internal consistency in our sample (α = .84).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    A trend-level interaction suggested that adaptive strategy use was associated with lower symptom severity only among individuals with higher maladaptive coping, but this finding was less robust than the similar finding by Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema.

    “While we identified a trend-level interaction suggesting that adaptive strategy use was associated with lower symptom severity only for individuals engaging in a higher degree of maladaptive coping, our finding was less robust in magnitude than Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema's similar finding.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aldao and Nolen-Hoeksema (2012) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The HAM-A had good pre-treatment internal consistency (α = .74).

    “Pre-treatment internal consistency for the HAM-A was good (α = .74).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The final maladaptive strategy measure combined denial, self-blame, behavioral disinhibition, and substance use subscales and showed Cronbach's alpha of .74.

    “The resulting final maladaptive variable contained the denial, self-blame, behavioral disinhibition, and substance use subscales and had a Cronbach's alpha of .74.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    All measures were collected only at pre- and post-treatment, making temporal inferences difficult.

    “Finally, all measures were given only at pre- and post-treatment time points, making it difficult to make temporal inferences about the data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The HAM-D had good pre-treatment internal consistency (α = .75).

    “In this study, the internal consistency at pre-treatment was good (α = .75).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Pre-treatment maladaptive strategy use did not prospectively predict post-treatment psychopathology, indicating that initial maladaptive strategy use is not a helpful prognostic indicator beyond pre-treatment symptom severity.

    “In contrast, the use of maladaptive strategies at pre-treatment did not prospectively predict psychopathology at post-treatment, indicating initial levels of maladaptive strategy use are not a helpful indicator of patient prognosis above and beyond pre-treatment symptom severity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
29 of 29

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Changes in emotion regulation strategy use occur before changes in psychopathology.

    “despite an a priori theoretical rationale suggesting that changes in strategy use precedes changes in psychopathology, it is possible lowered symptoms may facilitate less reliance on maladaptive strategies or foster the use of adaptive strategies.”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Once emotional regulation and avoidance are addressed via psychological therapy, substance use and mental health conditions improve.

    “However, once emotional regulation and avoidance are addressed via psychological therapy, substance use and mental health conditions improve (Bahrami & Asghari, 2017; Conklin et al., 2015; Twohig et al., 2007).”

    From “I don’t want to take buprenorphine for the rest of my life”: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for a Client Struggling to Reduce Low-Dose Buprenorphine (a Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design) (2023) · cites this paper as Conklin et al., 2015

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that reductions in maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies during treatment were associated with reductions in psychopathology among patients with comorbid alcohol-use and anxiety disorders. The claim overstates this association as a treatment-driven improvement: the authors say their pre/post measurements cannot establish whether strategy changes preceded symptom changes. The paper also does not establish that addressing avoidance specifically improved both substance use and mental health outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Aspects of ACT, such as reducing avoidance and increasing present moment awareness, have been found to effectively reduce substance use via improving emotional regulation.

    “Aspects of ACT, such as reducing avoidance and increasing present moment awareness, have been found to effectively reduce substance use via improving emotional regulation (Conklin et al., 2015; Tang et al., 2016).”

    From “I don’t want to take buprenorphine for the rest of my life”: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for a Client Struggling to Reduce Low-Dose Buprenorphine (a Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design) (2023) · cites this paper as Conklin et al., 2015

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that reduced maladaptive emotion-regulation strategy use was associated with reduced symptom severity during treatment of people with comorbid alcohol use and anxiety disorders. It does not establish that ACT techniques—specifically reduced avoidance or increased present-moment awareness—reduced substance use through improved emotion regulation: participants received cognitive-behavioral therapy or progressive muscle relaxation, and the authors caution that their pre/post measurements cannot establish which change came first. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Additional literature has also discovered similar findings, however improved substance use by teaching BA techniques.

    “Additional literature has also discovered similar findings, however improved substance use by teaching BA techniques (Conklin et al., 2015; Tang et al., 2016).”

    From “I don’t want to take buprenorphine for the rest of my life”: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for a Client Struggling to Reduce Low-Dose Buprenorphine (a Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design) (2023) · cites this paper as Conklin et al., 2015

    The Discussion reports that changes in coping strategies during treatment were associated with changes in overall symptom severity among patients with alcohol-use and anxiety disorders. It does not show that teaching behavioral activation (BA) techniques improved substance use; its mention of behavioral activation concerns reduced negative thinking, not drinking outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.80)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentt(72) = 0.21reported p = .83 · recomputed p = .834

    “t(72) = .21, p = .83”

  • Consistentt(71) = 1.52reported p = .13 · recomputed p = .133

    “t(71) = 1.52, p = .13”

  • Consistentt(59) = -1.66reported p = .1 · recomputed p = .102

    “t(59) = -1.66, p = .10”

  • Consistentt(58) = 0.35reported p = .73 · recomputed p = .728

    “t(58) = .35, p = .73”

  • ConsistentF(3, 58) = 4.74reported p = .005 · recomputed p = .005

    “F(3, 58) = 4.74, p = .005”

  • Consistentt(58) = 2.51reported p = .015 · recomputed p = .015

    “t(58) = 2.51, p = .015”

  • Consistentt(57) = 0.23reported p = .82 · recomputed p = .819

    “t(57) = .23, p = .82”

  • Consistentt(55) = 5.08reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(55) = 5.08, p < .0001”

  • Consistentt(55) = -0.41reported p = .68 · recomputed p = .683

    “t(55) = -.41, p = .68”

  • Consistentt(54) = -1.87reported p = .067 · recomputed p = .067

    “t(54) = -1.87, p = .067”

  • Consistentt(54) = -3.55reported p = .0008 · recomputed p < .001

    “t(54) = -3.55, p = .0008”

  • Consistentt(54) = 0.79reported p = .43 · recomputed p = .433

    “t(54) = .79, p = .43”

12 of 12

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Maladaptive coping subscale has two different names

    Minor

    The measure description lists behavioral disengagement as a Brief COPE subscale, but the constructed maladaptive variable is said to contain behavioral disinhibition. The text does not explain whether these names refer to the same subscale.

1 of 1

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Authors
Conklin, L. R., Cassiello-Robbins, C., Brake, C. A., Sauer-Zavala, S., Farchione, T. J., Ciraulo, D. A., & Barlow, D. H.
Affiliations
  • Boston University (US)
  • University of Kentucky (US)
Corresponding author
Conklin, Laren R.
ORCID
Venue
Behaviour Research and Therapy
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-10
Volume
73
Pages
124-130
ISSN
0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.001
PMC
PMC4573351
OpenAlex
W1158352831
Cited by
76
References
65
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6
FWCI
8.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
NIAA (R01 PA 98003)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords
emotion regulation strategies, adaptive emotion regulation, maladaptive emotion regulation, anxiety disorders, alcoholism, comorbidities, psychopathology, cognitive behavioral therapy, denial, acceptance, treatment outcomes
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Comorbidity, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Alcohol-Related Disorders

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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