Development and validation of two measures of emotional contrast avoidance: The contrast avoidance questionnaires
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The Contrast Avoidance (CA) model (Newman & Llera, 2011) proposed that individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) fear sharp emotional shifts (or contrasts), such as the shift from a pleasant or neutral state to one of sudden distress following a negative event. Further, the model suggests that chronic worry is employed by those with GAD to sustain negative emotionality as a means to avoid sudden shifts into negativity. The model has received empirical support; however, no validated measure exists to assess CA tendencies. In this paper we developed and tested two measures of CA: one focusing on worry, and another examining broader mechanisms of CA that could be used test whether CA is applicable to other disorders. In Study 1, Part 1, we used 3 samples of participants (each N=410) to perform item reduction, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. In Study 1, Part 2, we performed tests of construct validity. In Study 2, we used a new sample (N=126) to determine test-retest reliability. All data point to the strong psychometric properties of the CA questionnaires and their relationship to GAD. Both measures distinguished between participants reporting clinical levels of GAD symptoms and nonanxious controls, demonstrating their utility as complementary measures of CA tendencies.
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Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder report feeling more distraught than non-anxious controls when experiencing a sharp shift from a relaxed state to a negative one.
“Individuals with GAD report feeling more distraught than non-anxious controls when experiencing a sharp shift from a relaxed state to one that is negative [109,110].”
From Psychotherapeutic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: cognitive and behavioral therapies, enhancement strategies, and emerging efforts (2022) · cites this paper as [110]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G.
- Affiliations
- Towson University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Llera, Sandra J.
- ORCID
- Llera, Sandra J.
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 49
- Pages
- 114-127
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8765496
- OpenAlex
- W2609919252
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ScholarSphere (Penn State Libraries) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH115128)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, worry, psychometric validation, test-retest reliability, construct validity, negative affectivity
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Avoidance Learning, Emotions, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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