A transdiagnostic evaluation of contrast avoidance across generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and social anxiety disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background The contrast avoidance model (CAM) proposes that persons with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are sensitive to sharp increases in negative emotion or decreases in positive emotion (i.e., negative emotional contrasts; NEC) and use worry to avoid NEC. Sensitivity to and avoidance of NEC could also be a shared feature of major depressive disorder (MDD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD).Methods In a large college sample (N = 1409), we used receiver operating characteristics analysis to examine the accuracy of a measure of emotional contrast avoidance in detecting probable GAD, MDD, and SAD.Results Participants with probable GAD, MDD, and SAD all reported higher levels of contrast avoidance than participants without the disorder (Cohen's d = 1.32, 1.62 and 1.53, respectively). Area under the curve, a measure of predictive accuracy, was 0.81, 0.87, and 0.83 for predicting probable GAD, MDD, and SAD, respectively. A cutoff score of 48.5 optimized predictive accuracy for probable GAD and SAD, and 50.5 optimized accuracy for probable MDD.Conclusion A measure of emotional contrast avoidance demonstrated excellent ability to predict probable GAD, MDD, and SAD. Sensitivity to and avoidance of NEC appears to be a transdiagnostic feature of these disorders.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Three single-arm trials showed that increased global trait mindfulness mediated the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on reduction in generalized anxiety disorder severity and perceived stress.
“Three single-arm trials showed that increased global trait mindfulness mediated the impact of MBIs on reduction in GAD severity [8] and perceived stress [9-11]”
From Treatment condition as a moderator and change in trait mindfulness as a mediator of a brief mindfulness ecological momentary intervention for generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
The Method > Procedures passage describes an online screening survey and analyses of contrast avoidance as a predictor of probable GAD, MDD, and SAD. Searches for global trait mindfulness, mindfulness-based interventions, single-arm trials, and perceived stress found no passage reporting the claimed mediation finding. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves
Robin, X., Turck, N., Hainard, A., Tiberti, N., Lisacek, F., Sanchez, J.-C., & Müller, M. (2011) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-77 · Cited by 13,697 · see citing works
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099 · see citing works
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve in Diagnostic Test Assessment
Mandrekar, J. N. (2010) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1097/jto.0b013e3181ec173d · Cited by 4,506 · see citing works
A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II.
Dozois, D. J. A., Dobson, K. S., & Ahnberg, J. L. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.83 · Cited by 1,517 · see citing works
Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders
Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80036-4 · Cited by 1,430 · see citing works
Repetitive Negative Thinking as a Transdiagnostic Process
Ehring, T., & Watkins, E. R. (2008) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2008.1.3.192 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Cooper, R. (2017) · KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION · doi:10.5771/0943-7444-2017-8-668 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., & Llera, S. J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Self-citationNewman, M. G., Zuellig, A. R., Kachin, K. E., Constantino, M. J., Przeworski, A., Erickson, T., & Cashman-McGrath, L. (2002) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(02)80026-0 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Self-citationNewby, J. M., McKinnon, A., Kuyken, W., Gilbody, S., & Dalgleish, T. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.002 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders - republished Article
Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.005 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
McEvoy, P. M., Watson, H., Watkins, E. R., & Nathan, P. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.014 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Goldin, P. R., Manber, T., Hakimi, S., Canli, T., & Gross, J. J. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.525 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., & Castonguay, L. G. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185544 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotional reactivity to daily events in major and minor depression.
