The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 10 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder
Open accessAbstract
Growing evidence suggests that intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a cognitive vulnerability that is a central feature across diverse anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to reduce IU, it remains to be established whether or not reductions in IU mediate reductions in worry. This study examined the process of change in IU and worry in a sample of 28 individuals with GAD who completed CBT. Changes in IU and worry, assessed bi-weekly during treatment, were analyzed using multilevel mediation models. Results revealed that change in IU mediated change in worry (ab. =. -0.20; 95% CI [-.35, -.09]), but change in worry did not mediate change in IU (ab. =. -0.16; 95% CI [-.06, .12]). Findings indicated that reductions in IU accounted for 59% of the reductions in worry observed over the course of treatment, suggesting that changes in IU are not simply concomitants of changes in worry. Findings support the idea that IU is a critical construct underlying GAD. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
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10 Own result · 8 Own interpretation · 7 Own method · 3 No full text of the sources · 1 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings indicated that reductions in IU accounted for 59% of the reductions in worry observed over the course of treatment”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“reductions in IU accounted for 59% of the reductions in worry observed over the course of treatment”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction · plain
“change in IU accounted for 59% of the effect of time on worry reduction.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“change in worry accounted for less than 1% of the effect of time on IU reduction.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IUS scores decreased over the course of treatment (B = -1.68, p < .001; path a)”
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Demographic and clinical variables · plain
“IUS: F(1, 114) = 51.69, p < .001, ηp2 = .41”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Demographic and clinical variables · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results revealed that change in IU mediated change in worry (ab = -0.20; 95% CI [-.35, -.09])”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction · plain
“confidence intervals for the indirect effect did not cross zero (ab = -0.20; 95% CI [-.35, -0.09])”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“time was no longer a significant predictor (B = -.14, p = .23; path c′)”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but change in worry did not mediate change in IU (ab = -0.16; 95% CI [-.06, .12])”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction · plain
“There was no evidence of statistically significant mediation (ab = -0.16; 95% CI [-0.06, 0.12])”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“worry symptoms significantly reduced during treatment (B = -.34, p < .001, path c)”
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Demographic and clinical variables · plain
“PSWQ-A: F(1, 122) = 8.23, p < .01, ηp2 = .12”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Demographic and clinical variables · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the effect of time on IU remained significant and was minimally attenuated (B = -2.20, p < .001; path c′)”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IU predicted worry (B = .12, p < .001; path b)”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect size observed for reductions in the PSWQ-A were also modest.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 4. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that changes in IU are not simply concomitants of changes in worry.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that IU is not only associated with worry but may be causally linked to it”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 4. Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Growing evidence suggests that intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a cognitive vulnerability that is a central feature across diverse anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“Intolerance of uncertainty (IU), the dispositional tendency to experience fear of the unknown, is considered to be an important factor in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders (Carleton, 2012).”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carleton, 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings support the idea that IU is a critical construct underlying GAD.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · hedged
“Results are consistent with theoretical models outlining the importance of IU as a cognitive vulnerability to GAD that operates via its effect on worry.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4. Conclusions · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“longitudinal observation of changes across constructs establishes temporal precedence of change in a group of individuals completing treatment.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 4. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The design did not allow for comparison of mediation processes to a control group.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 4. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, selection of participants based on neuroimaging inclusion and exclusion criteria limits generalizability (e.g., participants utilizing certain medications or substances were excluded).”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 4. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, one cannot conclude that the changes in worry and IU were directly attributable to the treatment components per se, as opposed to non-specific factors or the passage of time.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 4. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, IU is malleable with treatment and targeting IU during treatment may be one effective strategy to reduce worry.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 4. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 5
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The PSWQ-A is an 8-item assessment of the tendency to worry. It possesses adequate psychometric properties (i.e., high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent-divergent validity) and correlates highly with the full-length PSWQ (Crittendon & Hopko, 2006; Hopko et al., 2003).”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.4. Assessments
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all cases, therapists received ratings of “2”, indicating they adhered to the treatment protocol, and appropriately delivered the components of the CALM intervention.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.3. Intervention
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cronbach's αs ranged from 0.84 to 0.92.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.4. Assessments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This measure possesses adequate psychometric properties (Buhr & Dugas, 2002, 2006; Carleton, Sharpe, & Asmundson, 2007; Norton, 2005).”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.4. Assessments
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“To determine diagnostic status and other initial eligibility criteria, a study clinician administered the MINI (Sheehan et al., 1998). Interviewers were individuals with prior clinical diagnostic experience (e.g., psychologists, marriage and family counselors), and underwent training to develop proficiency in the MINI assessment. Quality assurance procedures were in place to assure diagnostic accu”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.4. Assessments
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sheehan et al., 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patterns of change within the measured sessions or beyond the acute phase of treatment thus cannot be determined.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 4. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants in the study were analyzed using an intent-to-treat approach.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.5 Analytic strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our analysis of treatment data extends examination of change over time to a sample of clinically anxious individuals completing CBT.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 4. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Based on evidence that the 12-item version of this measure demonstrates reduced redundancy in items while maintaining sound psychometric properties relative to the full 27-item version (Carleton, Norton, & Asmundson, 2007; Carleton, Thibodeau, Osborne, & Asmundson, 2012; Gentes & Ruscio, 2011; Khawaja & Yu, 2010), we analyzed the 12-item IUS derived from this questionnairei.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.4. Assessments
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A multilevel modeling framework, which effectively handles missing data and varied numbers of observations across individuals, was thus appropriate for the data structure.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.5 Analytic strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cronbach's αs ranged from 0.92 to 0.94.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 2. Method > 2.4. Assessments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, assessments were conducted every other session only within the acute phase of treatment.”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 4. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, IU maintains worry and changes in IU account for a significant amount of change in chronic worry in CBT for GAD (Bomyea et al ., 2015).”