Bylsma, L. M., Taylor-Clift, A., & Rottenberg, J. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021662 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
A review of techniques for treating missing data in OM survey research
Tsikriktsis, N. (2005) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2005.03.001 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Exploring the relationship between fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Rodebaugh, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.009 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Avenevoli, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Lakoma, M. D., Petukhova, M. V., Pine, D. S., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Merikangas, K. R. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000025 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children
Carthy, T., Horesh, N., Apter, A., Edge, M. D., & Gross, J. J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.013 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Social anxiety and fear of negative evaluation: Construct validity of the BFNE-II
Carleton, R. N., Collimore, K. C., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2006) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.010 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
TRANSDIAGNOSTIC TREATMENT FOR ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION: The Cutting Edge: Transdiagnostic Therapy
Craske, M. G. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21992 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0019351 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial phobia and positive social events: The price of success
Wallace, S. T., & Alden, L. E. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.3.416 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.12.011 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationPearl, S. B., & Norton, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.004 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Tan, P., Forbes, E. E., Dahl, R., Ryan, N., Siegle, G., Ladouceur, C., & Silk, J. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02469.x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Post-event processing in social anxiety
Dannahy, L., & Stopa, L. L. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.017 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Social anxiety and standard setting following social success or failure
Wallace, S. T., & Alden, L. E. (1995) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02227857 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Mood reactivity and affective dynamics in mood and anxiety disorders.
Lamers, F., Swendsen, J. D., Cui, L., Husky, M. M., Johns, J., Zipunnikov, V., & Merikangas, K. R. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000378 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., Jacobson, N. C., Zainal, N. H., Shin, K. E., Szkodny, L. E., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619827019 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationStapinski, L. A., Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.07.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Anticipatory processing plays a role in maintaining social anxiety
Vassilopoulos, S. (2005) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800500258149 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., Kachin, K. E., Zuellig, A. R., Constantino, M. J., & Cashman-McGrath, L. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703007669 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationLlera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.04.008 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationMoore, M., Anderson, N. L., Barnes, J. M., Haigh, E. A. P., & Fresco, D. M. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.10.009 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Prospective Investigation of the Contrast Avoidance Model of Generalized Anxiety and Worry
Crouch, T. A., Lewis, J. A., Erickson, T. M., & Newman, M. G. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.10.001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationHa, T., van Roekel, E., Iida, M., Kornienko, O., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Kuntsche, E. N. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01146-4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Kim, H., & Newman, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2021.12.007 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationJamil, N., & Llera, S. J. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702621991797 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Çek, D., Sánchez-López, Á., & Timpano, K. R. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.007 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kim, H., & Newman, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.045 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationWong, Q. (2016) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12189 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., Schwob, J. T., Rackoff, G. N., Doren, N. V., Shin, K. E., & Kim, H. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102634 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationLaFreniere, L. S., & Newman, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102659 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationSkodzik, T., Zettler, T., Topper, M., Blechert, J., & Ehring, T. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.03.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Vîslă, A., Zinbarg, R., Hilpert, P., Allemand, M., & Flückiger, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.722881 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review
Newman, M. G., Cho, S.-I. T., & Kim, H. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.05108-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychometric Properties and Prospective Predictive Utility of the Contrast Avoidance Questionnaires
White, E. J., Grant, D. M., Kraft, J. D., Taylor, D. L., Deros, D. E., Nagel, K. M., & Frosio, K. E. (2020) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000630 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Rogers, T. A., Gorday, J. Y., Bardeen, J. R., & Benfer, N. (2022) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2022.2081921 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Javaherirenani, R., Ahadianfard, P., & Ashouri, A. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.114376 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kim, H., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102671 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationNewman, M. G., Schwob, J. T., Rackoff, G. N., Doren, N. V., Shin, K. E., & Kim, H. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102634 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationBaik, S. Y., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102679 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationLaFreniere, L. S., & Newman, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102659 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationLaFreniere, L. S., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104541 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationNegative affect variability differs between anxiety and depression on social media