From Effectiveness and predictors of group cognitive behaviour therapy outcome for generalised anxiety disorder in an out-patient hospital setting (2024) · cites this paper as Bomyea et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The study was not designed to demonstrate the causal role of change in intolerance of uncertainty (as shown by Bomyea et al. [52]) but to document the relative contribution of specific and non-specific factors associated with the treatment outcomes of CBT-IU.”
From A Multisite Non-Inferiority Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder Delivered by Videoconference (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“one study found that reductions in IU mediated (and preceded) reductions in worry, but the reverse pattern was not found”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Parental Accommodation: Promising Targets for Personalized Intervention for Youth Anxiety. (2020) · cites this paper as [54]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Change in intolerance of uncertainty, a putative process specific to CBT for GAD, has been shown to mediate treatment outcome and to precede changes in the symptoms of GAD [52].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The finding that change in intolerance of uncertainty was statistically non-inferior in VCP compared to face-to-face therapy, and significantly associated with treatment success, is consistent with expectations about CBT for GAD [12,52].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“An independent clinical trial [48] found that change in intolerance of uncertainty, as measured with the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) [49], mediated change in worry, whereas change in worry did not mediate change in intolerance of uncertainty.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Intolerance of uncertainty is postulated as a central feature in development and maintenance of GAD”
From Psychometric properties of the brazilian intolerance of uncertainty scale – short version (Ius-12) (2020) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“The mediator and outcome variable were time lagged (Aderka, Foa, Applebaum, Shafran, & Gilboa-Schechtman, 2011; Bomyea et al., 2015) in order to conduct a more rigorous test of mediation in which the mediator temporally precedes the outcome (Kazdin, 2007).”
From Enhancing social connectedness in anxiety and depression through amplification of positivity: Preliminary treatment outcomes and process of change (2020) · cites this paper as Bomyea et al., 2015
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(1, 122) = 8.23reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .005
“F(1, 122) = 8.23, p < .01”
- ConsistentF(1, 114) = 51.69reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1, 114) = 51.69, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > Abstract
“ab = -0.16”
§ Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of reductions in worry in a cognitive behavioral treatment program for generalized anxiety disorder > 3. Results > 3.2. Intolerance of uncertainty reduction as a mediator of worry reduction
“95% CI [-0.06, 0.12]”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,899
MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542 · Cited by 5,688
Mediators and Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy Research
Kazdin, A. E. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091432 · Cited by 2,504 · cited 2×
“Establishing IU as a process relevant to symptom reduction is critical to validate cognitive theories and to identify treatment strategies to optimize therapeutic outcomes (Kazdin, 2007; Smits, Julian, Rosenfield, & Powers, 2012).”
BackgroundFearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale
Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. A. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014 · Cited by 2,288
Bauer, D. J., Preacher, K. J., & Gil, K. M. (2006) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.11.2.142 · Cited by 1,704
The intolerance of uncertainty scale: psychometric properties of the English version
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00092-4 · Cited by 1,391 · cited 1×
“IU includes beliefs that uncertainty is threatening, stressful, and anxiety provoking, as well as the desire to avoid situations where uncertainty and ambiguity may be present (Buhr & Dugas, 2002; Dugas, Gosselin, & LaDoucuer, 2001).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stein, M. B., & Sareen, J. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1502514 · Cited by 314
Self-citationIntolerance of uncertainty in emotional disorders: what uncertainties remain?
Shihata, S., McEvoy, P. M., Mullan, B. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.001 · Cited by 301
Rosser, B. A. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9964-z · Cited by 157
The history of generalized anxiety disorder as a diagnostic category
Crocq, M.-A. (2017) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2017.19.2/macrocq · Cited by 159
Özmete, E., & Pak, M. (2020) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2020.1808144 · Cited by 162
Metadata
- Authors
- Bomyea, J., Ramsawh, H., Ball, T. M., Taylor, C. T., Paulus, M. P., Lang, A. J., & Stein, M. B.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
- San Diego State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bomyea, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 33
- Pages
- 90-94
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4480197
- OpenAlex
- W336141019
- Semantic Scholar
- 90fb7b4f2115b63faea4fc66ee694322a8672746
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 9.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- intolerance of uncertainty, generalized anxiety disorder, worry, cognitive behavioral therapy, mediation, cognitive vulnerability, change processes, anxiety disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Uncertainty, Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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