Rutter, L. A., ten Thij, M., Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., Valdez, D., & Bollen, J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272107 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Baik, S. Y., & Newman, M. G. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.102982 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationLlera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102699 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationBoi, C., & Llera, S. J. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102682 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
An initial test of the contrast avoidance model in bipolar spectrum disorders
Kim, H., McInnis, M. G., & Sperry, S. H. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.024 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Contrast Avoidance Model: Conclusion and synthesis of new research in the special issue
Przeworski, A., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102830 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSwisher, V. S., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.117 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationGerdan, G. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07641-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Contrast avoidance predicts and mediates the effect of trait worry on problem-solving impairment
Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102674 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHitchcock, P. F., & Frank, M. J. (2024) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101356 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hallford, D. J., Seydavi, M., & Akbari, M. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2978 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Cognitive–Affective Social Processing and Emotion Regulation (CASPER) model
Camacho, M. C., Deshpande, E., & Perino, M. T. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02224-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic Approach to Anxiety Disorders: Common Factors and Integrative Interventions
Türk, F., Dalkılınç, G., Açıkgöz, S., Kara, B. C., Guven, S. N., Kul, A., & Hamamcı, Z. (2026) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1841690 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Introduction to a special issue on the contrast avoidance model
Newman, M. G., & Przeworski, A. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102831 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Anxiety Profiles and Psychopathological Symptom Differences in Spanish Adolescents
Urbán, D. J. A., García-Fernández, J. M., & Inglés, C. J. (2024) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01756-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1750 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“They also experienced an increased sense of threat and reduced emotional control [24-26].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTrait anxiety, dispositional hope and mental well-being: examining longitudinal mediation
Akat, M. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02864-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hitchcock, P., & Frank, M. J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vbp6c · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kaluve, A. M., & Graham, B. M. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119705 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Matsumoto, N., Tsuto, H., Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2025) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.96.24227 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBogaert, L., Segura‐Vargas, M. A., Dunn, B., Hallford, D. J., Newman, M. G., & Raes, F. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70060 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSwisher, V. S., & Newman, M. G. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.104961 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationQiu, N., Li, S.-Q., Wu, J., Becker, B., Peng, W., Li, K., Zhao, G.-C., Hu, L., Yan, H.-M., & Yao, D. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121638 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Schwob, J. T., & Newman, M. G. (2026) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103160 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning unified brain region representation for cross-dataset EEG-based emotion recognition
Li, W., 武少杰, Xu, H., Xu, C., Zhao, P., & Song, A. (2026) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.109976 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mo, Y. N., & Ko, K. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1263754 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A bibliometric analysis of the anxiety disorder topics in 2023
Zatrahadi, M. F., Miftahuddin, M., Ifdil, I., & Istiqomah, I. (2023) · Konselor · doi:10.24036/0202312245-0-86 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Chinese Version of the Contrast Avoidance QuestionnairesPreprint
Zhang, J., Llera, S. J., Zhong, H., Tang, M., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4646255 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomated Depressive Disorder Classification using Optimized CNN-LSTM
Meenakshi, A. V., & Sivasakthi, M. (2024) · International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies · doi:10.1109/iccpct61902.2024.10673358
Myers, N. S., Ojalehto, H. J., Tadross, M. E., DuBois, C. M., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2024-0006
Shafaei, A., & Asadi, Z. P. (2024) · International journal of new findings in health and educational sciences (IJHES). · doi:10.63053/ijhes.91
Carr, B., Dang, A. B., Kiropoulos, L. A., & Krug, I. (2025) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.70036
Llera, S. J., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2026) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103109
Self-citationValidation of the Chinese version of the Contrast Avoidance Questionnaires
Zhang, J., Llera, S. J., Tang, M., Zhong, H., & Newman, M. G. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1643139
Self-citationMashayekhi-Ghoyonlu, S., Mashhadi, A., Bigdeli, I., & Maleki, Z. (2026) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-026-10298-0
Gérardy, M., Bogaert, L., Newman, M. G., Hallford, D. J., & Raes, F. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105116
Self-citationCui, D., Cui, C., Dai, Y., & Zhang, L. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10234662/v1
- Authors
- Newman, M. G., Rackoff, G. N., Zhu, Y., & Kim, H.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Newman, Michelle G.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-01
- Volume
- 93
- Pages
- 102662
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10080671
- OpenAlex
- W4312141060
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 7.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-39172)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, transdiagnostic features, worry, diagnostic prediction, university students
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
